Цель исследования анализ и оценка экономической эффективности внедрения информационного моделирования в проектную деятельность. Научная новизна исследования состоит в проведении анализа на более позднем этапе применения информационного моделирования в проектировании. В итоге получены результаты оценки экономической эффективности, позволяющие проецировать и давать укрупненный прогноз роста затрат и доходов организаций, планирующих внедрить информационное моделирование в свою проектную деятельность. / The purpose of the study is to analyze and evaluate the economic efficiency of introducing information modeling into project activities. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the analysis at a later stage of the application of information modeling in design. As a result, the results of the economic efficiency assessment were obtained, which allow projecting and giving an enlarged forecast of the growth of costs and incomes of organizations planning to introduce information modeling into their project activities.

The aim of this thesis work is to design an electric axle that contains all the operational components, like the powertrain, suspension, brakes, and steering system. One of the requirements of this design work is to package all the axle components compactly in one single unit. This work is also carried out to assess the viability of assisting in the overall modularity of the chassis as modularity in commercial vehicles has become a popular trend in recent years due to the increasing market competition as well as the need for more sustainable products. The work has been carried out in three phases - research, conceptualization, and analysis. The research phase consisted of both market research on the existing products available commercially and a literature review of the various components of an axle to find feasible alternatives to the components currently being used in electric axles. In the conceptualization phase, the various e-axle concepts were compared using methods like PUGH’s matrix to eliminate concepts that did not seem feasible for the detailed design. Preliminary CAD models were designed for the One-motor solution and the In-wheel motor solution. The In-wheel motor solution was eliminated due to some critical limitations and the One-motor solution was chosen for the next sub-phase of detailed CAD modeling. This concept was then analysed using Finite Element analysis as well as kinematic analysis to get insights into the axle performance as well as to observe the load distribution on the axle during operation. / Målet med detta examensarbete är att designa en elektrisk axel som innehåller alla driftskomponenter, såsom kraftöverföring, fjädring, bromsar och styrning. Ett av kraven för denna design är att kompakt packa alla axelkomponenter i en enda enhet. Arbetet utförs också för att bedöma genomförbarheten av att bidra till den övergripande modulariteten hos chassit, eftersom modularitet inom kommersiella fordon har blivit en populär trend de senaste åren på grund av ökad marknadskonkurrens samt behovet av mer hållbara produkter. Arbetet har genomförts i tre faser - forskning, konceptualisering och analys. Forskningsfasen bestod av både marknadsundersökningar av befintliga produkter som finns kommersiellt tillgängliga och en litteraturgenomgång av olika delkomponenter i en axel för att hitta genomförbara alternativ till de komponenter som för närvarande används i elektriska axlar. I konceptualiseringsfasen jämfördes olika e-axelkoncept med hjälp av metoder som PUGH-matrisen för att eliminera koncept som inte verkade genomförbara för den detaljerade designen. Preliminära CAD-modeller designades för enmotorslösningen och in-wheel- motorlösningen. In-wheel-motorlösningen eliminerades på grund av vissa begränsningar, och enmotorslösningen valdes för nästa underfas av detaljerad CAD-modellering. Detta koncept analyserades sedan med hjälp av elementanalys samt kinematisk analys för att få insikter i axelns prestanda och observera belastningsfördelningen på axeln under drift.

