Syftet är att analysera ex post CBA utifrån exempel från Trafikverket. Metoden är att utgå från ekonomisk teori och identifiera relevanta steg för att upprätta ex ante och ex post CBA. Utifrån de steg som anses vara relevanta vid upprättande av ex post jämför studien för- och efterkalkyler för två åtgärder inom transportinfrastrukturen. Studien har avgränsats till att jämföra ex ante och ex post för en järnvägsåtgärd och en vägåtgärd. Resultatet visar att Trafikverkets metodik för att upprätta ex post fem år efter att en vägåtgärd är färdigbyggd lider av ett principiellt problem med avseende på tidsperioden, som orsakar systematiska skillnader mellan ex ante och ex post i beräknad samhällsekonomisk lönsamhet, vilket är missvisande när det används som jämförbart. Ingen meningsfull jämförelse utförs ex post fem år efter att en järnvägsåtgärd är slutförd, och den verbala beskrivningen av den förändrade samhällsekonomiska lönsamheten är missvisande utifrån att det är en ögonblicksbild, jämfört med ex ante som baseras på en längre period. / The aim of this study is to analyze ex post CBA based on examples from the Swedish Transport Administration. The method is to use economic theory and identify relevant steps for establishing CBA ex ante and ex post. The study is delimited to compare ex ante and ex post for one railway- and road project. The results show that the Swedish Transport Administration methodology ex post for road projects five years after completion suffers from a fundamental problem regarding the period of time, which causes systematic differences between ex ante and ex post in calculated socio-economic profitability, which is misleading when used as comparable. No meaningful comparison is made ex post for rail projects five years after completion. Only a verbal description of the socio-economic profitability is done which is misleading as it is a snapshot, compared to ex ante that is based on an extended period of time.

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This thesis investigates the cableway project in the city of Vsetín. The theoretical part is describing the city, it’s demographic trends and also changes in the image of the city. The practical part is dealing with the abovementioned cableway project and is divided into several parts. The introduction is focused on a multi-criteria assessment of particular options of the cableway and fallowing a multi-criteria assessment of transport services in the housing development Sychrov. The multi-criteria assessment is carried out by some of variant calculations in order to specify the importance of criteria, weighting for criterion and calculation methods. This is followed by an assessment of the efficiency of transport links by the Cost Benefit Analysis – CBA method. This method is aimed to determine the most effective way of passenger traffic and to recommend an optimal option in consideration of not only incomes but also costs and contribution to beneficiaries, which are an important part of public projects.

This diploma thesis deals with the project of Kindergarten construction in Svatobořice-Mistřín. The thesis focuses on the evaluation of economic efficiency of project in the form of CBA analysis, where is possible decide is the plan as suitable or unsuitable for implementation. The theoretical part describes life-cycle of project, project financing, economic evaluation of investment, methods of evaluation and cost-benefit analysis.

The dissertation concerns on an evaluation of public construction projects efficiency. In the beginning is made the explanation of necessity to monitor the indicators of public construction investment efficiency in relation with possibility of stabilization of public budgets. Afterwards is examined the historical development and the actual status of legislative dealing with investment of public founds into construction projects. Subsequently is made the analysis of available methodology for evaluation of public investment economical efficiency. Within the dissertation was made the survey between the representatives of most important public investors in the Czech Republic. Their attitude to evaluation of construction investment efficiency was examined. The results of survey and good and bad praxis examples are concluded into methodical recommendation and instructions for public investors in order to implement into the decision making process about the public construction projects the evaluation of economical efficiency.

This thesis is focused on the revitalization of brownfield implemented through public producrement and selected in the city of Brno. The theoretical part includes basic concepts that explain the issue of brownfields, public procurement, and more specifically the assessment of their economic efficiency. The practical part is focused on the specific case of brownfield revitalization through public procurement including its economic assessment. The use of econimic analysis, namely Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA), will be utilized to assess the effectiveness, and socio-economic impacts will also be determined. The purpose of the second part is to determine whether the revitalization thus made more economically advantageous for the city of Brno.

