Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-24T19:37:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Introducao.pdf: 4076807 bytes, checksum: 48a9024758e4ef8be57c1dc1d440a82c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-03-13 / In this work was developed a methodology for incorporation of platinum particles to carbon black matrices called Eeonomers (Kp0; Kp20 and Kpy20). The characterization of modified materials Kp0/Pt; Kp20/Pt and Kpy20/Pt was performed by SEM / EDX; XRD; TEM and Cyclic Voltammetry (VC). Measures of the SEM coupled to EDX showed that the platinum particles were homogeneous distributed in the carbon matrix. Meanwhile, the average size of nanoparticles were estimated between 3 and 7 nm through calculations with the application of the Scherrer’s equation and were confirmed by MET measurements. The VC confirmed the incorporation of particles by the increase of faradaics current in negative and positive extremes of the potencial scan range assigned to the generation of oxygen and hydrogen due to the presence of platinum incorporated to the modified materials. These modified materials were used in the production of electrodes and were applied in electroanalysis used for determination of dopamine and for oxidation of methanol. The electrodes modified with platinum (EPC/Kp0/Pt, EPC/Kp20/Pt e EPC/Kpy20/Pt) showed no effects of electrooxidation for dopamine, as was expected and therefore, did not justify a modification of the material due to the high cost of platinum. Nevertheless, the electrodes of Kp0/Pt and Kp20/Pt were efficient in electrooxidation of methanol in all concentrations and can be used to replace the smooth platinum, since it increased the number of available active sites even in smaller concentrations investigated. This surface area of available platinum in the modified electrodes was calculated by the difference of integrals of the first and second cycles during the process of cyclical scanning in measures of CO adsorbed considering a load of platinum smooth at 484 μ C.cm2. Key words: Carbon black, Eeonomers, carbon paste electrodes, Cyclic Voltammetry / Neste trabalho desenvolveu-se uma metodologia para incorporação de partículas de platina a matrizes de negro de fumo denominadas de Eeonômeros (Kp0; Kp20 e Kpy20). A caracterização dos materiais modificados Kp0/Pt; Kp20/Pt e Kpy20/Pt foi realizada por MEV/EDX; DRX; MET e Voltametria Cíclica (VC). As medidas de MEV acopladas a EDX mostraram que as partículas de platina estavam distribuídas de forma homogênea na matriz orgânica. Já os tamanhos médios das nanopartículas foram estimados entre 3 e 7 nm através de cálculos com a aplicação da equação de Scherrer e confirmados pelas medidas de MET. A VC confirmou a incorporação das partículas pelo aumento das correntes faradaicas nos extremos negativos e positivos devido à geração de oxigênio e hidrogênio atribuídos à presença da platina incorporada aos materiais modificados. Estes materiais modificados foram utilizados na produção de eletrodos e aplicados em eletroanálise através da técnica de VC e utilizados para determinação da dopamina e oxidação do metanol. Os eletrodos modificados com platina (EPC/Kp0/Pt, EPC/Kp20/Pt e EPC/Kpy20/Pt) não apresentaram efeitos de eletrooxidação para a dopamina como era esperado e, portanto não justificaram a modificação do material devido ao alto custo da platina. Entretanto, os eletrodos de EPC/Kp0/Pt e EPC/Kp20/Pt mostraram-se eficientes na eletrooxidação do metanol em todas as concentrações e podem ser utilizados em substituição à platina lisa, pois, aumentaram o número de sítios ativos disponíveis mesmo nas menores concentrações investigadas. Esta área superficial de platina disponível nos eletrodos modificados foi calculada pela diferença das integrais do primeiro e segundo ciclos durante processo de varredura cíclica nas medidas de CO adsorvido considerando-se uma carga de platina lisa de 484μC.cm2.

