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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

Funktionelle Charakterisierung von CD16+ Monozytensubpopulationen

Kraus, Stephan Georg 19 October 2011 (has links) (PDF)
Seit 20 Jahren unterteilt man Monozyten in eine klassische CD14++/CD16-Population und eine proinflammatorische CD16+ Population. Letztere macht 10-20 % der peripheren Blutmonozyten aus und ist unter verschiedenen pathologischen Zuständen drastisch erhöht. Seit Kurzem wird die CD16+ Fraktion in zwei weitere Untergruppen aufgeteilt, die CD14++/CD16+ und die CD14+/CD16+ Monozyten. In der hier vorliegenden Arbeit wurde versucht, die relativ neue und wenig charakterisierte Subpopulation der CD14++/CD16+ Monozyten näher zu beschreiben. Es sollte die Frage beantwortet werden, ob diese sich von den übrigen Subpopulationen abzugrenzen lässt und damit als eigenständige Zellgruppe anzusehen ist. Die von gesunden Spendern gewonnen peripheren mononukleären Blutzellen (PBMCs) wurden mithilfe einer Magnetsäulenvorseparation von einem Großteil der T-, B- und NK-Zellen befreit. Die restlichen Zellen wurden mit Anti-CD14-FITC und Anti-CD16-PE markiert. In einem Hochgeschwindigkeitssortierer wurden diese, anhand ihres Fluoreszenzmusters, in die drei Subpopulationen CD14++/CD16- (Sub1), CD14++/CD16+ (Sub2) und CD14+/CD16+ (Sub3) aufgeteilt. Durch dieses Verfahren konnte ein hoher Reinheitsgrad erreicht werden. Die erhaltenen Subpopulationen wurden mit heterologen CD4+ T-Lymphozyten zusammen gebracht. Die Reaktion dieser T-Zellen auf die verschiedenen Subpopulationen wurde im Proliferations- und Sekretionsassay (IFN-γ, IL-4) studiert. Des Weiteren wurde die Zytokinsekretion der Monozytenarten nach definierter Stimulierung (LPS, Zymosan, aktivierte T-Zellen) analysiert. In einem zweiten Versuchskomplex wurden aus den jeweiligen Subpopulationen unreife dendritische Zellen (Sub-DCs) differenziert und diese auf bestimmte Oberflächenmarker bzw. deren Verhalten mit heterologen CD4+ T-Zellen im Proliferations-/Sekretionsassay (IFN-γ, IL-4) untersucht. Nach 7 Tagen Inkubation fanden sich im Sub2- und Sub3-Ansatz ca. 10 % mehr proliferierende T-Zellen als im Sub1-Ansatz. Dabei lag der Anteil der CD25+ T-Zellen in diesen beiden Versuchsansätzen ebenfalls um 10 % höher. Der Proliferationsassay über 14 Tage zeigte für die Sub3 ca. 10-15 % mehr proliferierende T-Zellen als für die anderen Populationen. Das Niveau der CD25-Expression der T-Zellen war hierbei in allen drei Ansätzen gleich. Im Sekretionsassay induzierten alle drei Subpopulationen eine Th1-Antwort, jedoch mit einem leicht höheren Anteil IFN-γ-positiver T-Zellen für die CD16+ Monozyten. Durch LPS-Gabe produzierten die CD14+/CD16+ Monozyten am meisten TNF-α, gefolgt von den CD14++/CD16+. Bei den CD14++/CD16- fanden sich die geringsten Mengen an TNF-α. Zusammen mit aktivierten T-Zellen demonstrierten die CD14++/CD16+ Monozyten die stärkste TNF-α-Sekretion unter allen anderen Subpopulationen. Für die beiden CD16+ Populationen wurden nach LPS-Stimulation höhere Werte für IL-1β bestimmt als für die klassischen Monozyten. Sowohl im LPS- als auch im Zymosanansatz lag die IL-6-Sekretion der CD14++/CD16- Subpopulation über der der anderen zwei Fraktionen. Unter allen drei Stimuli wurden die höchsten Werte für IL-8 bei den CD14++/CD16- Monozyten detektiert, gefolgt von den CD14++/CD16+. Am niedrigsten lag die IL-8-Produktion bei den CD14+/CD16+. Die IL-10-Sekretion im LPS- und im Zymosanansatz der CD14++/CD16- und CD14++/CD16+ Monozyten war gegenüber der CD14+/CD16+ Subpopulation erhöht. Nach Entwicklung der unreifen dendritischen Zellen aus den entsprechenden Monozytenarten weisen diese eine