This paper elaborates on the issues arising during evaluation of quality in tertiary education, specifically in the area of business schools. It provides an overview of theoretical approaches to quality and its measurement, and analyzes current methodologies in quality evaluation of business schools. Part of the thesis consists of results from an inquiry among academics from 4 departments of the Faculty of Business Administration at the University of Economics, Prague, and students of the CEMS International Management program. The results provide a comparison of current practices and stakeholder views, and shows whether these two are in alignment or contradiction.

As escolas de Administração têm enfrentado pressões para a profissionalização de sua gestão. Escolas públicas ou privadas estão inseridas em contextos turbulentos e apresentam dificuldades em gerir recursos e desenvolver competências de diferentes naturezas em consonância com as exigências de mercado. Uma das questões mais críticas é a capacidade das escolas de Administração, principalmente no nível de graduação, de aperfeiçoar a formação do profissional de gestão. Sintomas como dissociação entre teoria e prática, falta de sequência lógica de conteúdo, excesso de aulas expositivas e incapacidade para desenvolver no aluno as habilidades demandadas pelo mercado são sempre lembrados nas críticas ao trabalho realizado por elas. Por sua vez, a interdisciplinaridade, tratada como promoção controlada de relações entre diferentes conteúdos disciplinares, visa desenvolver o pensamento complexo capaz de entender a realidade das organizações contemporâneas. Por meio das práticas interdisciplinares aplicadas ao ensino, as escolas de Administração poderiam superar os problemas de formação apresentados. Poucos trabalhos abordam essa temática, e não há informações consistentes a respeito da extensão em que as escolas utilizam a interdisciplinaridade no ensino. Dessa forma, restava saber qual o nível de interdisciplinaridade do ensino de Administração nas escolas brasileiras. Esta tese objetivou propor um modelo de mensuração da interdisciplinaridade no ensino da graduação em Administração de empresas nas escolas brasileiras. Exploratoriamente delineou-se uma pesquisa qualitativa com uso do método Delphi de consulta a especialistas e entrevistas com coordenadores de cursos para identificação das variáveis do modelo. Após os resultados qualitativos, o uso da SSM (Soft System Methodology) desenvolveu um modelo de mensuração da interdisciplinaridade com dezessete variáveis. Posteriormente a pesquisa foi complementada com a investigação quantitativa, uma survey eletrônica foi realizada com dados de 389 cursos de Administração, e os dados foram tratados por meio da Análise Fatorial e da Análise de Conglomerados. Constatou-se que, de acordo com o modelo proposto, a interdisciplinaridade é pouco utilizada pela amostra de cursos. Os grupos de cursos se dividiram em sequenciados (204 escolas), regulares (71 escolas), potenciais (91 escolas) e cursos interdisciplinares articulados (22 escolas). Os menores índices são do grupo das sequenciados, e os maiores pertencem ao grupo das articuladas, com destaque para a dimensão de organização, o que denota articulação das ações estimuladoras de interdisciplinaridade. Por fim, o modelo proposto mostrou-se capaz de mensurar a interdisciplinaridade no ensino de Administração nas escolas brasileiras, podendo ser utilizado como referência futura para as escolas que se interessarem por imprimir a interdisciplinaridade no ensino. / Business schools (BS) have faced hard pressure on the challenge of professional management. Public or private schools are inserted on disturbing environment to manage resources and different competencies. A critical issue is the capacity of business schools, specially undergraduate level, to improve management education. Symptoms like dissociation between theory and practice, lack of logic of sequential content of disciplines, excess of expositive classes and inability to educate management market capabilities are considered business school\'s critics. Interdisciplinarity as well brings the controlled promotion of relations between different disciplines content, it aims to develop complex thinking capable to understand corporate reality. By interdisciplinarity practices applied to teaching business schools can suppress such problems. Few texts approach this thematic and there is no consistent information about how much business schools apply interdisciplinarity in teaching, so the research question rests on What is the level of interdisciplinarity of Brazilian business schools teaching? This Phd thesis aims to propose a measure model of interdisciplinarity in Brazilian business school teaching. A qualitative research has been developed under Delphi Method of specialist consultants, interviews with undergraduate business courses coordinator to reveal the model variables. After results the model was created by SSM (Soft System Methodology). Online survey was conducted with 389 business schools, and factorial analysis and clusters analysis were used to treat data. The proposed model revealed that interdisciplinarity is not often used. The formed clusters have divide business schools on Sequenced (204 BS), Regular (71 BS), Potential (91 BS) and Articulated (22 BS). Lower values were related to Sequenced cluster and higher values were related to Articulated, with highlights on the data dimension: organization denoting attention to actions of interdisciplinarity stimulus. By the end, the proposed model was able to measure interdisciplinarity in Brazilian BS teaching and can be used as future benchmarking to BS that want to print interdisciplinarity to their teaching.