L'objectif de ce travail était d'améliorer l'amortissement d'un composite thermoplastique haute performance à matrice poly(éther cétone cétone) (PEKK). Pour cela, le concept d'amortissement vibratoire passif à base de particules piézoélectriques (niobate de sodium, NaNbO3) et de particules conductrices (graphène et noir de carbone) a été étudié. Les particules piézoélectriques assurent la transduction mécanique-électrique de la vibration. Les particules conductrices dissipent par effet Joule les charges électriques générées par les particules piézoélectriques au sein de la matrice polymère. La présence de ces deux types de particules favorise la dissipation de l'énergie mécanique par le phénomène de transduction-dissipation local. Ce film amortissant a ensuite été visco-contraint entre des plis composites. Les différentes contributions à la dissipation d'énergie ont été identifiées : la viscoélasticité du polymère, le stick-slip à l'interface particules/matrice, le cisaillement induit par les fibres de carbone et la transduction-dissipation locale. Ce dernier phénomène a été mis en évidence de manière significative à travers l'étude du comportement mécanique et de la réponse dynamique des empilements composites. Après l'étape de polarisation, l'aire sous le module de cisaillement dissipatif G'' du mode de relaxation mécanique α est augmentée de 18%, l'aire des boucles d'hystérésis de 16% à 34% et les amplitudes des modes de résonance sont diminuées, jusqu'à 54% pour le 2ème mode. / The aim of this work was to increase the damping in a high performance thermoplastic composite with the poly(ether ketone ketone) (PEKK) as polymer matrix. The passive vibration damping concept based on piezoelectric particles (sodium niobate, NaNbO3) and conductive particles (graphene and carbon black) was studied. Piezoelectric particles ensure the mechanic-electric transduction of the vibration. Conductive particles dissipate by Joule effect the electric charges generated by the piezoelectric particles within the polymer matrix. Presence of these two kinds of particles improves the dissipation of the mechanical energy by the local transduction-dissipation phenomena. This damping film was visco-constrained between composites plies. The different contributions of energy dissipation have been identified: the polymer viscoelasticity, the stick-slip at the particle/matrix interface, the shear induced by carbon fibers and the local transduction-dissipation. The latter phenomena has been demonstrated significantly through the study of mechanical behavior and dynamic response of the laminate composites. After the polarization step, the area under the dissipative shear modulus G'' of the mechanical relaxation mode α is increased by 18%, the hysteresis loop area from 16% to 34% and resonance mode amplitudes are decreased, up to 54% for the 2nd mode.

Récemment, les constructeurs automobiles se sont intéressés au développement des catalyseurs appelés quatre voies, destinés à diminuer simultanément les émissions polluantes des moteurs diesels par l'intermédiaire d'un seul monolithe catalytique. Dans cet objectif, plusieurs études ont montré que la capacité de stockage des NOx de ces catalyseurs est inhibée par la présence de suies. Les travaux présentés dans ce manuscrit s'inscrivent dans la compréhension des phénomènes en cause. Les résultats obtenus montrent que la présence de noir de carbone entraîne une diminution de la stabilité des nitrates adsorbés par les systèmes catalytiques étudiés et, ainsi, de leur capacité de stockage des NOx. Ce phénomène a été attribué à une réduction des espèces nitrates adsorbées à la surface des matériaux par les particules de carbone adjacentes. La présence d'une particule Pt à proximité d'un site de carbone favorise la formation de complexes oxygénés de surface, limitant l'effet réducteur du carbone envers les nitrates adsorbés. La perte de capacité d'adsorption des NOx des catalyseurs étudiés, observée lors de leur mise en contact avec du noir de carbone, s'est révélée irréversible à l'issue de l'oxydation du carbone. La caractérisation des matériaux par microscopie à transmission (MET) a révélé une modification importante de la structure des matériaux. Un frittage des particules de platine et une modification de la structure des particules de Ba entraînent en effet la perte irréversible de l'activité des matériaux vis-à-vis de l'adsorption des NOx. / Recently, car manufacturers have developed "4 way" catalytic converters in order to couple hydrocarbon and CO oxidation, soot combustion and DeNOx fonctions on a single monolith. Several studies showed that the NOx storage capacity of NSR catalysts is reduced in the presence of soot. The aim of this work is to investigate the effect of carbon­ NSR catalyst contact on the ability of the catalyst to store NOx. The results show that the presence of carbon black in the catalytic bed involves a decrease of adsorbed nitrates stability and of the NOx storage capacity of materials. It is proposed that the proximity of the carbon particles and NOx adsorbents sites leads to a reduction of the stored nitrates species. The decrease of the NOx storage capacity is Jess important when platinum is present in the catalytic material composition. In agreement with previous studies on the catalytic combustion of soot, it is suggested that platinum increases the number of surface-oxygen complexes -C(O), which thus led to a decrease in the reducing character of carbon. Our study reveals that the deactivation of the NOx storage activity due to carbon-catalyst contact is an irreversible phenomena, and thus even when all carbon is burnt. Characterization of materials by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that sintering of the platinum particles and a structural modification of the barium particles occurs after that the catalysts was in contact with carbon. The decrease in the NOx storage activity of the materials is then assigned to a lesser proximity of the oxidizing sites (Pt) and adsorption sites (Al or Ba).