På uppdrag av EQpack var projektets mål att utveckla ett koncept för en hyllvagn tänkt att användas i fabriksgolv av montörer. Hyllvagnen ska bära på kit-boxar med komponenter och ta upp mindre golvyta än befintliga hyllvagnar för kit-boxar. EQpacks idé var att till skillnad från konventionella hyllvagnar, i vilka kit-boxar placeras horisontellt till varandra och förs vidare med rullband, i stället ha hyllvagnar där kit-boxar kan placeras vertikalt i relation till varandra. Någon form av mekanism ska möjliggöra styckvis nedförsel av kit-boxar åt montören, i vilken form detta sker var föremål för utveckling i projektet. Utvecklingen av hyllvagnen skedde i fyra faser; analys och avgränsning, faktainsamling, genomförande samt utvärdering. Som förstudie har bland annat befintliga vagnar i en fabrik observerats vid arbete samt har samtal förts med de olika användarna om deras synpunkter. Under samtal med handledare sattes förväntningar, krav och avgränsningar. Genomförandet bestod av att ta fram diverse idéer och testa deras funktionsduglighet m.h.a bland annat lego. De olika koncepten analyserades och jämfördes med puhg matris. Med valda legomodellen som grund gjordes en CAD-modell med standardiserade komponenter som förslag på hur det skulle kunna konstrueras. Modellen uppmättes ta upp ca en fjärdedel av golvytan som en konventionell vagn tar. / The aim of the project was to develop a concept for a shelf trolley for EQpack, intended to be used on factory floors by assemblers. The shelf trolley must be able to carry kit boxes with components and take up less floorspace than existing shelf trolleys for kit boxes. EQpack's idea was to, unlike conventional shelf trolleys, in which kit boxes are placed next to each other horizontally and transported by conveyor belts, instead have shelf trolleys where kit boxes can be placed vertically in relation to each other. Some form of mechanism must enable piecemeal lowering of kit boxes for the assembler. How this is done was subject for development in the project. The development of the shelf trolley took place in four phases; analysis and boundaries, fact-gathering, exicution and evaluation. As a preliminary study, existing trolleys in a factory have been observed at work and discussions have been held with the various users about their views. Through discussion with supervisors the expectations, requirements and boundaries were set. The execution consisted of development of various ideas and testing their functionality with Lego. The different concepts were analyzed and compared with a puhg matrix. With the chosen Lego model as a basis, a CAD model was made with standardized components as suggestions for how a final product could be constructed. The final model was measured to take up about a quarter of the floorspace that the conventional trolley occupies.