For the global business school community, the twenty-first century inaugurated a season of introspection. As global sustainability concerns grew in prominence, critical debate about the purpose of business and its role in society could not be left without an educational response. At the same time, however, it raised the question of whether business schools were at all ready to equip their students for leadership in a world faced by crucial economic, social, and environmental challenges. The answer is not self-evidently positive. Various authors grapple with questions on the purpose of business schools and their relationship with business and society. This empirical study examines the influence of EQUIS accreditation standards on business school practices in the areas of institutional strategies, programmes, faculty, research, and development, as well as in responsible management education at large. Although accreditation is not the only factor that determines what business schools believe, do, and become, it is an important shaper of the direction in which they will find their way forward in the face of twenty-first–century management education imperatives. This has especially become the case since the inclusion of ethics, responsibility, and sustainability (ERS) in the revised EQUIS standards. The analysis is drawn from a qualitative multi-case study where the author outlined a theoretical framework by developing an understanding of the organisational responses to EQUIS standards, using interviews and document review as the primary source of information. The case study included private, public, stand-alone, and university-embedded business schools. The findings show that business schools engage in a variety of ERS activities in their research and education portfolio. However, different stakeholder expectations pressure business schools to become more ethical, responsible, and sustainable, which leads to a decoupling of the schools’ “ERS talk” from their “ERS actions”. The decoupling can be seen as the consequence of a school’s translation, editing, and imitation activities in order to appear committed to society’s demands. Despite budget constraints and limited autonomy, public business schools seem to be more engaged in ERS education and research as compared to private institutions. Also, a multidisciplinary environment further supports ERS development as compared to stand-alone business schools. The research proposes core changes and developments that business schools may take into consideration to provide a systematic response to EQUIS ERS standards and criteria.

Electronic Commerce (EC) / Electronic Business (EB) has been (and is expected to continue to be) a dynamic, rapidly evolving area of technology, requiring skilled people with up-to-date knowledge and skills. The global community has required (and still requires) tertiary academic programs to prepare and train these people quickly. In the late nineties, following a tidal wave of tertiary EC program development in the United States, new tertiary programs began to appear in the Asia-Pacific (AP) region to satisfy this need, over a very short period of time. This research project aims to examine whether the development and effectiveness of tertiary EC/EB educational programs can be enhanced through employing a particular marketing paradigm. Four regions - Australia, New Zealand, Hong Kong SAR and the Republic of Singapore — were selected from the AP region, for this study. Based on a review of marketing literature, an inductive approach is adopted to build a model for new educational service product offerings. I also provide a description and comprehensive analysis of EC/EB education, and explore the model empirically, examining how it applies to the way EC education programs have been developed, to date. Essentially, this project consists of two major activities: theory building and theory testing – and is divided into three parts. Part 1: Preliminary study – literature review for theory building. This section of the thesis provides a literature review of the domains of curriculum development, EC/EB program development and management, EC/EB component models and new service product development. Part 2 : Understanding the marketplace – quantitative analysis. This section comprises five major surveys which provide an understanding of EC/EB education. Part 3 : In-depth analysis – qualitative research for theory testing. This section discusses the results of the multiple case studies of EC/EB degree programs undertaken over a five year period. The results of this project highlight both theoretical and practical aspects of the topic. In terms of the theoretical aspect, I provide a contribution to existing theory concerning the planning and development of new tertiary education programs. Research into academic course development in the past has tended to assume that all program development is pedagogically based and influenced. There is an assumption that people only develop academic programs and academic courses for pedagogic reasons. What this research project has done is to suggest that there are, in fact, many possible reasons for developing new programs and that, although these reasons might be pedagogic in nature, they can also be industry-focased, and market-oriented in the following ways: -the university is shaping the way it is perceived by the public – that is, the market; -the university is highlighting where its expertise lies. This led me to a form of new service product development consistent with the new image of the university. There is a clear need for diverse models for program development which accommodate the dynamic roles of modern universities. My research project develops such a model based on conditions in the Asia-Pacific region, and discusses findings arising from the overall project, which can be used to improve new educational program offerings in future, in both the Asia-Pacific and, I suggest, in other regions. This potential use of my findings highlights the practical contribution made by the research Project.