L'estudi de la reacció de vulcanització en presència de càrregues mostra la influència de la superfície del negre de carboni a la reacció de vulcanització, i més concretament de l'activitat superficial del negre de carboni. Aquest estudi de la influència a la vulcanització s'amplia a altres paràmetres com la microestructura superficial del negre de carboni. Els resultats mostren un efecte d'activació de la reacció a major superfície específica, a major activitat superficial i en especial de la major component polar de la superfície. Per tal de millorar el seguiment de la reacció de vulcanització s'ha desenvolupat una metodologia analítica d'HPLC. Aquest mateix procés a la superfície del negre de carboni s'ha estudiat mitjançant ToF-SIMS, confirmant-se com una eina útil per al seguiment dels intermedis de reacció a la superfície de la càrrega. Finalment, s'ha modificat l'activitat superficial d'alguns dels components de la vulcanització, en aquest cas l'accelerant i el sofre, mitjançant polimerització amb plasma fred per tal d'estudiar-ne l'efecte a la vulcanització i el seu comportament al sí de la mescla. En el cas de l'accelerant els resultats mostren la possibilitat de modificar l'activitat de l'accelerant a la vulcanització sense alterar les propietats finals del producte. Pel que respecta a la modificació del sofre, els resultats obren les portes a un camí de tractament superficial de les partícules de sofre per a reduir l'efecte de migració del sofre. / El estudio de la reacción de vulcanización en presencia de cargas muestra la influencia de la superficie del negro de carbono en la reacción de vulcanización, y más concretamente de la actividad superficial del negro de carbono. Este estudio de la influencia en la vulcanización se amplia a otros parámetros como la microestructura superficial del negro de carbono. Los resultados muestran un efecto de activación de la reacción a mayor superficie específica, a mayor actividad superficial y en especial de la mayor componente polar de la superficie. Para mejorar el seguimiento de la reacción de vulcanización se ha desarrollado una metodología analítica de HPLC. Este mismo proceso en la superficie del negro de carbono se ha estudiado mediante ToF-SIMS, confirmándose como una herramienta útil para el seguimiento de los intermedios de reacción en la superficie de la carga. Finalmente, se ha modificado la actividad superficial de algunos de los componentes de la vulcanización, en este caso el acelerante y el azufre, mediante polimerización con plasma frío para estudiar el efecto en la vulcanización y su comportamiento en el sí de la mezcla. En el caso del acelerante los resultados muestran la posibilidad de modificar la actividad del acelerante en la vulcanización sin alterar las propiedades finales del producto. Referente a la modificación del azufre, los resultados abren las puertas a un camino de tratamiento superficial de las partículas de azufre para reducir el efecto de la migración del azufre. / The study of the vulcanization in the presence of fillers shows the carbon black surface influence on the vulcanization reaction and specially its surface activity component. These studies have been opened to other parameters like the microstructure of the carbon black surface. Results show the activation effect of the vulcanization reaction at higher surface activity and specially at higher polar component. To improve the following of vulcanization reaction it has been developed a new analytical HPLC methodology. The same process on the carbon black surface has been studied by ToF-SIMS, and it has been demonstrated to be a useful technique to follow the vulcanization reaction. Taking in account the significance of surface activity, surface activity of some components like the accelerator and sulfur has been modified by cold plasma polymerization in order to study the effect on the vulcanization and the behavior in the mix. Concerning the accelerator, results show that it's possible to modify the accelerator performance without modifying the properties of the rubber goods. Sulfur surface activity treatment results open a new field for surface activity treatments to minimize the blooming effect.

