The volume of lava flows provide important information on the magnitude of volcanic eruptions, and accurate volumes are necessary to produce reliable models of lava flow emplacement or constrain the internal structure of volcanoes. The most accurate lava flow volumes are obtainable when the topography before and after an eruption are both known, but information for the topography before lava flow emplacement is absent in non-historic lava flows. To calculate the volume of non-historic lava flows, this pre-emplacement topography needs to be reconstructed. Common methods for this include using inverse distance-weighted averages or global polynomial interpolation methods, but these can still underestimate the volume of the flow, and the surface of the flow itself is not considered in these interpolations. A new calculation method seems necessary to better constrain the volume of lava flows, and including the lava flow surface in the volume calculation, given that it is generally excluded during interpolation of pre-emplacement topography, may be the solution to improving lava flow volume calculation for flows where the base surface is unknown. The 2012-2013 Tolbachik lava flow is used to look at potential relationships due to the availability of elevation data before and after the eruption. A quantitative analysis on the relationships between the slope of topography before and after lava flow emplacement and on the relationship between the slope and thickness of lava flows is performed. In addition to this, the slope of the topography calculated over local and regional scales is used as a new interpolation method, and the calculated thickness from the interpolated surface is compared to the known thickness for the lava flow.

This paper presents a metallic structural solution for communities with minor resources, which is able to adapt to the climatic conditions of La Guajira (Colombia). The mains objectives of this structure are to reach good quality and reduce execution time as well as cost. The structure was designed by using Light Weight Steel Framing method, due to its simplicity as well as its ease in the assembly due to the lack of resources in those communities. The design was calculated by using an iterative method in which a compromise solution between prices and strength was reached. This paper concludes that the same structure which was being built, can be improved (decreasing of the price, and industrialisation of the method) by using the structural solution proposed by this work.

The aim of this thesis is analysis the management costs of the chosen enterprise and suggestion of possible meansures to streamline the existing model of management in the enterprise.

The aim of this thesis is to analyse the applied methods of calculation of costs in the selected accounting unit in terms of usability of price defining. Simultaneously to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of calculation methods due to the development or modification of the calculation procedures. In the case of identified deficiencies introduce recommendations which the entity should accept, including the reasons that led to the relevant proposals. There are used methods of description, relevant mathematical methods, analysis of internal data, methods of managerial accounting and others. The selected entity is the cutlery manufacturing cooperative. In the results of this works there are proposed recommendations for the manufacturing and administrative overhead. Additionally a few changes are proposed for process of setting product prices in the company stores and in the e-shop. Beneficial change a costing formula is separate item monitoring cooperation in the direct costs. Finally, it is suggested to assemble documentation for calculations.

The main aim of the Dissertation was to create a method enabling evaluation of a business plan of a firm doing business in the field of freight transport. The Dissertation is based on an actual investment project in which the transport company takes part in two tender procedures. The specific nature of the transport sector complicated the possibility to use classical methods for the evaluation of investment efficiency. Application of the net pre-sent value method to an already implemented investment project confirmed that this method cannot be used to assess the business plan of the transport company. For this reason, it was necessary to draw up a price creation method for both the tender procedures able to en-sure positive profitability of the project with regard to specifics in particular tenders. The subject matter of the tender procedures was the request for proposal concerning vehicle sets of various specifications. The NAL (net advantage to leasing) method was used to decide about the manner of funding of the vehicle sets. For the other tender procedure, a calculation was made to optimize the route in terms of costs, whereby usability of the price creation method was verified in practice.

The aim of this thesis is to create a calculation system of indirect costs in the commercial company. This calculation could be used in the accounting system of the company and thanks to that would be indirect cost divided automatically into individual items of goods. The calculation system is based on particular coefficients which are assigned in individual types of costs. New created system is tested on the specific sample of goods from the company. It is good to see weaknesses and deficiencies in suggested calculation. Conclusions from this analyse are specific values of profitability ratio Return on sales in every goods. The management of the company has to decide whether to revalue their goods or not. The decision is connected also with margin groups, in group A (which includes main goods) they could afford to move with selling prices. This prediction is based on outcome from competition analysis.

