No início dos anos 2000 consolidou-se o quadro de significativas alterações e ajustes nas estratégias das organizações agrícolas. Destacam-se: a consolidação das organizações, a internacionalização dos sistemas de base agrícola, a inovação presente em processos e produtos e de natureza organizacional, a introdução da variável socioambiental, e a adoção de estratégias de transparência. A cooperação pode exigir investimentos especializados, e os incentivos para a sua realização dependem de mecanismos de controle de custos de transação. Com a presença de incerteza no ambiente econômico e nas transações, a flexibilidade planejada visa eventuais ajustes em face de eventos inesperados. Arranjos institucionais complexos (leia-se, contratos) são observados como forma de responder a necessidades apontadas. Além de confiança, reputação, e mecanismos relacionais, a evolução dos mecanismos sociais por trás dos contratos de sociedade é algo a ser desenvolvido. O presente estudo propõe que as cooperativas agrícolas podem desenvolver mecanismos de governança que geram uma competência adaptativa para enfrentar eventos inesperados. O presente estudo explorou uma visão retrospectiva de estratégias adotadas por cooperativas brasileiras. Assumiu-se aqui uma nova vertente analítica da \"História de Negócios\" e suas implicações voltadas ao sistema agroindustrial. Como diretriz de método, foram seguidas as etapas de identificação das principais estratégias relatadas nos estudos de casos escolhidos, sobre cooperativas, desenvolvidos entre 1991 e 2002. Na sequência compararam-se as estratégias com as diretrizes apresentadas no capítulo teórico. Admite-se que as estratégias que implicam em maiores investimentos em ativos específicos tendem a tornarem mais rígidos os arranjos e dificultam a plasticidade, ou adaptação, das cooperativas agrícolas - onde naturalmente as mudanças ocorrem de forma mais lenta - frente a choques ou eventos externos. / The early 2000s consolidated the framework of significant changes and adjustments in the strategies of organizations working in agribusiness systems. Of note are: the consolidation of the organizations themselves, the internationalization of agricultural-based systems, the innovation in processes and products, organizational innovations, environmental variables and the adoption of transparency strategies. Cooperative efforts may require specialized investments in the form of incentives that depend on transaction cost control mechanisms. The environmental and transactional uncertainties and the need for flexibility on the part of organizations are all considered in the relevant literature. Complex institutional arrangements (contracts) are seen as a means to meet these needs. In addition to trust, reputation and business relationships, the evolution of the social mechanisms behind the contracts of society is an area of study to be further developed. Farming cooperatives are good examples how unexpected events can be addressed and strategies of adaptation can be implemented. In this study, we presented a retrospective view of the strategies adopted by Brazilian cooperatives. We adopted a new analytical \"business history\" approach to agro-based systems. When researching this work, we noticed a lack of research into the history of agribusiness. As a guideline method, we followed the steps of identifying key strategies reported in chosen case studies of cooperatives published between 1991 and 2002. Subsequently, the strategies were compared with the guidelines presented in the work. We admit that strategies based on high levels of asset specificity become more inflexible the arrangements and difficult plasticity or adaptation of the agricultural cooperatives - where changes naturally occur slowly - in face of external shocks or events