In order to truly understand the process-property behavior of polymer systems it is essential to identify the three dimensional structure of the materials fabricated. For heterogeneous polymer systems such as nanoparticle filled systems, determination of the three dimensional optical properties are particularly difficult. Such information is essential, however, if the behavior of these systems are to be understood and formalized. The purpose of the present research was to develop methods for measuring the optical characteristics of heterogeneous polymer systems nondestructively, in order to characterize their three dimensional behavior. The thesis contains three parts: Part A: Study of an Oriented Uniformly Distributed System: Stretched Isotactic Polypropylene- nano Carbon Black Films (IPP-CB). Three nondestructive optical methods: optical waveguide coupling, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction, were used to investigate the effect of the carbon black on the phase behavior and orientation of the films. It was found that the carbon black has little effect on the crystal form and crystallinity, but has a significant effect on the three dimensional orientation behavior of the polypropylene in the IPP-CB systems. Part B: Study of a non-Uniformly Distributed System: Compression Molded Poly (Methyl Methacrylate) with Nano Indium Tin Oxide (PMMA-ITO) The PMMA-ITO sample is an un-oriented and non-uniformly mixed system which has a grain structure. A unique Break Point Waveguide Method was developed to deal with this problem. It was found that both the refractive index and the extinction coefficient increased with ITO concentration and the samples were three dimensionally random. Part C: Development of Computational Improvements in System Operations Four methods were developed to improve the accuracy of the waveguide methods. They are the Bootstrap Method, the Two-Line Method, the Big Area Method and the Modified Knee method. In conclusion, the three dimensional optical characteristics of two different kinds of heterogeneous polymer systems, oriented uniformly distributed IPP-CB films and non-uniformly distributed PMMA-ITO composites, are obtained and their structures evaluated. Further, several new methods were developed to improve the accuracy of the current optical waveguide methods.

Electrically conductive polymer composites are suitable for use in the manufacture of antistatic products and components for electronic interconnects, fuel cells and electromagnetic shielding. The most widely used processing techniques for producing electrically conductive polymer composites place an inherent constraint on the geometry and architecture of the part that can be fabricated. Hence, this thesis investigates selective laser sintering (SLS), a rapid prototyping technique, to fabricate and characterize electrically conductive nanocomposites of Nylon-12 filled with 4% by weight of carbon black. The objective of the dissertation was to study the effects of the SLS process on the microstructure and properties of the nanocomposite. The effect of laser power and the scan speed on the flexural modulus and part density of the nanocomposite was studied. The set of parameters that yielded the maximum flexural modulus and part density were used to fabricate specimens to study the tensile, impact, rheological and viscoelastic properties. The electrical conductivity of the nanocomposite was also investigated. The thermo-mechanical properties and electrical conductivity of the nanocomposites produced by SLS were compared with those produced by extrusion-injection molding. The structure and morphology of the SLS-processed and extrusion-injection molded nanocomposites were characterized using gas pycnometry, gel permeation chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry, electron microscopy, polarized light microscopy and x-ray diffraction. Physical models were developed to explain the effects of the processing technique on the structure and properties of the nanocomposites. Finally, a one-dimensional heat transfer model of the SLS process that accounted for sintering-induced densification and thermal degradation of the polymer was implemented in order to study the variation in part density with respect to the energy density of the laser beam. This dissertation demonstrated that SLS can be successfully used to fabricate electrically conductive polymer nanocomposites with a relatively low percolation threshold. This capability combined with the ability of SLS to fabricate complicated three-dimensional objects without part-specific tooling could open up several new opportunities.