The thesis is focused on the Cost Management in the Relation to Business Performance. The aim of this thesis is analysis of the management costs, their evaluation and suggest some key performance indicators. There are defined cost, calculation, performance and key performance indicators in this thesis. The practical part was elaborated on the basis of data from the company MOTOR JIKOV. There were used methods of observation, exploration and communication with the company. There is an analysis of costing of the filial company and there are some key indicators suggested for the company.

Esta tese tem como problema de pesquisa “como analisar atividades e eventos na perspectiva da teoria dos sistemas cognitivos correlacionados com foco no trabalho e nos fenômenos emergentes das interações entre humanos e seus sistemas tecnológicos?” A partir disso, busca como objetivo, propor um protocolo para realização dessa análise. A pesquisa é realizada por meio de um estudo etnográfico no contexto da análise da atividade de cálculo das velocidades de decolagem em aeronaves de transporte comercial, sendo apresentada em cinco artigos. O primeiro descreve de que modos o campo da Engenharia de Sistemas Cognitivos (CSE) vem sendo constituído. Adicionalmente, é proposta uma agenda de pesquisa em sistemas socio‐técnicos complexos enfatizando a necessidade de trabalhos com o foco de análise nos fenômenos emergentes das interações, tomando o sistema cognitivo como unidade de análise. O segundo artigo visa à identificação e caracterização da atividade de cálculo das velocidades de decolagem e dos protótipos de falhas nessa atividade. Os resultados indicam a existência de fragilidades caracterizadas por 12 protótipos de falhas. O terceiro artigo tem por objetivo analisar o cálculo das velocidades de decolagem como um processo de cognição situada e distribuída, a fim de identificar possíveis vulnerabilidades nessa atividade. O estudo constatou quatro vulnerabilidades, vistas aqui muito mais como características nos processos da atividade: as representações ao nível do cockpit são sempre parciais e incompletas; algumas interações requerem, além da corporificação, interpretações; as interações entre os agentes não seguem um processo canônico de coordenação; e o controle da prevenção de falhas é preciso, porém, não é adequado. O quarto artigo descreve como a coordenação pode ser interpretada como um fenômeno cognitivo distribuído e situado em cockpit de aeronaves. Nesse sentido, o estudo parte da integração da perspectiva da teoria dos sistemas cognitivos correlacionados com quatro requisitos de coordenação descritos na literatura: representação compartilhada (common ground), interprevisibilidade, diretividade e sincronia. A automação, além dos pilotos, é concebida como um terceiro agente da cabine. Como resultados dessa integração, são propostos quatro modos de coordenação no cockpit, os quais ocorrem em diferentes etapas de um voo. O quinto artigo apresenta o protocolo para análise dos fenômenos emergentes resultantes de interações em sistemas cognitivos correlacionados A aplicação do protocolo é ilustrada por meio da análise do cálculo das velocidades de decolagem. Os resultados do estudo são usados para a avaliação do protocolo, segundo critérios de validade, confiabilidade, usabilidade e potencial para alavancagem de melhorias. / This thesis seeks to answer the research question “how to analyze activities and events in the perspective of joint cognitive systems as focused on the work and the phenomena emerging from interactions between humans and their technical system?” Hence, the study aims at proposing a protocol to carry out this analysis. The research is conducted by means of an ethnographic research in the context of the activity of takeoff speeds calculation in commercial transport aircraft, and is presented in five articles. The first one describes how the conceptual field of Cognitive Systems Engineering (CSE) has been made up. In addition, a research agenda in complex socio‐technical systems is proposed, emphasizing the need for the analysis of work with focus on phenomena emerging from interactions. The second article aims at identifying and characterizing the activity of take‐off speeds calculation and its prototypes of failure. The results indicate the existence of fragilities, that were organized in 12 prototypes of failure. The third article aims at analyzing take‐off speeds calculation as a situated and distributed process in order to identify possible vulnerabilities in this activity. The study has found four vulnerabilities, which are seen as characteristics of the process: the representations at the cockpit level are always partial and incomplete; some interactions require interpretations instead of corporifications; the interactions between agents do not follow a canonical coordination process; and the failure prevention control is accurate, although, not adequate. The fourth article describes how coordination may be interpreted as a situated and distributed phenomenon in the cockpit of an aircraft. In this respect, the study draws on the integration of the perspectives of joint cognitive systems theory with four coordination requirements described in the literature: shared representation (common ground), interpredictability, directability and synchrony. Automation, rather than only pilots, is conceived of as a third agent in the cabin. As a result of this integration, four modes of coordination in the cockpit are proposed, which occur at different stages of the flight. The fifth article presents a protocol for the analysis of emerging phenomena in joint cognitive systems. The application of the protocol is illustrated by means of the analysis of take‐off speeds calculation. The results of the study are used for the evaluation of the protocol, according to criteria of validity, reliability, usability and potential for the leverage of improvements.