La pérennité de la maison Veuve Clicquot parmi les grands noms du champagne depuis plus de deux siècles n’est pas l’effet du hasard. Elle est le fruit de la résilience d’une entreprise familiale dotée d’une vision inscrite dans la durée, d’un dynamisme entrepreneurial doublé de prudence patrimoniale, attachée à des rapports sociaux de type paternaliste avec son personnel. Entreprise mondialisée depuis son origine, elle a su très tôt combiner le capital, le marché, l’outil de production, le travail, et conserver sa cohérence. De 1900 à 1939 ses conditions de fonctionnement sont profondément modifiées. Si la Belle Epoque offre un environnement de stabilité, bien qu’entamé par la crise du phylloxéra, l’après-guerre se caractérise par les dommages de guerre, les convulsions des prix et des changes, la crise de 1929, les grèves de 1936 et 1937. Cependant l’entreprise parvient à perpétuer sa stratégie d’expansion en harmonie avec le marché haut de gamme du champagne de qualité. La Maison fait face avec succès aux aléas de la conjoncture, et offre une leçon de modernité. Elle adapte ses prix à l’instabilité monétaire, encadre et dynamise son réseau d’agents distributeurs. Elle pratique une politique agressive d’achats de raisins et de vins faits pour faire face à la demande, développe et modernise ses capacités de production. Une politique sociale généreuse fidélise employés et ouvriers. La succession des générations s’organise dans le consensus familial. Une forte profitabilité nourrit l’autofinancement, conforté par les prêts consentis par les associés, et assure à la famille dividendes, intérêts et gains potentiels en capital. Une structure financière saine et équilibrée assure la pérennité de l’entreprise, même aux pires moments. / The permanence of Veuve Clicquot among the most illustrious names of champagne firms for more than two centuries is not a mere accident. It is the outcome of resilience for a family enterprise with a long term vision, business dynamism coupled with precautionary investment, eager to maintain social relationships of a paternalistic kind with its workers.As a global company since its origin, it could early combine capital, market, production tool, labour, and preserve coherence. From 1900 to 1939, its working conditions are deeply altered. While the Belle Epoque period offered a stable environment, although altered by the phylloxera crisis, the post war years are characterized by war damages, convulsions of prices and exchange rates, the 1929 depression, the 1936 and 1937 strikes. However the firm succeeds in perpetuating its growth strategy in conjunction with the top-of-the-range market of high quality champagne.The firm successfully copes with ups and downs of the economic cycle, and teaches a lesson of modernity. It adjusts its selling prices to monetary instability, drives and stimulates its resellers network. It pursues an aggressive buying policy for grapes and wine, in order to meet demand, develops and modernizes its production capacity. A generous social policy retains workers and staff. The succession of generations fosters family consensus. A high profitability fuels self-financing, consolidated through shareholders loans, while providing the family with dividends, interest and potential capital gains. A sound and balanced financial structure secures the future of the company, even at the worst moments.

Cette thèse aborde l'histoire d'une entreprise familiale réunionnaise de sa fondation à la fin du XXe siècle. Les Isautier ont développé leurs affaires autour de la distillation du rhum (filière cannes/rhum). En 1918, le rachat par Alfred Isautier de la distillerie du front de mer de Saint-Pierre, une des plus anciennes de l'île, marque une césure avec les stratégies familiales. Il agrandit son domaine, fonde l'entreprise « Établissements Alfred Isautier » et l'ancre dans l'histoire familiale. A la fin des années 1950, Ses fils développent des activités dans divers domaines, profitant des atouts de l'île et de la politique de développement liée à la départementalisation. Sensible à la crise des années 1970, l'entreprise est restructurée et se concentre à nouveau sur son corps de métier, le rhum. Ce travail de recherche a pour but de montrer l'évolution de l'entreprise, ses relations avec l'économie locale, et son incidence sociale. Les établissements Isautier se sont adaptés aux difficultés inhérentes au contexte insulaire et local et aux grandes crises internationales, les stratégies menées permettant d'assurer la survie et la transmission de l'entreprise. / This doctoral thesis is about a family company in Reunion in the 19th and 20th century from its birth to 1990. The Isautier family developed their business around the sugar cane industry (sugar cane and rum). In 1918, Alfred Isautier bought the distillery, one of the oldest in the island, from the family, purchased new lands and founded his own business “Etablissements Alfred Isautier”. In the early fifties (1950), his sons started new business strategies owing to the resources of the island, and its recently acquired status of “département”. Later in the seventies, because of the crisis, the company went through a major restructuring based on rum industry. This work demonstrates the importance and influence of the company on the local economic trend and its social consequences. The “Etablissements Isautier” had a great ability in facing the insularity and the international situation, the survival and continuity of the family business issuing from the numerous strategies developed by the company.