differenzierte Morphologie auf. Die DCs der CD14+/CD16+ Monozyten hatten eine stärkere HLA-DR-Expression in der mittleren Fluoreszenzintensität als die anderen beiden Sub-DC-Populationen, wobei sich keine Unterschiede in der HLA-DRExpressionsintensität zwischen Sub1- und Sub2-DCs feststellen ließen. Der Anteil der CD11c positiven Zellen war bei den Sub1-DCs deutlich größer als bei den Sub2-DCs. Dagegen exprimierten die Sub3-DCs praktisch kein CD11c. Im Proliferationsassay über 7 Tage ergaben sich keine signifikanten Differenzen zwischen den Subpopulationen. Allerdings zeigte sich eine Tendenz zu geringeren Werten im Anteil proliferierender bzw. CD25-positiver T-Lymphozyten für den Sub2-DC-Ansatz. Nach 14 Tagen im Assay war der Anteil der proliferierenden T-Zellen bei den Sub1-DCs um 10 % höher als bei den Sub2-DCs. Es fanden sich ca. 10 % mehr CD25+ T-Zellen im Sub1-DC-Ansatz als in den anderen beiden Ansätzen. Der Sekretionsassay erbrachte für alle Sub-DCs eine Th1-Induktion der T-Zellen. Dabei ließen sich keine Abweichungen im Anteil IFN-γ-positiver T-Zellen zwischen den einzelnen Sub-DC-Kulturen nachweisen. Die gewonnen Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit verdeutlichen auf der einen Seite das proinflammatorische Potential (z.B. TNF-α-Sekretion, erhöhte Proliferation), auf der anderen Seite die antiinflammatorische Komponente (IL-10-Sekretion) der CD14++/CD16+ Monozyten. Eine Rolle in der Regulation von entzündlichen und infektiologischen Erkrankungen erscheint für diese Subpopulation denkbar. Die Subpopulation 2 kann dabei als eigenständige Monozytenfraktion betrachtet werden. Die funktionellen Unterschiede zwischen den analysierten Monozytensubpopulationen zeigten sich auch nach deren Differenzierung zu unreifen dendritischen Zellen. In Anbetracht des erhöhten Anteils der CD16+ Monozyten im Rahmen diverser autoimmuner Krankheiten und der immer klarer werdenden Unterteilung in eine CD14++/CD16+ und eine CD14+/CD16+ Subpopulation, sollten weitere Untersuchungen zur klinischen Relevanz dieser Monozytengruppen durchgeführt werden. Die in der vorliegenden Arbeit erzielten Ergebnisse könnten bei der Zuordnung und Interpretation in diese zukünftigen klinischen Befunde behilflich sein. / For more than 20 years monocytes were subdivided in the classical CD14++/CD16- population and the proinflammatory CD16+ populations. The latter one includes about 10-20 % of the peripheral blood monocytes and is dramatically expanded under different pathological circumstances. Recently, the CD16+ fraction was further subdivided into two subpopulations: The CD14++/CD16+ and CD14+/CD16+ monocytes. In the present paper, the subpopulation of CD14++/CD16+ monocytes was characterized in order to answer the question if this subset can be distinguished as an independent cell population. T cells, B cells and NK cells were depleted from peripheral mononuclear blood cells (PBMCs) from healthy donors using immunomagnetic cell separation. Subsequently, the pre-separated cells were stained with anti-CD14-FITC and anti-CD16-PE and separated by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) in three subpopulations: The CD14++/CD16- (Sub1), the CD14++/CD16+ (Sub2) and the CD14+/CD16+ (Sub3). The achieved purity was sufficient for the subsequent experiments. The obtained subpopulations were co-cultured together with heterologous CD4+ T lymphocytes. The reaction of these T cells to the different subpopulations was studied in the proliferation and secretion assay (IFN-γ, IL-4). Furthermore, the cytokine secretion of the monocyte subsets after defined stimulation (LPS, Zymosan, activated T cells) was analysed. In a second set of experiments, immature dendritic cells