Anxiolytics, sedative-hypnotics and antipsychotics are drugs with similar chemical structures (nitrogenous heterocycles) and the Benzodiazepines (BZDs) are part of this group. Discovering by “luck”, his class of drugs, the BZDs, presents mostly anxiolytic and hypnotic actions, and is the class of drugs most consumed worldwide. In this dissertation, quantum molecular modeling techniques were used, seeking to understand the behavior of these drugs, since they have similar chemical structure. The method of calculation used was semiempirical PM6 (Sixth parameterization) and 26 compounds were analyzed. Changes in the values of the electrostatic charges of the atoms that contribute to the formation of the HOMO orbital were calculated, with the compounds in the ground state and without 1 electron (oxidation reaction), seeking indicate activity/oxidation sites and were also generated maps of molecular electrostatic potential, maps of the HOMO orbital and some electronic properties of benzodiazepines were also calculated. Knowing that benzodiazepines are metabolized in the liver, initially suffering oxidation reactions, it was possible with the calculations, analyze the substituent effect on its activity and show that this oxidation reaction occurs at the benzodiazepine ring. / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Ansiolíticos, sedativo-hipnóticos e antipsicóticos são fármacos que apresentam estruturas químicas semelhantes (heterociclos nitrogenados) e os Benzodiazepínicos (BZDs) participam deste grupo. Descoberta ao “acaso”, essa classe de fármacos, os BZDs, apresenta, em sua maioria, ação ansiolítica e hipnótica, sendo a classe de medicamentos mais consumida mundialmente. Nesta dissertação foram utilizadas técnicas de modelagem molecular quântica, buscando entender o comportamento desses fármacos, já que apresentam estrutura química semelhante. O método de cálculo utilizado foi o Semiempírico PM6 (Sexta Parametrização) e 26 compostos foram analisados. Variações nos valores das cargas eletrostáticas dos átomos que contribuem para a formação do orbital HOMO foram calculados, com os compostos no estado fundamental e retirando-se 1 elétron (reação de oxidação), buscando indicar sítios de atividade/oxidação, bem como também foram gerados os mapas de potencial eletrostático molecular, mapa do orbital HOMO e algumas propriedades eletrônicas dos BZDs também foram calculadas. Sabendo-se que as benzodiazepinas são metabolizadas no fígado, sofrendo inicialmente reações de oxidação, foi possível com os cálculos, analisar o efeito do substituinte na sua atividade e mostrar que esta reação de oxidação ocorre no anel benzodiazepínico.

This dissertation deals with financial subsidies of agricultural conduct of business. It is concentrated on evaluation of influence of financial subsidies on agricultural production in agricultural company "X" in 2009 - 2011. The theoretical part describes issues linked to agricultural production and its essential function for the society. It deals with the need of subsidies and their types and with the most important institutions providing these subsidies. This work also explains some specificities of calculation formulas in agriculture. The practical part addresses analysis of particular sections of plant production and livestock production. With the help of calculation formula the costs of these productions are established. There are compared the results of management without subsidies and with subsidies in this work. On the basis of these information some recommendations for the structure of agricultural production and the use of financial supports can be projected.