[ES] En el transcurso de la presente tesis doctoral, se llevó a cabo la tarea de analizar el desarrollo del diseño generativo a lo largo del tiempo y en diversos campos de aplicación. Durante esta exploración, se identificó una carencia significativa de herramientas CAD de apoyo en la etapa temprana del diseño conceptual. La ausencia de recursos para facilitar la creación de diseños conceptuales básicos y la generación de diversas soluciones de diseño se presenta como un problema evidente en este contexto. El objetivo principal de la investigación es desarrollar una herramienta que aborde eficientemente esta carencia y proporcione asistencia al diseñador durante estas tareas cruciales del proceso creativo. La metodología empleada incluyó una exhaustiva búsqueda bibliográfica para comprender el desarrollo del diseño generativo en sus distintas etapas y campos de aplicación. Se identificaron los componentes principales que componen la estructura de objetos y se propuso una clasificación de estructuras básicas que abarca una amplia variedad de productos. Además, se estableció un flujo de trabajo que sirvió como guía para la implementación de la estructura básica, volúmenes, subestructuras y elementos adicionales. Los resultados destacan la implementación exitosa de un algoritmo en Rhino-Grasshopper, un lenguaje de programación visual, que permitió la generación de soluciones de diseño variadas para una diversidad de objetos. El diseño se enriqueció mediante componentes programados en Python, facilitando la implementación de subestructuras y elementos adicionales, tanto esenciales como no esenciales. En las conclusiones, se subraya la eficacia de la herramienta en la mejora del diseño generativo, atendiendo factores transversales como la estética, el aprovechamiento del uso del ordenador en la etapa temprana del diseño y la estabilidad de las soluciones propuestas. La contribución de esta investigación se refleja en la creación de una herramienta robusta y eficaz, aportando un nuevo enfoque en el ámbito de las herramientas de diseño en la etapa conceptual. Palabras clave: Diseño Generativo, herramientas CAD, diseño conceptual, estructuras básicas, soluciones de diseño. / [CA] En el transcurs de la present tesi doctoral, es va dur a terme la tasca d'analitzar el desenvolupament del disseny generatiu al llarg del temps i en diversos camps d'aplicació. Durant aquesta exploració, es va identificar una manca significativa d'eines *CAD de suport en l'etapa primerenca del disseny conceptual. L'absència de recursos per a facilitar la creació de dissenys conceptuals bàsics i la generació de diverses solucions de disseny es presenta com un problema evident en aquest context. L'objectiu principal de la investigació és desenvolupar una eina que aborde eficientment aquesta manca i proporcione assistència al dissenyador durant aquestes tasques crucials del procés creatiu. La metodologia emprada va incloure una exhaustiva cerca bibliogràfica per a comprendre el desenvolupament del disseny generatiu en les seues diferents etapes i camps d'aplicació. Es van identificar els components principals que componen l'estructura d'objectes i es va proposar una classificació d'estructures bàsiques que abasta una àmplia varietat de productes. A més, es va establir un flux de treball que va servir com a guia per a la implementació de l'estructura bàsica, volums, subestructures i elements addicionals. Els resultats destaquen la implementació reeixida d'un algorisme en *Rhino- *Grasshopper, un llenguatge de programació visual, que va permetre la generació de solucions de disseny variades per a una diversitat d'objectes. El disseny es va enriquir mitjançant components programats en *Python, facilitant la implementació de subestructures i elements addicionals, tant essencials com no essencials. A les conclusions, se subratlla l'eficàcia de l'eina en la millora del disseny generatiu, atenent factors transversals com l'estètica, l'aprofitament de l'ús de l'ordinador en l'etapa primerenca del disseny i l'estabilitat de les solucions proposades. La contribució d'aquesta investigació es reflecteix en la creació d'una eina robusta i eficaç, aportant un nou enfocament en l'àmbit de les eines de disseny en l'etapa conceptual. Paraules clau: Disseny Generatiu, eines CAD, disseny conceptual, estructures bàsiques, solucions de disseny. / [EN] In the course of this doctoral thesis, the task was undertaken to analyze the development of generative design over time and in various fields of application. During this exploration, a significant lack of CAD support tools in the early stage of conceptual design was identified. The absence of resources to facilitate the creation of basic conceptual designs and the generation of diverse design solutions presents itself as an evident problem in this context. The main objective of the research is to develop a tool that efficiently addresses this deficiency and provides assistance to the designer during these crucial tasks of the creative process. The methodology employed included a thorough literature review to understand the development of generative design in its different stages and fields of application. The main components composing the structure of objects were identified, and a classification of basic structures covering a wide variety of products was proposed. Additionally, a workflow was established as a guide for the implementation of the basic structure, volumes, substructures, and additional elements. The results highlight the successful implementation of an algorithm in Rhino-Grasshopper, a visual programming language, which allowed the generation of varied design solutions for a diversity of objects. The design was enriched through components programmed in Python, facilitating the implementation of both essential and non-essential substructures and elements. In the conclusions, the effectiveness of the tool in improving generative design is emphasized, addressing cross-cutting factors such as aesthetics, leveraging computer usage in the early stage of design, and the stability of the proposed solutions. The contribution of this research is reflected in the creation of a robust and effective tool, providing a new approach in the field of design tools in the conceptual stage. Keywords: Generative Design, CAD tools, conceptual design, basic structures, design solutions. / Acosta Zazueta, GR. (2024). Diseño generativo asistido por computador. Desarrollo de una herramienta innovadora de ayuda a la exploración de soluciones conceptuales en productos [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/203611

Truss-like shapes can occur in topology optimization described by an assembly of finite elements or its boundary represented as a polygon mesh. Such shape description does not cover a common engineering parametrization like the lines of a frame structure and its corresponding cross-section. This article addresses the truss-parametrization of such optimization using curve skeletons and Meta Balls. While the curve skeleton is common in the truss-parametrization, including Meta Balls can lead to an overall implicit and smooth shape description.