The waste framework directive from the European Commission states that 70 percent of allconstruction- and demolition waste (CDW) should be reused or recycled. In Sweden during theyear of 2018, 52,1 percent of the generated CDW was reused or recycled, but a report fromAvfall Sverige showed that reuse only accounted for small fractions of this. According to theEU's waste hierarchy, waste reduction followed by reuse are the most desirable ways to handlewaste. Research for how to reuse CDW is therefore considered an interesting and relevant topicfor research to help achieve the goal of the waste framework directive. The purpose of this master thesis was to further develop a Multi Criteria Analysis (MCA)model which was applied on different building components to evaluate how well suited theywere for reuse considering; (1) financial return, (2) environmental impact, (3) energyconsumption and (4) external aspects. The study was performed as a case study and the appliedmethods within the case study were interviews, a survey as well as the MCA model. To estimateaspects one to three of the MCA model, the theoretical framework consisted of a Cost BenefitAnalysis (CBA) and a Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) in accordance with the European standardEN15978. The fourth aspect was evaluated with help of a survey to assess qualitativedimensions of reuse. The study concluded that there are many challenges related to reuse in demolition projects.Some major challenges identified were the limited time frames, absence of competence andexperience among actors as well as logistical challenges. According to the results from theMCA model, there is a difference in how well suited the studied components were for reuse.The two most beneficial components to reuse out of the investigated ones in the case studywere crushed concrete and aluminum doors. It was also concluded that the MCA model issuitable to apply in this component specific context. / Avfallsdirektivet från Europeiska kommissionen säger att 70 procent av allt bygg- ochrivningsavfall (CDW) ska återanvändas eller återvinnas. I Sverige under året 2018återanvändes eller återvanns 52,1 procent av den totala mängden genererad CDW. En rapportfrån Avfall Sverige visade dock att återanvändning endast stod för små andelar av dessa 52,1procent. Enligt EU:s avfallshierarki är avfallsminimering följt av återanvändning de mestönskvärda metoderna för hantering av avfall. För att uppnå målet i avfallsdirektivet är studierkring återbruk av CDW ett intressant och relevant ämne. Syftet med detta examensarbete var att vidareutveckla en MCA-modell (Multi CriteriaAnalysis) som tillämpades på olika byggkomponenter för att utvärdera hur lämpliga de var föråteranvändning. Fyra aspekter togs i beaktning i modellen, nämligen (1) finansiell avkastning,(2) miljöpåverkan, (3) energiförbrukning och (4) externa aspekter. Studien utfördes som enfallstudie och de tillämpade metoderna inom fallstudien var intervjuer, en enkät samt utförandetav MCA-modellen. Det teoretiska ramverket för att uppskatta aspekterna ett till tre i MCAmodellenvar en kostnadsnyttoanalys (CBA) och en livscykelanalys (LCA) som utfördes ienlighet med den europeiska standarden EN15978. Den fjärde aspekten utvärderades med hjälpav en enkät för att bedöma de kvalitativa dimensionerna av återanvändning. Slutsatsen av studien var att det finns många utmaningar relaterade till återanvändning irivningsprojekt. Några stora utmaningar som identifierats var begränsade tidsramar, avsaknadav kompetens och erfarenhet bland aktörer samt logistiska utmaningar. Enligt resultaten frånMCA-modellen finns det en skillnad i hur väl lämpade de studerade komponenterna var föråteranvändning. De två mest fördelaktiga komponenterna att återanvända av de undersökta ifallstudien var krossad betong och aluminiumdörrar. Vidare drogs slutsatsen att MCAmodellenär lämplig att använda i detta komponentspecifika sammanhang.

I Östergötlands län fyller Östgötatrafiken en viktig samhällsroll som ansvariga för kollektivtrafiken. I länet sker över 30 miljoner resor årligen med Östgötatrafikens buss- och pendeltågstrafik. I Sverige och internationellt har det tidigare genomförts försök med nolltaxa i kollektivtrafiken, bland annat för att få fler att resa kollektivt, för att minska utsläpp och uppnå tidsbesparingar. Syftet med uppsatsen är att genomföra en samhällsekonomisk lönsamhetskalkyl för nolltaxa i kollektivtrafiken i Östergötland. Lönsamhetskalkyler bygger på välfärdsteori, där målet är att undersöka om ett projekt ökar välfärden för att slutligen användas som underlag till beslutsfattare. Arbetets lönsamhetskalkyl visar att nyttorna för samhället i första hand består av värdet av ökade resor och tidsbesparingar. Utsläpp från koldioxid och andra emissioner minskar även då fler börjar resa kollektivt. Kostnaderna i kalkylen utgörs främst av en ökad resursåtgång för att möta ett ökat resande. Totalt är nettonuvärdet negativt med cirka 0,5 miljoner kronor, vilket indikerar att projektet inte är lönsamt för samhället. Eventuellt är nettonuvärdet mer negativt beroende på om en omdiskuterad snedvridningseffekt även inkluderas i beräkningen. Vidare är nettonuvärdet avhängigt ett antagande om viss beläggningsgrad i busstrafiken under högtrafik, varför vidare undersökning kring den faktiska beläggningsgraden är av intresse.