Η παρούσα εργασία στοχεύει στην διερεύνηση των αντιλήψεων που έχουν διαμορφώσει οι φοιτητές των τμημάτων διοίκησης επιχειρήσεων στην Ελλάδα σχετικά με ζητήματα επιχειρησιακής ηθικής. Το κεντρικό σημείο ενδιαφέροντος είναι να εντοπιστούν αν υπάρχουν διαφορές ως προς διάφορους παράγοντες π.χ. φύλλο, θρησκευτικότητα, εργασιακή εμπειρία, αν το επίπεδο επιχειρησιακής ηθικής που έχουν διαμορφώσει οι φοιτητές διαφέρει μεταξύ των τμημάτων διοίκησης επιχειρήσεων στην Ελλάδα και μεταξύ προπτυχιακών και μεταπτυχιακών φοιτητών. / --

p. 1 - 103 / Submitted by Santiago Fabio (fabio.ssantiago@hotmail.com) on 2013-01-31T18:53:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 777.pdf: 1479747 bytes, checksum: af3ffbf524d2df172aa0a4405cc5e5ef (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Fatima Cleômenis Botelho Maria (botelho@ufba.br) on 2013-02-04T15:42:56Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 777.pdf: 1479747 bytes, checksum: af3ffbf524d2df172aa0a4405cc5e5ef (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-02-04T15:42:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 777.pdf: 1479747 bytes, checksum: af3ffbf524d2df172aa0a4405cc5e5ef (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Esta pesquisa buscou conhecer a percepção dos alunos do último ano do curso de graduação em administração da EAUFBA sobre questões relacionadas ao empreendedorismo e a inovação. De forma mais específica, buscou-se investigar, mediante o resultado da construção de mapas cognitivos e de respostas a questões quantitativas, o grau de associação existente entre os conceitos de empreendedorismo e de inovação, as percepções sobre os desafios da instituição e do seu corpo docente no processo de incentivo ao empreendedorismo e de integração da EAUFBA ao Sistema Nacional de Inovação. Além disso, mapeou-se o grau de adesão da amostra a iniciativas empreendedoras, bem como o grau de inovatividade dos projetos, tipos de inovação existentes e motivos para o não engajamento nas iniciativas empreendedoras. A análise dos dados coletados apontou que o grau de associação entre os conceitos de empreendedorismo e inovação ainda é baixo, que o corpo docente é visto como o grande responsável pelo incentivo ao engajamento em iniciativas empreendedoras e que a percepção da importância das redes de integração entre diversas instituições para o desenvolvimento do empreendedorismo e da inovação ainda ocorre de maneira incipiente. O percentual da amostra envolvido em iniciativas empreendedoras, 17,1% chega a surpreender positivamente, considerando que a pesquisa captou também a ausência de um viés de estímulo ao empreendedorismo na estratégia educacional da instituição. Os resultados obtidos por esta pesquisa reforçam a necessidade de uma discussão mais ampla sobre o posicionamento da EAUFBA como uma das principais instituições responsáveis na região nordeste pelo desenvolvimento do moderno profissional em administração. / Salvador

Submitted by Gisele Isaura Hannickel (gisele.hannickel@fgv.br) on 2011-09-01T12:55:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LEHMANN_J_vf.pdf: 876500 bytes, checksum: b2813019831a669ad9cd12f01bd3b039 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Gisele Isaura Hannickel (gisele.hannickel@fgv.br) on 2011-09-01T12:56:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 LEHMANN_J_vf.pdf: 876500 bytes, checksum: b2813019831a669ad9cd12f01bd3b039 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Gisele Isaura Hannickel (gisele.hannickel@fgv.br) on 2011-09-01T12:57:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 LEHMANN_J_vf.pdf: 876500 bytes, checksum: b2813019831a669ad9cd12f01bd3b039 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2011-09-01T13:01:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LEHMANN_J_vf.pdf: 876500 bytes, checksum: b2813019831a669ad9cd12f01bd3b039 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-07-18 / The increase of internationally operating companies requires the development of global leaders to put strategies into practice. Although this development process is important to the corporate world, many future executives are graduates from top business schools which are closely linked to the business world and