An evaluation of varied enrichment and feeding schedules were conducted on three spices, drill, Pallas’s cat and cheetah, at Parken Zoo in Sweden. Varied schedules of enrichment and feeding are used to prevent the animals from knowing when the administration of these events are going to happen since anticipation can lead to a number of negative changes in the behaviours of the animals. Scan sampling was used to gather behavioural data of the animals and the data was then used to answer a number of questions about the extent of success of the varied schedule: 1.Is the varied schedule experienced as unpredictable for the animals? 2. Are there any negative behaviours associated with the scheduled enrichments? 3. What are the reactions to the enrichment being withheld at certain days? The results showed that the animals did not perceive the scheduled events as predictable; pacing in cheetahs and aggressive behaviours in Pallas’s cats seemed to be directly associated with the events; active behaviours in the drills decreased and aggressiveness increased as an immediate result of withholding enrichment. Implications for the animals and the zoo in light of the results are discussed.

Syftet med studien var att beskriva kvantitet och kvalitet i sjuksköterskors dokumentation av omvårdnad enligt VIPS- modellen i enlighet med omvårdnadsprocessens alla steg på ett sjukhus i Mellansverige Avsikten var även att beskriva hinder och möjligheter för och attityder till dokumentation ur ett sjuksköterskeperspektiv mellan tre medicinavdelningar på nämnda sjukhus. Vidare ingick i syftet att jämföra dokumentationen på de tre avdelningarna med avseende på kvantitet och kvalitet. I undersökningen ingick en journal- respektive enkätstudie. Journalstudien som var retrospektiv omfattade 100 patientjournaler. Som mätinstrument för journalstudien användes granskningsmallen CAT-CH-ING. Till enkätstudien tillfrågades sammanlagt 52 sjuksköterskor varav 45 besvarade enkäten. Svarsfrekvensen uppgick därmed till 87 %. Resultatet av journalstudien visade att det fanns brister i dokumentationen. Ingen av de 100 journalerna bedömdes vara komplett vare sig vad det gällde kvantitet eller kvalitet. Ingen av journalerna uppfyllde lagstadgade krav på journalens innehåll. Resultatet visade vidare en signifikant skillnad mellan två av de tre avdelningarna (p=0.0006) vad gällde kvantitet där en avdelning uppvisade en bättre dokumentation jämfört med de två andra. Några signifikanta skillnader mellan avdelningarna beträffande kvalitet förelåg ej. Som hinder för dokumentation redovisades brist på tid för dokumentation, brister i dokumentationssystemet, och sjuksköterskans uppfattning om den egna kunskapen beträffande förmågan att utarbeta individuella vårdplaner och omvårdnadsdiagnoser. Enkätstudien visade att det dock fanns möjligheter för en god dokumentation då majoriteten av sjuksköterskorna hade en positiv attityd till omvårdnadsdokumentation. Som möjlighet till en god dokumentation var också att sjuksköterskorna kunde se nyttan av dokumentationen i den praktiska verksamheten. Flertalet sjuksköterskor var av den uppfattningen att journalföringen bör utvecklas vidare.

Amabile defines creativity from ¡§product¡¨. In her opinion, the behavior of creativity is by the products of the relevant fields of expert's assessment, and develops ¡§consensual assessment technique (CAT)¡¨ as the way to measure creativity. And Amabile proposes ¡§component model of creativity¡¨. If individual wants to have the creative behavior, he must possess three components: ¡§expertise¡¨, ¡§creative-thinking skill¡¨, and ¡§ task motivation¡¨. The main purpose of this study was to confirm the Amabile¡¦s component model of creativity and consensual assessment technique. This study had collected 29 students of a fifth grade in primary school class, and amounted to 162 drawing products. There were 9 judges come from 3 art domain expert's groups, including that 3 judges come from university professor's group, 3 judges come from junior and elementary teacher's groups, and 3 judges come from painter's groups. Each judge used the inventory of consensual assessment to evaluate each product independently. And this study designed inventory to exam students in the same class in order to collect the data. According to the results of the research: ( a) It was high common consensus that all judges evaluate creativity ,( b) It was middle-to-low common consensus that each group evaluate creativity , (c) Creativity measures taken in different groups showed significant correlations, (d) It was high common consensus to evaluate the creativity of the specific theme works, (e) The correlation between expertise and creativity was significant, (f) The correlation between creative-thinking skill and creativity was significant, (g) The correlation between motivation and creativity was significant. According to the results of the study, it could provide some suggestions for education and relevant studies, and it offered the foundation of further following studies in academia.