The diploma thesis deals with topic of production, enterprise and consumption of "Olomoucké tvarůžky" (Olomouc cottage cheese) in a 1938-1960 period on the ground of bohemian lands, or Czechoslovakia respectively. It summarizes development of this branch up to the year 1938 and observes how it was affected by the consequences of the Munich Treaty. The thesis puts closer look at the types of state interventions in production of Olomouc cottage cheese in war and postwar time. It also observes process of socialization and subsequent nationalization of private businesses in 1950s. Then it focuses on major aspects of business in this branch and brings more detailed study of three typical entrepreneurs according to the scale of their involvement. The thesis furthermore characterizes production of Olomouc cottage cheese as an individual branch of dairy industry. It surveys number, form, regional dislocation and machinery of businesses. Then it considers amount of production of Olomouc cottage cheese, its relation to total cheese production, to type of plant and region. It deals with number, structure and position of employees in Olomouc cottage cheese businesses. It also concerns export of Olomouc cottage cheese. Last chapter inquires position of Olomouc cottage cheese in consumption habits of population...

One of the most controversial debates in contemporary Swedish history centred on a proposal to create “wage-earner” funds. The main institutional actors of Swedish society were involved in this debate during the 1970s and 1980s. The aim of this thesis is to analyze how the most important institutional actors in Sweden, namely LO, the Swedish Social Democratic Party (SAP) and the Swedish Employer Confederation (SAF), participated in and defined themselves in the wage-earner funds debate, against the background of the crisis of the Swedish Fordism, i.e. the mass production society. Chapter 2 consists of an analysis of those inherent features of Swedish Fordism that potentially could imply dissolution of the Fordist society in Sweden after the 1960s. Chapter 3 investigates debates about wage solidarity policy and the concentration of power and ownership in the Swedish economy that resulted in the LO wage-earner funds proposal from 1975. Chapter 4 discusses the opinions of active members in LO regarding the wage-earner funds proposals from 1975 and 1978. Chapter 5 investigates the Social Democratic Party's relationship to wage-earner funds. The chapter surmises that SAP leaders took a pragmatic attitude towards funds. This pragmatism differed from the opinion expressed by the radical activists in the party. Chapter 6 deals with the reaction of the Swedish Employer Confederation to the wage-earner funds proposal. The SAF anti-fund campaigns of the 1970s and 1980s are investigated in detail in the context of a neoliberal ideological offensive in Sweden. The chapter argues that the decision to abandon the centralized wage bargaining model influenced SAF's strategy in the debate over wage-earner funds. The dissertation’s main conclusion is that the radical wings of LO and SAP as well as the SAP leaders and the Swedish employers all used the mobilization around wage-earner funds for their own political purposes to solve problems resulting from the crisis of Swedish Fordism.