High amount of changes and increasing complexity in CAD design of wiring harnesses result in a lack of time for documentation and transfer of acquired knowledge. To be able to transfer the gained knowledge efficiently during development automating the identification, analyzation and documentation of changes is necessary. This paper shows a methodology to address this challenge for CAD data of wiring harnesses. Thus, it is shown how interrelated change elements can be combined or separated from each other according to their change intention.

[pt] Projetos de engenharia dependem de modelos CAD 3D complexos durante todo o seu ciclo de vida. Esses modelos 3D contêm milhões de geometrias que impõem desafios de armazenamento, transmissão e renderização. Trabalhos anteriores empregaram com sucesso técnicas de correspondência de formas baseadas em aprendizado profundo para reduzir a memória exigida por esses modelos 3D. Este trabalho propõe um algoritmo baseado em grafos que melhora o agrupamento não supervisionado em espaços profundos de características. Essa abordagem refina drasticamente a precisão da correspondência de formas e resulta em requisitos de memória ainda mais baixos para os modelos 3D. Em um conjunto de dados rotulado, nosso método atinge uma redução de 95 por cento do modelo, superando as técnicas não supervisionadas anteriores que alcançaram 87 por cento e quase atingindo a redução de 97 por cento de uma abordagem totalmente supervisionada. Em um conjunto de dados não rotulado, nosso método atinge uma redução média do modelo de 87 por cento contra uma redução média de 77 por cento das técnicas não supervisionadas anteriores. / [en] Engineering projects rely on complex 3D CAD models throughout their life cycle. These 3D models comprise millions of geometries that impose storage, transmission, and rendering challenges. Previous works have successfully employed shape-matching techniques based on deep learning to reduce the memory required by these 3D models. This work proposes a graph-based algorithm that improves unsupervised clustering in deep feature space. This approach dramatically refines shape-matching accuracy and results in even lower memory requirements for the 3D models. In a labeled dataset, our method achieves a 95 percent model reduction, outperforming previous unsupervised techniques that achieved 87 percent and almost reaching the 97 percent reduction from a fully supervised approach. In an unlabeled dataset, our method achieves an average model reduction of 87 percent versus an average reduction of 77 percent from previous unsupervised techniques.

The creation of an effective construction schedule is fundamental to the successful completion of a construction project. Effectively communicating the temporal and spatial details of this schedule are vital, however current planning approaches often lead to multiple or misinterpretations of the schedule throughout the planning team. Four Dimensional Computer Aided Design (4D CAD) has emerged over the last twenty years as an effective tool during construction project planning. In recent years Building Information Modelling (BIM) has emerged as a valuable approach to construction informatics throughout the whole lifecycle of a building. Additionally, emerging trends in location-aware and wearable computing provide a future potential for untethered, contextual visualisation and data delivery away from the office. The purpose of this study was to develop a novel computer-based approach, to facilitate on-site 4D construction planning through interaction with a 3D construction model and corresponding building information data in outdoor Augmented Reality (AR). Based on a wide ranging literature review, a conceptual framework was put forward to represent software development requirements to support the sequencing of construction tasks in AR. Based on this framework, an approach was developed that represented the main processes required to plan a construction sequence using an onsite model based 4D methodology. Using this proposed approach, a prototype software tool was developed, 4DAR. The implemented tool facilitated the mapping of elements within an interactive 3D model with corresponding BIM data objects to provide an interface for two way communication with the underlying Industry Foundation Class (IFC) data model. Positioning data from RTK-GPS and an electronic compass enabled the geo-located 3D model to be registered in world coordinates and visualised using a head mounted display fitted with a ii forward facing video camera. The scheduling of construction tasks was achieved using a novel interactive technique that negated the need for a previous construction schedule to be input into the system. The resulting 4D simulation can be viewed at any time during the scheduling process, facilitating an iterative approach to project planning to be adopted. Furthermore, employing the IFC file as a central read/write repository for schedule data reduces the amount of disparate documentation and centralises the storage of schedule information, while improving communication and facilitating collaborative working practices within a project planning team. Post graduate students and construction professionals evaluated the implemented prototype tool to test its usefulness for construction planning requirements. It emerged from the evaluation sessions that the implemented tool had achieved the essential requirements highlighted in the conceptual framework and proposed approach. Furthermore, the evaluators expressed that the implemented software and proposed novel approach to construction planning had potential to assist with the planning process for both experienced and inexperienced construction planners. The following contributions to knowledge have been made by this study in the areas of 4D CAD, construction applications of augmented reality and Building Information Modelling; · 4D Construction Planning in Outdoor Augmented Reality (AR) · The development of a novel 4D planning approach through decomposition · The deployment of Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) in AR · Leveraging IFC files for centralised data management within real time planning and visualisation environment.