were differentiated from the monocyte subpopulations (Sub-DCs) and phenotypically and functionally characterized according to the expression of cell surface markers and the response to heterologous CD4+ T cells in the proliferation/secretion assay (IFN-γ, IL-4). After 7 days of incubation, the Sub2 and Sub3 of the monocytes induced approximately 10 % higher proliferation rates of T cells than the Sub1. The resulting frequency of CD25+ T cells in these two co-culture settings was also 10 % higher. The proliferation analysis after 14 days again showed for the Sub3 ca. 10-15 % more proliferating T cells than for the other populations. At this, the frequency of CD25 expression was equal in all co-cultures. In the secretion assay all three subpopulations induced a Th1 response, but the range of IFN-γ-positive T cells was somewhat higher for the CD16+ monocytes. Under LPS stimulation the CD14+/CD16+ monocytes produced the highest amounts of TNF-α followed by the CD14++/CD16+. The CD14++/CD16- showed the lowest amounts of TNF-α. In co-culture with activated T cells the CD14++/CD16+ monocytes demonstrated the strongest TNF-α secretion from all subpopulations. After LPS stimulation, a higher level of IL-1β was measured for both CD16+ populations than for the classical monocytes. In the LPS and the Zymosan stimulated cultures, the IL-6 secretion of the CD14++/CD16- subpopulation was higher than in the two other fractions. Under all three stimuli the highest levels of IL-8 were detected for the CD14++/CD16- monocytes followed by the CD14++/CD16+. The lowest IL-8 production was found by the CD14+/CD16+. The IL-10 secretion of the CD14++/CD16- and CD14++/CD16+ monocytes was increased compared to the CD14+/CD16+ subpopulation after LPS and Zymosan stimulation. The in vitro generated immature dendritic cells from the different monocyte subsets showed a differentiated morphology. The DCs of the CD14+/CD16+ monocytes had the strongest HLA-DR expression compared to the other two Sub-DC populations. No differences in the HLA-DR intensity were found between the Sub1- and Sub2-DCs. The rate of CD11c-positive cells was significantly higher in the Sub1-DCs than in the Sub2-DCs. However, the Sub3-DCs expressed no CD11c altogether. The proliferation assay over 7 days showed no significant differences between the subpopulations. Nevertheless, a tendency for lower levels of proliferating or CD25-positive T lymphocytes was seen in T cells co-cultured with the Sub2-DC. After 14 days, the ratio of proliferating T cells was 10 % higher with the Sub1-DCs than with the Sub2-DCs. The Sub1-DC co-culture yielded ca. 10 % more CD25+ T cells than the other two. The secretion assay revealed for all Sub-DCs a Th1 response of the T cells, with no differences in the amount of IFN-γ-positive T cells between the Sub-DC cultures. The results illustrate on one hand the proinflammatory potential (e.g. TNF-α secretion, higher proliferation), on the other hand the antiinflammatory effect (IL-10 secretion) of CD14++/CD16+ monocytes. A role in the regulation of inflammatory and infectious diseases seems to be possible for this subpopulation. The subpopulation 2 can be regarded as an independent fraction of monocytes. The functional differences between the analyzed monocyte subpopulations are further underscored following differentiation into immature dendritic cells. Considering the increased proportion of CD16+ monocytes in various autoimmune diseases and their clear subdivision in a CD14++/CD16+ and a CD14+/CD16+ subpopulation, new investigations about the clinical relevance are warranted. The findings obtained in the work presented could be in the basis for these future clinical studies.
