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The use of computer tools has increased and in many cases replaced manual calculations. Collapses still occur, despite new and updated computer tools. In order for these accidents to be avoided, it is required that construction engineers have a broad knowledge and understanding. The report aims to study how using computer tools aects the construction industry, the work of the construction engineers and the advantages and possible disadvantages regarding the understanding. The study is qualitative where interviews were conducted, the opinions of the respondents could then be presented and analyzed. Results show that computer tools have contributed to a number of advantages in the design process. The computer tools have had a positive impact on the level of understanding in dierent ways, but the study also shows that several disadvantages occur. Furthermore, the report shows that various negative consequences can arise if a construction engineer does not possess the required knowledge and understanding. It also appears that manual calculations are considered to provide a better understanding of calculations compared to computer tools.

Purpose: Due to the development of technology, communications related to designprojects have become more complex. Previous studies show that physical threedimensional (3D) models are more useful tools for communications than digital models.Despite this, the use of physical models has decreased. The aim of this study is toincrease knowledge about how architects, 3D-visualizers, and modelers find physicaland digital models work as communication tools, and to give suggestions for theirability to collaborate. Method: The study is based on a qualitative approach. Used methods are literaturestudies and interviews. The literature gives an up-to-date research in the field. Theinterviews contribute with rich answers and provide an overall picture of the subject.The respondents consist of architects, 3D-visualizers and modelers. Findings: According to internal and external communication, physical models haveseveral strong advantages and a number of distinct disadvantages. Physical models arestraightforward, they give an overview and open up for discussion. Furthermore, theyhave a valuable influence on designers’ creativity in conceptual design stages.However, physical models are ineffective at visualizing technical information, and theyare not considered to be time and cost efficient. The advantages with digital models aremainly linked to the latter and more detailed stages of the planning process. The modelsare informative and able to visualize technical information. Furthermore, they are timeefficient when making revisions and valuable when selling. Simple digital models areeffective in rapid investigations during the project. More detailed digital models canhowever inhibit creativity in early stages of the planning process. Proposals can easilybe found definite which affects communications negatively.Physical and digital models can cooperate in communications in two ways. The firstway consists of using physical models in the early stages of the process and then transferthe extracted information into digital models. The second way consists of using physicaland digital models parallel during the process, to take advantage of both of theirdifferent qualities. Implications: Physical and digital models have different qualities and contributes withdifferent information. Depending on which information that is important in every stepof the process, the models should be used in different ways. To reach an efficientcommunication, physical and digital models should complement each other. Limitations: The study discuss internal and external communication. The result isbased on the perspective of architect, 3D-visualizer and modeler. The interviews arebased on personal values, but after both empiricism and theory are considered, the resultis found relatively general. The study provides an indication of what the threeprofessions think about the subject. The result can’t however be applied on otherprofessions. Keywords: 3D printing, architecture, CAD, communication, digital model, physicalmodel, planning process.

Purpose: The purpose of the study is to identify communication problems in the planning process between the architect and the structural engineers in building framework of wood and concrete structures in multi-storey buildnings and investigate the causes of these problems. Wooden frames in multi-storey buildings is on rising and challenges the dominant concrete frames. Difficulties in cooperation between disciplines can not be underresimated, especially in complex projects. Communication is a complex process and the key to project performace. Method: The study consists of a qualitative approach. The used methods are interviews and literature studies. The interview method is based on people's experiences and opinions. The interviewed respondents are architects and structural engineers, all of whom have worked in planning process of both concrete and wooden frames. Literature studies have contributed to a deeper understanding of the subject as well as information about the current research front. Findings: Misunderstandings in written communication and undocumented conversations are communication problems that most of the architects and structural engineers experienced. Communication problems are caused by lack of time and stress. Collaboration between the various disciplines can be adversely affected when there is no understanding of the other parties. The communication problems that have been experienced in the planning process are general and usually not affected by the choice of frame. Lack of knowledge, on the other hand, has been perceived as an additional communication problem regarding the planning process of wooden multi-storey buildings. Experience is a reason for this. Differences in communication are not affected by the choice of frame, however the communication frequency has increased. Implications: To achieve effective communication in the planning process meetings with protocol are to prefer. The lack of knowledge in the construction of high-rise buildings in wooden frames are based on the difficulty of finding experience. An increased communication frequency has been a fact because the innovation of wood frames. Future recommendations are to investigate and propose solutions to the communication problems and implement solutions to the industry. Limitations: The results of the study are limited to the architects and the structural engineers perspectives although the planning process in fact involves more parties. Collected data is based on the respondents personal opinions and experiences, therefore the results can not be determined as a general perception for all those with the same profession. Keywords: Architect, constructor, communication, planning process, wooden frame, concrete frame, communication problem, multi-storey house.