Mo Yan has become a well-known writer for his legendary style of novels within the past two decades. In 1988, the Chinese film, Red Sorghum, adapted from Mo Yan¡¦s novel, won the Golden Bear Prize in the 38th Berlin International Film Festival. Therefore, not only the film but also the original novel drew a lot of international attention. Mo Yan presents his charisma in multiple aspects of his novels due to his unique personal experience. First, he applied many colloquial materials as elements of folk literature in his novels. For instance, proverbs, legends, and ballads are commonly quoted in his writings. In addition, during his voluntary military service, he did have the experience to take part in composing a piece of Cat Tune, also known as Maoqiang, a local traditional Chinese Opera in Shandong Province. Second, Mo Yan has a spontaneous talent for story telling mainly passed down from his grandparents, the Chinese classic Zhanghuiti-Style Novels, and the translated literatures of world masterpieces. Third, his belief in insisting on writing as the general populace rather than writing for it has made him a spokesperson of the common people even though this is quite against others¡¦ points-of-view. This thesis aims to verify what those components of folklore in Mo Yan¡¦s novels are and whether they are highly agree with his belief or not. The whole text is divided into five chapters and emphasizes on analyzing the materials of folklore listed in categories. In addition, an introduction to Literature of the New Era is included.

Although people can typically maintain balance on moving trains, or press the appropriate button on an elevator with little conscious effort, the apparent ease of these sensorimotor tasks is courtesy of neural mechanisms that continuously interpret many sensory input signals to activate muscles throughout the body. The overall hypothesis of this work is that motor behaviors emerge from the interacting constraints and features of the nervous and musculoskeletal systems. The nervous system may simplify the control problem by recruiting muscles in groups called muscle synergies rather than individually. Because muscles cannot be recruited individually, muscle synergies may represent a neural constraint on behavior. However, the constraints of the musculoskeletal system and environment may also contribute to determining motor behaviors, and so must be considered in order to identify and interpret muscle synergies. Here, I integrated techniques from musculoskeletal modeling, control systems engineering, and data analysis to identify neural and biomechanical constraints that determine the muscle activity and ground reaction forces during the automatic postural response (APR) in cats. First, I quantified the musculoskeletal constraints on force production during postural tasks in a detailed, 3D musculoskeletal model of the cat hindlimb. I demonstrated that biomechanical constraints on force production in the isolated hindlimb do not uniquely determine the characteristic patterns of force activity observed during the APR. However, when I constrained the muscles in the model to activate in a few muscle synergies based on experimental data, the force production capability drastically changed, exhibiting a characteristic rotation with the limb axis as the limb posture was varied that closely matched experimental data. Finally, after extending the musculoskeletal model to be quadrupedal, I simulated the optimal feedforward control of individual muscles or muscle synergies to regulate the center of mass (CoM) during the postural task. I demonstrated that both muscle synergy control and optimal muscle control reproduced the characteristic force patterns observed during postural tasks. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the nervous system may use a low-dimension control scheme based on muscle synergies to approximate the optimal motor solution for the postural task given the constraints of the musculoskeletal system. One primary contribution of this work was to demonstrate that the influences of biomechanical mechanisms in determining motor behaviors may be unclear in reduced models, a factor that may need to be considered in other studies of motor control. The biomechanical constraints on force production in the isolated hindlimb did not predict the stereotypical forces observed during the APR unless a muscle synergy organization was imposed, suggesting that neural constraints were critical in resolving musculoskeletal redundancy during the postural task. However, when the model was extended to represent the quadrupedal system in the context of the task, the optimal control of the musculoskeletal system predicted experimental force patterns in the absence of neural constraints. A second primary contribution of this work was to test predictions concerning muscle synergies developed in theoretical neuromechanical models in the context of a natural behavior, suggesting that these concepts may be generally useful for understanding motor control. It has previously been shown in abstract neuromechanical models that low-dimension motor solutions such as muscle synergies can emerge from the optimal control of individual muscles. This work demonstrates for the first time that low-dimension motor solutions can emerge from optimal muscle control in the context of a natural behavior and a realistic musculoskeletal model. This work also represents the first explicit comparison of muscle synergy control and optimal muscle control during a natural behavior. It demonstrates that an explicit low-dimension control scheme based on muscle synergies is competent for performance of the postural task across biomechanical conditions, and in fact, may approximate the motor solution predicted by optimal muscle control. This work advances our understanding how the constraints and features of the nervous and musculoskeletal systems interact to produce motor behaviors. In the future, this understanding may inform improved clinical interventions, prosthetic applications, and the general design of distributed, hierarchal systems.