12

Funktionelle Charakterisierung von CD16+ Monozytensubpopulationen

Kraus, Stephan Georg 11 October 2011 (has links)
Seit 20 Jahren unterteilt man Monozyten in eine klassische CD14++/CD16-Population und eine proinflammatorische CD16+ Population. Letztere macht 10-20 % der peripheren Blutmonozyten aus und ist unter verschiedenen pathologischen Zuständen drastisch erhöht. Seit Kurzem wird die CD16+ Fraktion in zwei weitere Untergruppen aufgeteilt, die CD14++/CD16+ und die CD14+/CD16+ Monozyten. In der hier vorliegenden Arbeit wurde versucht, die relativ neue und wenig charakterisierte Subpopulation der CD14++/CD16+ Monozyten näher zu beschreiben. Es sollte die Frage beantwortet werden, ob diese sich von den übrigen Subpopulationen abzugrenzen lässt und damit als eigenständige Zellgruppe anzusehen ist. Die von gesunden Spendern gewonnen peripheren mononukleären Blutzellen (PBMCs) wurden mithilfe einer Magnetsäulenvorseparation von einem Großteil der T-, B- und NK-Zellen befreit. Die restlichen Zellen wurden mit Anti-CD14-FITC und Anti-CD16-PE markiert. In einem Hochgeschwindigkeitssortierer wurden diese, anhand ihres Fluoreszenzmusters, in die drei Subpopulationen CD14++/CD16- (Sub1), CD14++/CD16+ (Sub2) und CD14+/CD16+ (Sub3) aufgeteilt. Durch dieses Verfahren konnte ein hoher Reinheitsgrad erreicht werden. Die erhaltenen Subpopulationen wurden mit heterologen CD4+ T-Lymphozyten zusammen gebracht. Die Reaktion dieser T-Zellen auf die verschiedenen Subpopulationen wurde im Proliferations- und Sekretionsassay (IFN-γ, IL-4) studiert. Des Weiteren wurde die Zytokinsekretion der Monozytenarten nach definierter Stimulierung (LPS, Zymosan, aktivierte T-Zellen) analysiert. In einem zweiten Versuchskomplex wurden aus den jeweiligen Subpopulationen unreife dendritische Zellen (Sub-DCs) differenziert und diese auf bestimmte Oberflächenmarker bzw. deren Verhalten mit heterologen CD4+ T-Zellen im Proliferations-/Sekretionsassay (IFN-γ, IL-4) untersucht. Nach 7 Tagen Inkubation fanden sich im Sub2- und Sub3-Ansatz ca. 10 % mehr proliferierende T-Zellen als im Sub1-Ansatz. Dabei lag der Anteil der CD25+ T-Zellen in diesen beiden Versuchsansätzen ebenfalls um 10 % höher. Der Proliferationsassay über 14 Tage zeigte für die Sub3 ca. 10-15 % mehr proliferierende T-Zellen als für die anderen Populationen. Das Niveau der CD25-Expression der T-Zellen war hierbei in allen drei Ansätzen gleich. Im Sekretionsassay induzierten alle drei Subpopulationen eine Th1-Antwort, jedoch mit einem leicht höheren Anteil IFN-γ-positiver T-Zellen für die CD16+ Monozyten. Durch LPS-Gabe produzierten die CD14+/CD16+ Monozyten am meisten TNF-α, gefolgt von den CD14++/CD16+. Bei den CD14++/CD16- fanden sich die geringsten Mengen an TNF-α. Zusammen mit aktivierten T-Zellen demonstrierten die CD14++/CD16+ Monozyten die stärkste TNF-α-Sekretion unter allen anderen Subpopulationen. Für die beiden CD16+ Populationen wurden nach LPS-Stimulation höhere Werte für IL-1β bestimmt als für die klassischen Monozyten. Sowohl im LPS- als auch im Zymosanansatz lag die IL-6-Sekretion der CD14++/CD16- Subpopulation über der der anderen zwei Fraktionen. Unter allen drei Stimuli wurden die höchsten Werte für IL-8 bei den CD14++/CD16- Monozyten detektiert, gefolgt von den CD14++/CD16+. Am niedrigsten lag die IL-8-Produktion bei den CD14+/CD16+. Die IL-10-Sekretion im LPS- und im Zymosanansatz der CD14++/CD16- und CD14++/CD16+ Monozyten war gegenüber der CD14+/CD16+ Subpopulation erhöht. Nach Entwicklung der unreifen dendritischen Zellen aus den entsprechenden Monozytenarten weisen diese eine differenzierte Morphologie auf. Die DCs der CD14+/CD16+ Monozyten hatten eine