therefore play an important role in the process. This research examines whether the top European 'Master in Management' programs ranked by Financial Times in 2010 select those candidates that are best suited for global leadership development. Therefore, three previous meta-studies are synthesized to yield a profile of categorized competencies of a global leader. Then, information on admission criteria of the master programs is gathered and compared to this profile. Results show that six competencies are measured by more than half of the programs: English language proficiency, analytical ability (logical reasoning and quantitative), communication ability, global business knowledge, determination to achieve, motivation/drive and interpersonal ability. Furthermore, applicant skills are non-significant in the admission process and focus is on the analytical abilities. Comparison of the results to the previously developed comprehensive profile of a global leader indicates that a significant amount of programs might underestimate the meaning of personal abilities and traits for the development of global leaders. / O aumento de empresas que operam internacionalmente requer o desenvolvimento de líderes mundiais para colocar as estratégias em prática. Embora este processo de desenvolvimento é importante para o mundo corporativo, muitos futuros executivos são graduados de escolas de administração de empresas que estão intimamente ligados ao mundo de negócios e, portanto, desempenhão um papel importante no processo. Esta pesquisa examina se os programas europeus 'Master in Management' classificado pelo Financial Times em 2010 selecionam aqueles candidatos que são mais adequados para o desenvolvimento de liderança global. Portanto, três anteriores meta-estudos são sintetizados para produzir um perfil de competências classificadas de um líder global. Então, informações sobre os critérios de admissão dos programas de mestrado são coletadas e comparadas com este perfil. Os resultados mostram que seis competências são medidas por mais da metade dos programas: proficiência em Inglês, capacidade analítica (racionamento lógico e quantitativo), capacidade de comunicação, conhecimento do negócio global, determinação para alcançar, motivação e capacidade interpessoal. Além disso, as habilidades operacionais requerentes pelos líderes globais não são significativas no processo de admissão e o foco é sobre as habilidades analíticas. Comparação dos resultados com o perfil anteriormente desenvolvido abrangente indica que uma quantidade significativa de programas pode subestimar o significado de habilidades pessoais e características para o desenvolvimento de líderes globais.

Thesis (MTech (Marketing))--Cape Technikon, 2002. / Brand image has long been recognised by marketers and brand researchers alike as an important concept in marketing. Brand image as defined by Keller (1993), is complex and consists of perceptions about a brand as reflected in memory by the brand associations held in consumer memory. These brand associations are the other informational nodes linked to the brand in memory and contain the meaning of the brand for consumers. Brand image in turn will impact on customer-based brand equity which Keller (1993) defmes as the differential effect that overall brand knowledge has on consumer response to the marketing effort of a brand. This study investigates the importance and relevance of brand image and its impact on customer-based brand equity in a high-involvement purchase, using the MBA market as the field of study. Based on the findings of the research conducted by Markinor (2001) regarding the perceptions of business schools by MBA graduates in South Africa, the writer developed an Integrated Brand Management Model which will serve as a conceptual framework for managing the "brand gap", defined as the gap that exists between brand identity (as proposed by the organisation), and brand image (as perceived by the consumer). Furthermore, the model illustrates the dimensions of brand identity that need to be managed on an ongoing basis by brand managers to ensure the success of a brand, and the resultant impact that this management process will have on the various dimensions of brand equity.