Edgar Allan Poe has long been considered one of the great writers in Gothic literature. His works, as he himself suggested in his essay “The Philosophy of Composition,” are intended to strike a unique balance between mainstream appeal and higher literary craft. In many ways, my goals as a composer are similar, not just in mitigating this often tenuous dynamic, but also in tapping into powerful emotional states. Poe is a master at creating moods, for instantly drawing the reader into his dynamic worlds. Many of his works spend a significant amount of time, sometimes paragraph upon paragraph as in the opening to The Fall of the House of Usher, simply detailing his specific vision of the story’s tenor. In this piece, I was interested in musically depicting the imagery, which Poe so eloquently writes. I have chosen three of Poe’s short stories: The Black Cat, The Pit and the Pendulum, and The Fall of the House of Usher. In each movement, I deliberately avoid any programmatic connection to the story, that is to say specific events in the music do not coincide with any actual depiction of an event within the intended story. Rather this piece examines and details the specific tone of each story. Midnight Drearies: Three Moods on Edgar Allan Poe was written for Dan Welcher and the University of Texas New Music Ensemble. / text

Bacillary angiomatosis (BA), one of the clinical manifestations resulting from infection with the facultative intracellular bacterium Bartonella henselae, is characterized by angiogenic lesions. Endothelial cells have been identified as host cells for this pathogen and are presumed important for pathogenesis as lesions contain bacteria in direct contact with the endothelium. Lesions also contain infiltrating macrophages, which contribute to the angiogenic process during B. henselae infection by secreting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). While virulence factors have been characterized, and the role for macrophages in B. henselae infection has been established, endothelial cell mediators of angiogenesis have not been well defined. We investigated three potentially important pathways that are triggered by the bacterial interactions with endothelial cells. We examined the ability of endothelial cells to upregulate the chemokines monocyte-macrophage chemoattracta nt protein-1 (MCP-1) and CXCL8 and the mechanism by which B. henselae secreted proteins (BHSP) induce endothelial cell proliferation. We determined that MCP-1 production is upregulated in response to B. henselae infection, which very likely contributes to angiogenic lesion formation by recruiting the VEGF-secreting macrophage. The chemokine CXCL8 is an important mediator of angiogenesis which can cause endothelial cell survival, proliferation, and capillary tube formation. We determined that CXCL8 is secreted from B. henselae-infected cells and contributes to B. henselae-induced angiogenesis in an autocrine manner. We also investigated the role of Ca2+ signaling during B. henselae infection. We determined that BHSP induce a robust intracellular Ca2+ response in HUVEC which originates from intracellular Ca2+ pools. Additionally, endothelial cell proliferation in response to BHSP required Ca2+ activity, indicating a role for intracellular Ca2+ pools during B. henselae-induced angio genesis. Endothelial cell proliferation during B. henselae infection possibly indicates a mechanism by which a pathogen induces proliferation of its host cell in order to propagate its own survival. Numerous factors culminate in the vascular lesions that are characteristic of BA. B. henselae infection represents an important and unique model for pathogen-triggered angiogenesis, and studies into the specific mechanisms of this process may elucidate host cell-pathogen interactions as well as pathways of pathogenic angiogenesis.