stärkere HLA-DR-Expression in der mittleren Fluoreszenzintensität als die anderen beiden Sub-DC-Populationen, wobei sich keine Unterschiede in der HLA-DRExpressionsintensität zwischen Sub1- und Sub2-DCs feststellen ließen. Der Anteil der CD11c positiven Zellen war bei den Sub1-DCs deutlich größer als bei den Sub2-DCs. Dagegen exprimierten die Sub3-DCs praktisch kein CD11c. Im Proliferationsassay über 7 Tage ergaben sich keine signifikanten Differenzen zwischen den Subpopulationen. Allerdings zeigte sich eine Tendenz zu geringeren Werten im Anteil proliferierender bzw. CD25-positiver T-Lymphozyten für den Sub2-DC-Ansatz. Nach 14 Tagen im Assay war der Anteil der proliferierenden T-Zellen bei den Sub1-DCs um 10 % höher als bei den Sub2-DCs. Es fanden sich ca. 10 % mehr CD25+ T-Zellen im Sub1-DC-Ansatz als in den anderen beiden Ansätzen. Der Sekretionsassay erbrachte für alle Sub-DCs eine Th1-Induktion der T-Zellen. Dabei ließen sich keine Abweichungen im Anteil IFN-γ-positiver T-Zellen zwischen den einzelnen Sub-DC-Kulturen nachweisen. Die gewonnen Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit verdeutlichen auf der einen Seite das proinflammatorische Potential (z.B. TNF-α-Sekretion, erhöhte Proliferation), auf der anderen Seite die antiinflammatorische Komponente (IL-10-Sekretion) der CD14++/CD16+ Monozyten. Eine Rolle in der Regulation von entzündlichen und infektiologischen Erkrankungen erscheint für diese Subpopulation denkbar. Die Subpopulation 2 kann dabei als eigenständige Monozytenfraktion betrachtet werden. Die funktionellen Unterschiede zwischen den analysierten Monozytensubpopulationen zeigten sich auch nach deren Differenzierung zu unreifen dendritischen Zellen. In Anbetracht des erhöhten Anteils der CD16+ Monozyten im Rahmen diverser autoimmuner Krankheiten und der immer klarer werdenden Unterteilung in eine CD14++/CD16+ und eine CD14+/CD16+ Subpopulation, sollten weitere Untersuchungen zur klinischen Relevanz dieser Monozytengruppen durchgeführt werden. Die in der vorliegenden Arbeit erzielten Ergebnisse könnten bei der Zuordnung und Interpretation in diese zukünftigen klinischen Befunde behilflich sein. / For more than 20 years monocytes were subdivided in the classical CD14++/CD16- population and the proinflammatory CD16+ populations. The latter one includes about 10-20 % of the peripheral blood monocytes and is dramatically expanded under different pathological circumstances. Recently, the CD16+ fraction was further subdivided into two subpopulations: The CD14++/CD16+ and CD14+/CD16+ monocytes. In the present paper, the subpopulation of CD14++/CD16+ monocytes was characterized in order to answer the question if this subset can be distinguished as an independent cell population. T cells, B cells and NK cells were depleted from peripheral mononuclear blood cells (PBMCs) from healthy donors using immunomagnetic cell separation. Subsequently, the pre-separated cells were stained with anti-CD14-FITC and anti-CD16-PE and separated by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) in three subpopulations: The CD14++/CD16- (Sub1), the CD14++/CD16+ (Sub2) and the CD14+/CD16+ (Sub3). The achieved purity was sufficient for the subsequent experiments. The obtained subpopulations were co-cultured together with heterologous CD4+ T lymphocytes. The reaction of these T cells to the different subpopulations was studied in the proliferation and secretion assay (IFN-γ, IL-4). Furthermore, the cytokine secretion of the monocyte subsets after defined stimulation (LPS, Zymosan, activated T cells) was analysed. In a second set of experiments, immature dendritic cells were differentiated from the monocyte