This thesis analyses the development towards a mass market pornographic press. Sweden (in addition to Denmark) is often described as a forerunner in this development when the so-called “porn wave” hit most of the Western world in the late 1960s. The “porn wave” was the starting point of the contemporary pornographic press, which put sexually explicit pictures on the international market. Denmark was the first country in the world to decriminalize pornographic pictures in 1969 and Sweden followed in 1971. While previous research in Sweden often blames decriminalisation for the growth of the pornographic market, this thesis shows that the “porn wave” preceded the alteration of the Freedom of the press act and thus calls for a more multifaceted analysis of the development. Very few studies have been made about the development from an underground exclusive market of explicit pornography to a legal mass market. This thesis, however, makes a survey of all the Swedish publishers of pornographic magazines, their length on the market, and the market conditions. By analysing the regulation of pornography prior to 1971 and the legal cases leading to prosecutions of the publishers, the strategies used to challenge the regulation are traced. Special attention is also paid to how the monopoly on distribution held by Pressbyrån, a company owned by the Swedish press, affected the pornographic press. By cooperating and starting their own distribution channels, the pornography publishers managed to challenge Pressbyrån’s regulations. Great emphasis is laid on the discursive construction of pornography in mass media and in the parliamentary debates. This thesis argues that the antagonisms between the pornographic press and its critics are central in understanding how pornography was perceived and that these debates have decisively impacted the market conditions. Sensation-seeking articles in the evening papers, and the politicians’ liberal attitudes towards the pornographic press, made the market seem more open and lucrative. The resistance towards the establishment of a mass market and explicit pornographic press was strong during the whole period – but these critics used quite varying arguments. By analysing these arguments, this thesis shows how the pornographic press touched on sensitive cultural norms regarding marriage, young people’s sexuality, homosexuality, gender and love. The second half of the 1960s was a turning point in the development of the pornographic press, the discursive construction of pornography and in the political strategies used to combat pornography. In just a few years, the pornographic press grew substantially and started to publish explicit pictures of intercourse. In that same period, the construction of pornography went from a conservatively Christian understanding to a sexually liberal – and later to a feminist understanding of its problems. The government introduced a “porn raid” against the magazines, prosecuted many of them, and then paradoxically decriminalized pornography in 1971. Theoretically, the conclusion is made that pornography has to be seen in its historical context and in relation to its special market conditions. Since pornography continually has been a contested commodity, its controversial status has resulted in special regulations, marketing difficulties and lack of income from advertisements.

Företagets omvandling är en ständig process av utbyten med andra företag. Genom utbyte mellan företag av såväl varor och tjänster som kunskap och kompetens skapas relationer. Ett företags interaktion med andra företag utgör därmed en omvandlingskraft. En annan drivkraft utgör den interna kompetensomvandlingen av resurser inom ett företag. Företaget är en organisation av individer som drivs av sina uppfattningar och det egna företaget och de omgivande företagen. Teknikfaktorn är också en betydelsefull förändringskraft för industriföretag. Den beaktas genom företagets produkter som ses som "bärare" av omvandling. Med utgångspunkt från verkstadsföretagets produkter söker författaren skapa en helhetsförståelse för hur företaget AB Hägglund & Söner förändrats över lång tid. I avhandlingen ingår också "En produkthistoria", den separat publicerade empiriska delen som beskriver AB Hägglund & Söner från 1922 till 1981.

The aim of this thesis is to explore and analyse the development of the Swedish video and computer game industry. The main focus is on the Swedish game development industry. The research was conducted with two different methods. First with a macro approach where all Swedish game developers were identified and general data from the annual reports was collected. The second part is a case study with three Swedish game developing companies focusing on the production and development of the firms. The game industry has expanded and some of the successful games have generated spectacular revenues. In Sweden the industry has received attention from different actors like universities, government bodies and media. Yet little research has been done about the Swedish game industry. In general the game industry outside the larger videogame producing countries USA, Japan and the UK has been ignored to a large part in academic research. The first computer games were made for some of the very first computers in the 1940’s and 1950’s. In the 1970’s, a market for games was created when arcade machines and somewhat later home consoles were introduced. The industry has grown and today it includes some of the largest companies in the world. The Swedish industry follows the international pattern. Evidence suggests that the first Swedish games were created in the 1950’s at the large university computers. But a game developing industry seems to have developed a bit later than internationally when the first Swedish game companies were founded in the late 1980’s and early 1990’s. The Swedish industry entered an introduction phase from the middle of 1980’s, a couple of years after the introduction of personal computers, until the end of the 1990’s. An expansion phase started in 1998. The expansion was strong between 1998 to 2002 and 2006 to 2008. In 2008 the number of people employed in the industry had increased to over 1300. During the studied period the industry seems to have had constant problems making a profit. Especially in 2002 and 2003 the industry had economic problems and some of the larger companies went bankrupt. The distribution among the companies shows that the concentration within the industry is growing. A few companies have expanded rapidly and have well over a hundred employees. The industry is very gender segregated and the number of women working in the industry is under ten percent. To study the development on a micro level, three Swedish game developing companies were selected. The focus was the development and change in production and organisation. The structure of the industry seems to have been changing with the fast technical development. A more modular structure seems to be emerging within the industry. In a number of areas a modular system has emerged. It is possible to buy more parts and productions capacity on the market. It is possible to buy game engines and outsource motions-capture work to other specialized companies. The relation to game publishers seems to influence the companies and create uncertainty for the game developers when they do not own the rights to the intellectual properties. The three game developers also have a similar development being founded by computer interested young men wanting to pursuit their interest as a job. The Swedish subculture around the so called “demoscene” seems to have been a factor in the early development of the industry and a recruitment base for the early developers.