Every year, millions of tons of paper are diverted from landfills and recycled. Newspaper constitutes a large portion of total paper recycled, providing a cheap source of raw material for the paper industry and helping sustainable forestry. The recycling of newsprint paper involves the separation of ink from the newsprint, which is done either by flotation or washing. Conventional flotation processes for separating ink are not adequate for newsprint printed using flexography printing technique and with water-based ink. The removal of these flexographic water-based inks by washing is a better alternative. However, one drawback of washing is that it has lower yield. In addition, the subsequent wash filtrate is difficult and costly to decontaminate. The overall goal is to develop a combination of processes that can remove ink from a feedstock that contains up to 100% flexographic ink newsprint; in the context of process variables with known effects. In the present work the objectives are to (1) demonstrate that incorporating an electric field into a conventional deinking process improves deinking efficiency, (2) propose a mechanism of how incorporating an electric field helps to improve deinking efficiency, (3) demonstrate that an electric field can decontaminate water containing flexographic inks and identify the mechanism behind electric field clarification of water, and (4) demonstrate that by incorporating electric fields into both the flotation deinking stage and water decontamination, the target deinking efficiency can be achieved.

Orientador: Darcy Hiroe Fujii Kanda / Banca: Luiz Francisco Malmonge / Banca: Dante Luis Chinaglia / Resumo: Compósitos poliméricos condutores, também chamados de polímeros condutores extrínsecos, têm sido alvo de intensa pesquisa científica devido ao seu grande potencial de aplicação nos mais diversificados setores industriais. Esses materiais combinam as características de um polímero (leveza, flexibilidade, fácil processamento) com as de cargas condutoras (alta condutividade). O poliuretano derivado de óleo de mamona (PUR) é um polímero obtido pela mistura de pré-polímero e poliol (derivado de óleo de mamona) que apresenta grande potencial para ser utilizado como matriz polimérica em compósitos. Ele possui propriedades equivalentes aos dos poliuretanos (PU) convencionais e tem como vantagem ser um polímero biodegradável e proveniente de fonte renovável. Em relação às cargas condutoras, o negro de fumo (NF) é um dos materiais mais utilizados para esse fim, enquanto que pouco se encontra na literatura sobre o carvão ativado nano em pó (CANP), mesmo possuindo estrutura semelhante e maior condutividade que o NF. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo viabilizar os processos de síntese e fazer a caracterização elétrica dos compósitos poliuretano derivado de óleo de mamona/carvão ativado nano em pó (PUR/CANP) e poliuretano derivado de óleo de mamona/negro de fumo (PUR/NF) na forma de filmes pelo método "casting", mantendo fixa a razão pré-polímero/poliol e variando a fração de volume de CANP e NF. A análise térmica foi feita por Calorimetria Diferencial de Varredura (DSC), o estudo da condutividade dc e ac foram feitas pelo Método de Duas Pontas (tensão x corrente) (MDP) e pela técnica de Espectroscopia de Impedância Elétrica (EIE), respectivamente, e a análise morfológica foi feita em Microscópio Eletrônico de Varredura com canhão de elétrons por... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Conductive polymer composites, also called extrinsic conducting polymers, has been the subject of intense scientific research due to its great potential for industrial application. These materials combine the characteristics of a polymer (lightness, flexibility, easy processing) with the conductive fillers (high conductivity). The castor oil based polyurethane (PUR) is a polymer obtained from pre-polymer and polyol (based castor oil) mixing which has great potential to be used as matrix polymer in composites. It has properties equivalent to those of conventional polyurethane (PU) and has the advantage of being a biodegradable polymer and from a renewable source. In relation to conductive fillers, carbon black (CB) is one of the most widely used materials for this purpose, while in the literature there are few data about activated carbon nanopowder (ACNP), despite having similar structure and that the higher conductivity than CB. In this context, this work aims to provide the synthesis processes and electrically characterize of composite castor oil based polyurethane/activated carbon nanopowder (PUR/ACNP) and castor oil based polyurethane/carbon black (PUR/CB) in