subpopulations (Sub-DCs) and phenotypically and functionally characterized according to the expression of cell surface markers and the response to heterologous CD4+ T cells in the proliferation/secretion assay (IFN-γ, IL-4). After 7 days of incubation, the Sub2 and Sub3 of the monocytes induced approximately 10 % higher proliferation rates of T cells than the Sub1. The resulting frequency of CD25+ T cells in these two co-culture settings was also 10 % higher. The proliferation analysis after 14 days again showed for the Sub3 ca. 10-15 % more proliferating T cells than for the other populations. At this, the frequency of CD25 expression was equal in all co-cultures. In the secretion assay all three subpopulations induced a Th1 response, but the range of IFN-γ-positive T cells was somewhat higher for the CD16+ monocytes. Under LPS stimulation the CD14+/CD16+ monocytes produced the highest amounts of TNF-α followed by the CD14++/CD16+. The CD14++/CD16- showed the lowest amounts of TNF-α. In co-culture with activated T cells the CD14++/CD16+ monocytes demonstrated the strongest TNF-α secretion from all subpopulations. After LPS stimulation, a higher level of IL-1β was measured for both CD16+ populations than for the classical monocytes. In the LPS and the Zymosan stimulated cultures, the IL-6 secretion of the CD14++/CD16- subpopulation was higher than in the two other fractions. Under all three stimuli the highest levels of IL-8 were detected for the CD14++/CD16- monocytes followed by the CD14++/CD16+. The lowest IL-8 production was found by the CD14+/CD16+. The IL-10 secretion of the CD14++/CD16- and CD14++/CD16+ monocytes was increased compared to the CD14+/CD16+ subpopulation after LPS and Zymosan stimulation. The in vitro generated immature dendritic cells from the different monocyte subsets showed a differentiated morphology. The DCs of the CD14+/CD16+ monocytes had the strongest HLA-DR expression compared to the other two Sub-DC populations. No differences in the HLA-DR intensity were found between the Sub1- and Sub2-DCs. The rate of CD11c-positive cells was significantly higher in the Sub1-DCs than in the Sub2-DCs. However, the Sub3-DCs expressed no CD11c altogether. The proliferation assay over 7 days showed no significant differences between the subpopulations. Nevertheless, a tendency for lower levels of proliferating or CD25-positive T lymphocytes was seen in T cells co-cultured with the Sub2-DC. After 14 days, the ratio of proliferating T cells was 10 % higher with the Sub1-DCs than with the Sub2-DCs. The Sub1-DC co-culture yielded ca. 10 % more CD25+ T cells than the other two. The secretion assay revealed for all Sub-DCs a Th1 response of the T cells, with no differences in the amount of IFN-γ-positive T cells between the Sub-DC cultures. The results illustrate on one hand the proinflammatory potential (e.g. TNF-α secretion, higher proliferation), on the other hand the antiinflammatory effect (IL-10 secretion) of CD14++/CD16+ monocytes. A role in the regulation of inflammatory and infectious diseases seems to be possible for this subpopulation. The subpopulation 2 can be regarded as an independent fraction of monocytes. The functional differences between the analyzed monocyte subpopulations are further underscored following differentiation into immature dendritic cells. Considering the increased proportion of CD16+ monocytes in various autoimmune diseases and their clear subdivision in a CD14++/CD16+ and a CD14+/CD16+ subpopulation, new investigations about the clinical relevance are warranted. The findings obtained in the work presented could be in the basis for these future clinical studies.
13