As escolas de Administração têm enfrentado pressões para a profissionalização de sua gestão. Escolas públicas ou privadas estão inseridas em contextos turbulentos e apresentam dificuldades em gerir recursos e desenvolver competências de diferentes naturezas em consonância com as exigências de mercado. Uma das questões mais críticas é a capacidade das escolas de Administração, principalmente no nível de graduação, de aperfeiçoar a formação do profissional de gestão. Sintomas como dissociação entre teoria e prática, falta de sequência lógica de conteúdo, excesso de aulas expositivas e incapacidade para desenvolver no aluno as habilidades demandadas pelo mercado são sempre lembrados nas críticas ao trabalho realizado por elas. Por sua vez, a interdisciplinaridade, tratada como promoção controlada de relações entre diferentes conteúdos disciplinares, visa desenvolver o pensamento complexo capaz de entender a realidade das organizações contemporâneas. Por meio das práticas interdisciplinares aplicadas ao ensino, as escolas de Administração poderiam superar os problemas de formação apresentados. Poucos trabalhos abordam essa temática, e não há informações consistentes a respeito da extensão em que as escolas utilizam a interdisciplinaridade no ensino. Dessa forma, restava saber qual o nível de interdisciplinaridade do ensino de Administração nas escolas brasileiras. Esta tese objetivou propor um modelo de mensuração da interdisciplinaridade no ensino da graduação em Administração de empresas nas escolas brasileiras. Exploratoriamente delineou-se uma pesquisa qualitativa com uso do método Delphi de consulta a especialistas e entrevistas com coordenadores de cursos para identificação das variáveis do modelo. Após os resultados qualitativos, o uso da SSM (Soft System Methodology) desenvolveu um modelo de mensuração da interdisciplinaridade com dezessete variáveis. Posteriormente a pesquisa foi complementada com a investigação quantitativa, uma survey eletrônica foi realizada com dados de 389 cursos de Administração, e os dados foram tratados por meio da Análise Fatorial e da Análise de Conglomerados. Constatou-se que, de acordo com o modelo proposto, a interdisciplinaridade é pouco utilizada pela amostra de cursos. Os grupos de cursos se dividiram em sequenciados (204 escolas), regulares (71 escolas), potenciais (91 escolas) e cursos interdisciplinares articulados (22 escolas). Os menores índices são do grupo das sequenciados, e os maiores pertencem ao grupo das articuladas, com destaque para a dimensão de organização, o que denota articulação das ações estimuladoras de interdisciplinaridade. Por fim, o modelo proposto mostrou-se capaz de mensurar a interdisciplinaridade no ensino de Administração nas escolas brasileiras, podendo ser utilizado como referência futura para as escolas que se interessarem por imprimir a interdisciplinaridade no ensino. / Business schools (BS) have faced hard pressure on the challenge of professional management. Public or private schools are inserted on disturbing environment to manage resources and different competencies. A critical issue is the capacity of business schools, specially undergraduate level, to improve management education. Symptoms like dissociation between theory and practice, lack of logic of sequential content of disciplines, excess of expositive classes and inability to educate management market capabilities are considered business school\'s critics. Interdisciplinarity as well brings the controlled promotion of relations between different disciplines content, it aims to develop complex thinking capable to understand corporate reality. By interdisciplinarity practices applied to teaching business schools can suppress such problems. Few texts approach this thematic and there is no consistent information about how much business schools apply interdisciplinarity in teaching, so the research question rests on What is the level of interdisciplinarity of Brazilian business schools teaching? This Phd thesis aims to propose a measure model of interdisciplinarity in Brazilian business school teaching. A qualitative research has been developed under Delphi Method of specialist consultants, interviews with undergraduate business courses coordinator to reveal the model variables. After results the model was created by SSM (Soft System Methodology). Online survey was conducted with 389 business schools, and factorial analysis and clusters analysis were used to treat data. The proposed model revealed that interdisciplinarity is not often used. The formed clusters have divide business schools on Sequenced (204 BS), Regular (71 BS), Potential (91 BS) and Articulated (22 BS). Lower values were related to Sequenced cluster and higher values were related to Articulated, with highlights on the data dimension: organization denoting attention to actions of interdisciplinarity stimulus. By the end, the proposed model was able to measure interdisciplinarity in Brazilian BS teaching and can be used as future benchmarking to BS that want to print interdisciplinarity to their teaching.