<p>The general purpose of this dissertation is to evaluate KrAmi – a correctional program for young offenders – regarding socioeconomic profitability. Evaluating socioeconomic results enables us to examine and reflect upon the possibilities of applying socioeconomic models to social work. The basic data, from a long-term follow up study of 140 persons in two KrAmi programs, one Knuff program and two probation programs (treatment as usual), also allow systematic comparisons with more traditional evaluation models</p><p>The data have been presented in one research report and three articles.</p><p>The research report examines both the effects in an effect study and the socioeconomic results in a CBA (Cost-Benefit Analysis) and a CEA (Cost-Effectiveness analysis). The overall aim of the socioeconomic study was to examine the socioeconomic profitability of the programmes. We found a halving of expenditure for the KrAmi and Knuff groups and a 25 percent reduction for the two probation programmes compared to the cost one year before rehabilitation started.</p><p>The 15-year investment analysis (CBA) showed that expenditures decreased and benefits increased by about 2.5 million SEK per individual for the two KrAmi programmes and one non-custodial program, by 0.5-1.0 million SEK for the Knuff program and the other non-custodial program. For the KrAmi programs investment in rehabilitation pays off in 1-1.5 years, for probation in 2.5-4 years and for Knuff in 4 years after the intervention. The benefit-cost ratios were 17.8 - 12.7 for the two KrAmi programs and 5.1 - 5.8 for the two non-custodial programs. For the Knuff program the benefit-cost ratio was 13.2. KrAmi rates are higher for rehabilitation rate (pension points), rehabilitation rate compared to investment costs and benefit-cost ratio, pay-off time is the shortest.</p><p>The results of both the effect study and socio-economic study, which were presented in the first article, suggest that social improvements for the clients corresponded with socio-economic profitability. However, these findings should be interpreted with caution due to difficulties in comparing short-term data on effects from ASI interviews collected in one period with long-term data concerning socio-economic costs per day per client in a different period. The second article elaborated on these design issues and also examined whether approaching an evaluation from different perspectives and employing different research methods can increase understanding. The conclusion drawn was that it was essential to have knowledge on the dissimilarities in design and measures between the two studies to come to the correct interpretations. These interpretations led to new questions to illuminate the results of the evaluations.</p><p>In the third article the focus was the long-term follow up period. In this study the Knuff program was excluded from the study and the two KrAmi programs formed the program group and the two probation group formed the control group. The follow-up period was two years during which the socioeconomic costs decreased stepwise for both groups, probation groups more so than program groups. The deteriorations were 70-80% compared to the period before treatment. However rehabilitation to labour market was more successful for program groups than for control groups thanks to the greater socio-economic profitability for program groups.</p><p>The introductory part of this dissertation focuses on methodological difficulties, and a multivariate regression analysis (MRA) is presented which shows that pre-existing differences in the composition of the program groups and control groups were not responsible for the differences on the socio-economic results. Moreover the introductory section includes a research presentation and the rationale for socioeconomic evaluation.</p>

Safety analysis is a process involving several techniques.The purpose of this thesis is to test and develop methodssuitable for the safety analysis of railway risks and railwaysafety measures. Safety analysis is a process comprisingproblem identification, risk estimation, valuation of safetyand economic analysis. The main steps are described in separatechapters, each of which includes a discussion of the methodsand a review of previous research, followed by the contributionof this author. Although the safety analysis proceduredescribed can be used for analysing railway safety, it has suchgeneral foundations that it can be used wherever safety isimportant and wherever safety measures are evaluated. Itcombines cost benefit analysis with criteria for thedistribution and the absolute levels of risk. Risks are estimated with both statistical and risk analysismethods. Historical data on railway accidents are analysed andstatistical models fitted to describe trends in accident ratesand consequences. A risk analysis model is developed usingfault tree and event tree techniques, together with Monte Carlosimulation, to calculate risks for passenger train derailments.The results are compared with the statistical analysis ofhistorical data. People's valuation of safety in different contexts isanalysed, with relative values estimated in awillingness-to-pay study. A combination of focus groups andindividual questionnaires is used. Two different methods areused to estimate the value of safety and the results arecompared. Comparisons are also made with other studies. Different approaches for safety analysis and methods foreconomic analysis of safety are reviewed. Cost-benefit analysisas a decision criterion is discussed and a study on theeconomic effectsof a traffic control system is presented. There are several results of the work. Historical data showsa decrease in the accident rate. The average consequence ofeach accident has not changed over time. The risk analysismodel produces comparable results and enables analysis ofvarious safety measures. The valuation study shows that peopleprefer the prevention of small-scale accidents over theprevention of larger, catastrophic accidents. There are onlysmall differences in the valuation of safety in differentcontexts.