the form of films by casting, keeping the ratio pré-polímero/poliol fixed and varying the volume fraction ACNP and CB. The sample were characterized using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Two Points Method (voltage x current) (TPM), Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and Scanning Electron Microscope with electron gun for field emission (FEG-SEM). DSC results showed that the glass transition temperature (Tg) of composites do not depend of type or volume fraction of conductive fillers. The results of electrical analysis showed that the samples of PUR/CB have lower percolation threshold than those of PUR/ACNP (20% vs. 40%). This result is due the distribution... (Summary complete electronic access click below) / Mestre

Thesis is focused on plasma modification of materials. The work has the character of a search of available literature, especially the papers presented in impacted journals. The aim is to provide a broader overview of the subject. The first section describes the most commonly modified powdered materials. The second part is focused on the plasma modification, the reasons for its use, capabilities and benefits respectively and disadvantages of these processes. The following sections are devoted to plasma discharges, plasma reactors, aspects of plasma modification and companies engaged in production, or modification of powders. Each chapter is intended to provide an overview of the modified powder materials, processes within the plasma discharges, construction and use of plasma reactors, plasma modification of aspects and the market situation in the context of powdered materials and companies dealing with the plasma modification.

Ces travaux de thèse ont porté sur l’étude de nouveaux matériaux pour l’absorption électromagnétique en chambre anéchoïque. Ce sujet a été imaginé à partir de l’étude d’une nouvelle matrice jusqu’alors jamais utilisée pour les absorbants électromagnétiques : la mousse époxy. Cette dernière présente en effet de nombreux avantages par rapport aux matrices habituellement utilisées dans le commerce : possibilité de réaliser des formes complexes, piégeage de la charge au cœur du matériau… Nous avons associé cette matrice avec différentes charges carbonées (noir de carbone, graphite et des fibres longues de carbone). L’association de la mousse époxy avec des fibres de carbone millimétriques a montré d’excellentes performances d’absorption pour un taux de charge très faibles : 0,5 %wt (S11 ≈ -40 dB entre 4 et 18 GHz en incidences normale et oblique). En variant la longueur des fibres de carbone, nous avons mis en évidence qu’il était possible d’améliorer les performances d’absorption en basses fréquences en utilisant des fibres plus longues. Enfin, nous avons dirigé nos recherches sur la réalisation d’un matériau absorbant ‘Vert’ à partir d’une matrice de liège. Ces nouveaux matériaux, réalisés à partir de matières biosourcées, ont montré de meilleures performances d’absorption qu’un absorbant du commerce de mêmes dimensions en incidence normale (S11 = -53 dB et S11 = - 27 dB respectivement à 4,2 GHz) et en incidence oblique (S11 = -50 dB et S11 = -30 dB respectivement à 4,2 GHz) et constituent donc des candidats potentiels pour le remplacement des matériaux absorbants du commerce actuels. / This thesis work focused on the study of new materials for electromagnetic absorption in anechoic chambers. This subject arose from the study of a new matrix which was never used for electromagnetic absorbers until then: the epoxy foam. This foam has many advantages compared to the matrices usually used in the trade like the possibility of cutting complex shapes out of them or trapping the charge in the core of the absorber...This matrix was associated to different carbonaceous load (carbon black, graphite and carbon fibers). The combination of epoxy foam with millimeter carbon fibers has shown better absorption performance at very low loading rates: 0.5 %wt (S11 ≈ -40 dB between 4 and 18 GHz under normal and oblique incidences). The use of different fiber lengths showed that it is possible to improve absorption performance at low frequencies using long carbon fibers. Finally, we directed our work on the creation of an absorbent material from a cork matrix. These new materials, made from bio-based materials, have shown better absorption performance than a commercial absorber, with the same dimensions in normal incidence (S11 = -54 dB and S11 = - 27 dB respectively at 4.26 GHz) and oblique incidence (S11 = -51 dB and S11 = -30 dB respectively at 4.26 GHz) and are therefore potential candidates for the replacement of existing commercial absorbent materials.