Abstract The transformation of many universities to corporate-style governance impacts working conditions, work practices, academic work contracts and the autonomy of faculty. Faculty commitment to university business schools is closely associated with faculty members’ perceptions of organizational life and relationships with institutional managers. Commitment oriented behavioral traits of faculty are related to the design of administration structure, workplace setting, job definition and role expectations. It is important to better understand how these factors relate to faculty commitment in business schools, particularly in multicultural and transitional employment economies. This study utilizes the classic 1991 Meyer and Allen three-component model of organizational commitment to understand how expatriate and national faculty perceive their levels of organizational commitment in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The research interprets qualitative data collected through interviews with business school faculty at six institutions across private and public education sectors in UAE. Five factors emerged as central to faculty commitment in the sample group: economic compensation, organizational values, autonomy, organizational support and justice, and leadership. This study makes three important contributions to organizational commitment literature, both augmenting and challenging received notions of faculty commitment: (1) the study introduces a new student-related dimension to account for how organizational failures to support student quality significantly impact faculty commitment; (2) the study determines that academics in a transitional economy tend to commit to profession, area of discipline, or country, rather than to the business school in which they work; and (3) the study finds that economic compensation is a secondary issue for expatriate faculty working in academic institutions characterized by lack of tenure, threats to faculty career futures linked to contradictions between levels of research support and institutional expectations for research productivity, and a divisive environment where faculty are deeply frustrated by unfair treatment by institutional management. / Tiivistelmä Monissa yliopistoissa hallintotavan muuttuminen yritysmäisemmäksi vaikuttaa työoloihin, työkäytäntöihin, työsopimuksiin ja henkilöstön autonomiaan. Henkilöstön sitoutuminen yliopistojen kauppakorkeakouluihin liittyy läheisesti tiedekuntien henkilöstön näkemyksiin organisaatioelämästä ja suhteista institutionaalisiin johtajiin. Henkilöstön sitoutumiseen suuntautuneet käytöspiirteet liittyvät hallintorakenteen malliin, työympäristöön, työmääritelmään ja rooliodotuksiin. On tärkeää ymmärtää paremmin, miten nämä tekijät liittyvät kauppakorkeakoulujen henkilöstön sitoutumiseen, erityisesti monikulttuurisissa siirtymätalouksissa. Tämä tutkimus hyödyntää Meyerin ja Allenin (1991) klassista kolmen komponentin mallia organisaatioon sitoutumisesta ymmärtääkseen, kuinka ekspatriaatit ja paikalliset tiedekunnan henkilöstön jäsenet kokevat sitoutumisensa tason suhteessa omaan organisaatioonsa Yhdistyneissä arabiemiirikunnissa. Tutkimus tulkitsee laadullista aineistoa, joka on kerätty haastattelemalla kuuden sekä yksityistä että julkista koulutussektoria edustavan kauppakorkeakoulun henkilöstöä Yhdistyneissä arabiemiirikunnissa. Aineistosta nousi viisi henkilöstön sitoutumisen kannalta keskeistä tekijää: taloudellinen kompensaatio, organisaation arvot, autonomia, organisaation tuki ja oikeudenmukaisuus sekä johtajuus. Laajentamalla ja haastamalla yleisiä näkemyksiä yliopiston henkilöstön sitoutumisesta tämä tutkimus kontribuoi organisaatioon sitoutumista käsittelevään kirjallisuuteen kolmella tavalla. Ensinnäkin tutkimus tuo uuden opiskelijoihin liittyvän näkökulman selittämään, kuinka organisaation epäonnistumiset opiskelijoiden laadun tukemisessa vaikuttavat huomattavasti henkilöstön sitoutumiseen. Toisekseen tutkimus määrittää, että siirtymätaloudessa akateemikoilla on taipumus sitoutua ammattiin, tieteenalaan tai maahan ennemmin kuin kauppakorkeakouluun, jossa he työskentelevät. Lisäksi tutkimuksessa havaitaan, että taloudellinen kompensaatio on toisarvoinen asia akateemisissa instituutioissa työskenteleville ekspatriaateille, joiden työympäristölle ominaista on vakinaisten virkojen puuttuminen, uratulevaisuuden uhat liittyen ristiriitoihin tutkimuksen tuen tasossa ja instituution tutkimustuotteliaisuuden odotuksissa sekä erimielisyyttä aiheuttava ympäristö, jossa henkilöstö on syvästi turhautunut institutionaalisen johdon epäoikeudenmukaiseen kohteluun.