This thesis traces the history of organization from the society of Ancient Athens, through the medieval Church, the Industrial Age, and the 20th century – the latter characterized by the Bureaucratic, Administratively controlled, and Hierarchical (BAH) organization – until today’s contemporary reality of Ubiquitous Connectivity and Pervasive Proximity (UCaPP). Organizations are rarely, if ever, entirely BAH or entirely UCaPP, but do tend to have tendencies and behaviours that are more consistent with either end of a spectrum delineated by this duality. Valence Theory defines organization as being an emergent entity whose members (individuals or organizations) are connected via two or more of five valence (meaning uniting, bonding, interacting, reacting, combining) relationships. Each of these relationships – Economic, Socio-psychological, Identity, Knowledge, and Ecological – has a fungible (mercantile or tradable) aspect, and a ba-aspect that creates a space-and-place of common, tacit understanding of self-identification-in-relation, mutual sense of purpose, and volition to action. Organizations with more-BAH tendencies will emphasize the fungible valence forms, and primarily tend towards Economic valence dominance; more-UCaPP organizations tend to emphasize ba-valence forms, and are more balanced among the relative valence strengths. The empirical research investigates five organizations spanning the spectrum from über-BAH to archetypal UCaPP and discovers how BAH-organizations replace the complexity of human dynamics in social systems with the complication of machine-analogous procedures that enable structural interdependence, individual responsibility, and leader accountability. In contrast, UCaPP-organizations encourage and enable processes of continual emergence by valuing and promoting complex interactions in an environment of individual autonomy and agency, collective responsibility, and mutual accountability. The consequential differences in how each type of organization operates manifest as the methods through which organizations accommodate change, coordination, evaluation, impetus, power dynamics, sense-making, and view of people. Particular attention is paid to the respective natures of leadership, and effecting organizational transformation from one type to the other. Set in counterpoint against Zen-like, artistically constructed conversations with a thought-provoking interior sensei, the thesis offers a new foundational model of organization for the current cultural epoch that enables people to assume their responsibility in creating relationships and perceiving effects in the context of a UCaPP world.

Företagets omvandling är en ständig process av utbyten med andra företag. Genom utbyte mellan företag av såväl varor och tjänster som kunskap och kompetens skapas relationer. Ett företags interaktion med andra företag utgör därmed en omvandlingskraft. En annan drivkraft utgör den interna kompetensomvandlingen av resurser inom ett företag. Företaget är en organisation av individer som drivs av sina uppfattningar och det egna företaget och de omgivande företagen. Teknikfaktorn är också en betydelsefull förändringskraft för industriföretag. Den beaktas genom företagets produkter som ses som "bärare" av omvandling. Med utgångspunkt från verkstadsföretagets produkter söker författaren skapa en helhetsförståelse för hur företaget AB Hägglund &amp; Söner förändrats över lång tid. I avhandlingen ingår också "En produkthistoria", den separat publicerade empiriska delen som beskriver AB Hägglund &amp; Söner från 1922 till 1981. / <p>Utgör jämte förf:s: En produkthistoria! diss. Stockholm : Handelshögsk</p>