The following research study examines the risk analysis of a construction project during its design phase and its starting point is work involving heavy prefabricated components or heavy shuttering elements and work in a place or area with passing vehicular traffic. The aim of the research study is to identify faults within risk analyzes and the goal is to be able to recommend improvement measures that can be implemented in practice. The research study was carried out over a period of 10 weeks in collaboration with the construction company Veidekke Entreprenad AB. The basis of the research consists of a literature search, interviews and a survey. Seven interviews have been conducted with officials and professionals, as well as a survey. Internal documents have been reviewed and compiled to describe how Veidekke's risk analysis process works. The study shows that currently, there is a certain problem in the approach of carrying out risk analyzes. Reversing vehicles, narrow spaces and poor visibility are the causes of accidents involving vehicles at construction sites. Clamp injuries are common when handling heavy building elements, as a result of elements tipping and falling over. The study shows that a collaboration between BAS-P and BAS-U, chief safety representative, safety representative and professional workers should be extended to improve risk analyzes. By increasing the production experience of BAS-P, taking advantage of visualization programs, introducing stricter educational requirements, rationalizing risk assessments and introducing clearer regulations from authorities, risk analyzes can be improved and lead to less injuries and accidents at construction sites. / Följande examensarbete granskar riskanalyser av ett byggprojekt under projekteringsskedet. Riskanalysernas utgångspunkt är arbete med tunga bygg- och formbyggnadselement och arbete på plats eller område med passerande fordonstrafik.  Målet med examensarbetet är att identifiera bristfälligheter i riskanalyser och målsättningen är att kunna rekommendera förbättringsåtgärder som kan implementeras i praktiken, för att minska antalet olyckor och skador som sker i byggbranschen.  Examensarbetet genomfördes under en tidsperiod på 10 veckor i samarbete med bygg- och anläggningsföretaget Veidekke Entreprenad AB, i syfte att utveckla och förbättra riskanalysprocessen.  Undersökningens grund utgörs av en litteratursökning, intervjustudie och enkätundersökning. Information från myndigheterna Arbetsmiljöverket och Trafikverket samt vetenskapliga artiklar har granskats. Sju intervjuer har genomförts med tjänstemän och yrkesarbetare samt en enkätundersökning på ett av Veidekkes byggetableringar. Som grund för nulägesbeskrivningen har även interna dokument granskats och sammanställts för att redogöra hur Veidekkes riskanalysprocess går till.  I studien framgår det att det finns en viss problematik i tillvägagångssättet att utföra riskanalyser i nuläget. Backande fordon, trånga utrymmen och dålig sikt är orsaker till att det sker olyckor med fordon på byggarbetsplatser. Klämskador är vanligt förekommande olyckor vid hantering av tunga byggelement, till följd av att element tippar och faller. Studien visar att ett samarbete mellan BAS-P och BAS-U, skyddsombud och yrkesarbetare ska utökas för att förbättra riskanalyser. Genom att öka produktionserfarenheten hos BAS-P, nyttja visualiseringsprogram, införa striktare utbildningskrav, rationalisera riskbedömningar och införa tydligare regelverk från myndigheter kan riskanalyser förbättras och leda till mindre skador och olyckor på byggarbetsplatser.