Reflex effects evoked by graded electrical stimulation of the posterior articular nerves (PAN) of the ipsi- and contralateral knee joints were investigated using both micro-electrode recordings from 7 - motoneurones and recordings from single muscle muscle spindle afferents. Spindle afferent responses were also recorded using natural stimulation of different types of receptors, to elucidate if the articular reflexes onto the y -motoneurones were potent enough to significantly alter the muscle spindle afferent activity. Stretches of the ipsilateral posterior (PCL) and anterior (ACL) cruciate ligaments, pressure on the ipsi- and contralateral knee and ankle joint capsules, and passive flexion/extension movements of the joints in the contralateral hind limb were performed. The occurrance of different sensory endings in the ACL and PCL was examined using gold chloride staining for neuronal elements. All experiments were performed on chloralose anaesthetized cats. More than 90% of the static and dynamic y -motoneurones were responsive to electrical stimulation of the PAN. Most 7-cells responded to low intensity electrical stimulation. Excitatoiy reflex effects predominated on both static and dynamic posterior biceps-semitendinosus (PBSt) 7 -cells, while excitatory and inhibitory effects occurred with an about equal frequency on triceps-plantaris (GS) 7-cells. The fastest segmental route for excitatory PAN effects on hind limb 7-motoneurones seems to be di- or trisynaptic, while the path for inhibitory effects seems to be at least one synaps longer. Physiological stimulations of ipsi- and contralateral joint capsules and of ipsilateral cruciate ligaments were all found to evoke frequent and potent changes in spindle afferent responses from the GS and PBSt muscles. It was shown that these effects were due to reflexes onto dynamic and static fusimotor neurones caused by physiological activation of articular sensory endings. Both ipsi- and contralateral joint receptor stimulation evoked excitatory as well as inhibitory fusimotor effects. The highest responsiveness was found during stimula­tion of the cruciate ligaments, i.e. 58% for GS and 47% for PBSt primary spindle afferents to PCL stimula­tion, and 73% for GS and 55% for PBSt primary spindle afferents to ACL stimulation. Significant altera­tions in spindle afferent activity was encountered at very low traction forces applied to the cruciate ligaments (5-10 N). The low thresholds, the tonic character of the stimuli, and the fact that different types of sensory endings were demonstrated in the cruciate ligaments (i.e. Ruffini endings, Pacinian corpuscles, Golgi ten­don organ like endings and free nerve endings), indicate that the fusimotor effects observed were caused by activation of slowly adapting mechanoreceptors, most likely Ruffini endings and/or Golgi tendon organ like endings. The potent reflex effects on the muscle spindle afferents elicited by increased tension in the cruciate ligaments indicate that these ligaments may play a more important sensory role that hitherto believed, and it is suggested that they may be important in the regulation of the stiffness of muscles around the knee joint, and thereby for the joint stability. The possible clinical relevance and the mechanisms by which joint receptor afferents, via adjustment of the muscle stiffness, may control joint stability are discussed. / <p>Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 1989, härtill 7 uppsatser.</p> / digitalisering@umu

金融海嘯爆發後，突顯了許多經營績效不佳之公司，卻仍支付高薪予其管理階層之問題，使社會大眾開始關注企業肥貓現象。針對此不合理現象，投資大眾期望能透過公司所揭露之資訊，對公司進行監督並瞭解其經營績效與經理人薪酬間是否具合理之關聯性。我國目前對於高階主管薪酬資訊揭露之要求，僅需總額揭露即可，這樣便給予公司有模糊地帶的空間，且對比修法前之條文，台灣之規範是由個別揭露走向總額揭露，就揭露實益來看，其實是讓資訊越發不透明，使投資人無法透過薪酬資訊來分析企業經營狀況，也有違證券交易法保障投資人之意旨，本研究建議台灣之薪酬資訊揭露規範應參酌美國規定，無論是公開發行公司或未公開發行公司，高階主管之薪酬均應改採個別揭露，並增加揭露之獎酬項目，文末並提供揭露之項目表格以供參考，期台灣能再加強資訊揭露之透明度，創造更有保障之投資環境。 / After the outbreak of the financial crisis, it highlights the problem that many poorly performing company still pay high compensation to their managements, and the public began to focus on the phenomenon of corporate fat cats. For this anomaly, the investing public expect to monitor the company through the information disclosed by them, and see whether a reasonable correlation between its operating performance and executive compensation. Taiwan's current regulation for disclosure of executive compensation the only require to disclose the total amount, thus giving the company room for a gray area. Compare to the law before amending, Taiwan’s regulation has changed from individually disclosure to comprehensive disclosure. This change, in fact, makes the information become more nontransparent. Therefore the investor can-not analyze the state of operation through compensation information of the company. Also, this change contrary to intention of the Securities Exchange Act to protect in-vestors. Thus this thesis suggests that the executive compensation disclosure regula-tion of Taiwan shall deliberate US regulations. To disclosure executive compensation individually no matter publicly company or private company, and increase the rewards to expose project. At the end of the text provide a table about executive compensation disclosure for reference, hopes Taiwan to strengthen the transparency of information disclosure and create a more safeguarding investment environment.

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