Purpose: Due to the development of technology, communications related to designprojects have become more complex. Previous studies show that physical threedimensional (3D) models are more useful tools for communications than digital models.Despite this, the use of physical models has decreased. The aim of this study is toincrease knowledge about how architects, 3D-visualizers, and modelers find physicaland digital models work as communication tools, and to give suggestions for theirability to collaborate. Method: The study is based on a qualitative approach. Used methods are literaturestudies and interviews. The literature gives an up-to-date research in the field. Theinterviews contribute with rich answers and provide an overall picture of the subject.The respondents consist of architects, 3D-visualizers and modelers. Findings: According to internal and external communication, physical models haveseveral strong advantages and a number of distinct disadvantages. Physical models arestraightforward, they give an overview and open up for discussion. Furthermore, theyhave a valuable influence on designers’ creativity in conceptual design stages.However, physical models are ineffective at visualizing technical information, and theyare not considered to be time and cost efficient. The advantages with digital models aremainly linked to the latter and more detailed stages of the planning process. The modelsare informative and able to visualize technical information. Furthermore, they are timeefficient when making revisions and valuable when selling. Simple digital models areeffective in rapid investigations during the project. More detailed digital models canhowever inhibit creativity in early stages of the planning process. Proposals can easilybe found definite which affects communications negatively.Physical and digital models can cooperate in communications in two ways. The firstway consists of using physical models in the early stages of the process and then transferthe extracted information into digital models. The second way consists of using physicaland digital models parallel during the process, to take advantage of both of theirdifferent qualities. Implications: Physical and digital models have different qualities and contributes withdifferent information. Depending on which information that is important in every stepof the process, the models should be used in different ways. To reach an efficientcommunication, physical and digital models should complement each other. Limitations: The study discuss internal and external communication. The result isbased on the perspective of architect, 3D-visualizer and modeler. The interviews arebased on personal values, but after both empiricism and theory are considered, the resultis found relatively general. The study provides an indication of what the threeprofessions think about the subject. The result can’t however be applied on otherprofessions. Keywords: 3D printing, architecture, CAD, communication, digital model, physicalmodel, planning process.

Many decades ago, Carver Mead established the foundations of neuromorphic systems. Neuromorphic systems are analog circuits that emulate biology. These circuits utilize subthreshold dynamics of CMOS transistors to mimic the behavior of neurons. The objective is to not only simulate the human brain, but also to build useful applications using these bio-inspired circuits for ultra low power speech processing, image processing, and robotics. This can be achieved using reconfigurable hardware, like field programmable analog arrays (FPAAs), which enable configuring different applications on a cross platform system. As digital systems saturate in terms of power efficiency, this alternate approach has the potential to improve computational efficiency by approximately eight orders of magnitude. These systems, which include analog, digital, and neuromorphic elements combine to result in a very powerful reconfigurable processing machine.