Μελέτη εξέλιξης φυσιολογικών αιμοποιητικών σειρών σε ασθενείς με οξεία λευχαιμία και συσχέτισή τους με τα κυτταρικά χαρακτηριστικά των νεοπλασματικών κυττάρων

Χάδλα, Παναγιώτα 20 April 2011 (has links)
Η Οξεία λευχαιμία (ΟΛ) αποτελεί νεοπλασματικό, αιμοποιητικό νόσημα, που οφείλεται στον πολλαπλασιασμό και την επέκταση κυττάρων, που προέρχονται από τους λευχαιμικούς βλάστες. Η φυσική εξέλιξη του νοσήματος είναι η αντικατάσταση των φυσιολογικών κυττάρων του αιμοποιητικού ιστού από τους απόγονους των λευχαιμικών βλαστών και θάνατος, λόγω των επιπλοκών της έλλειψης των ώριμων αιμοποιητικών κυττάρων, όπως λοιμώξεις, αναιμία και αιμορραγία. Θεραπευτικά για την αντιμετώπιση της ΟΛ χρησιμοποιούνται σχήματα χημειοθεραπείας και ακτινοθεραπείας, που έχουν σαν σκοπό την καταστροφή των λευχαιμικών βλαστών και την αποκατάσταση της φυσιολογικής αιμοποίησης. Συχνά η ΟΛ, ιδιαίτερα σε ασθενείς μεγάλης ηλικίας, εμφανίζεται ταυτόχρονα με δυσπλαστικές διαταραχές των αιμοποιητικών κυττάρων που ωριμάζουν ή εξελίσσεται σε μυελοδυσπλαστικό σύνδρομο μετά από χημειοθεραπεία. Από την βιβλιογραφία είναι γνωστό ότι, τόσο η ΟΛ μπορεί να είναι στάδιο εξέλιξης των μυελοδυσπλαστικών συνδρόμων και κατά συνέπεια μετά τη θεραπεία της ΟΛ επανέρχεται η δυσπλαστική κατάσταση της αιμοποίησης, όσο ότι η χημειοθεραπεία καθαυτή μπορεί να προκαλέσει μυελοδυσπλασία. Είναι σημαντική η διάγνωση των πρωτοπαθών μυελοδυσπλαστικών συνδρόμων που εξελίσσονται σε ΟΛ, ως προς την πρόγνωση των ασθενών, αλλά και τη θεραπευτική τους αντιμετώπιση. Επίσης, είναι σημαντική η διάκριση ομάδων ασθενών που θα αναπτύξουν δυσπλασία μετά από χημειοθεραπεία, σε σχέση με αυτούς που δεν θα αναπτύξουν και ως προς την πρόγνωση και ως προς τη θεραπευτική αντιμετώπιση. Μέχρι σήμερα, κατά την εμφάνιση της ΟΛ η διάγνωση υποκείμενης μυελοδυσπλασίας είναι δύσκολη και στηρίζεται σε μορφολογικά χαρακτηριστικά των ώριμων κυττάρων και στην παρουσία ορισμένων κυτταρογενετικών διαταραχών. Η διάκριση ομάδων που θα αναπτύξουν δυσπλασία μετά από χημειοθεραπεία είναι αδύνατη. Σκοπός της μελέτης ήταν να συμβάλλει στην ανάπτυξη νέων πρωτοκόλλων στο λογισμικό της κυτταρομετρίας ροής, που θα διευκολύνουν τη διάγνωση πρωτοπαθών δυσπλαστικών συνδρόμων κατά την εμφάνιση της ΟΛ, αλλά και θα διακρίνουν τις ομάδες που μπορούν να αναπτύξουν δυσπλασία μετά από θεραπεία. Για τον σκοπό αυτό, παρακολουθήσαμε την έκφραση χαρακτηριστικών αντιγονικών συνδυασμών, που εκφράζονται σε διαφορετικά στάδια ωρίμανσης των φυσιολογικών κυττάρων, παράλληλα με την έκφραση των αντιγόνων των βλαστών. Τα δεδομένα αυτά μελετήθηκαν, τόσο κατά την εμφάνιση της ΟΛ, όσο και κατά τη παρακολούθηση της. Τα δεδομένα αναλύθηκαν με συστήματα ταυτόχρονης ανάλυσης και συσχέτισης 15-20 παραμέτρων, με σκοπό τον καθορισμό συσχετισμών που θα έχουν διαγνωστική και προγνωστική σημασία για τους ασθενείς με ΟΛ. Τα αποτελέσματα του ανοσοφαινοτύπου αναλύθηκαν, επιπλέον, με το λογισμικό πακέτο στατιστικής ανάλυσης SPSS 16.0. Για τους σκοπούς της μελέτης αναλύθηκαν αναδρομικά τα αποτελέσματα της κυτταρομετρίας ροής στο μυελό των οστών 148 ασθενών με ΟΜΛ κατά την εμφάνιση της νόσου, κατά την διάρκεια και μετά από θεραπεία. Αναλύθηκε η έκφραση των αντιγόνων CD11b/CD16/CD13 σε όλα τα στάδια ωρίμανσης της μυελικής σειράς, ενώ η έκφραση των αντιγόνων CD34/CD117 μόνο στα άωρα κύτταρα. Τα ευρήματα του ανοσοφαινοτύπου συγκρίθηκαν με τα μορφολογικά χαρακτηριστικά των αντίστοιχων μυελών των οστών. Συμπερασματικά, τα αποτελέσματα έδειξαν ότι, η έκφραση των αντιγόνων CD11b και CD13 στα μεταμυελοκύτταρα και ουδετερόφιλα των ασθενών διακρίνει αποτελεσματικά τους ασθενείς με de novo ΟΜΛ σε σχέση με αυτούς που εμφάνισαν ΟΜΛ μετά από ΜΔΣ. Στους ασθενείς με de novo ΟΜΛ η έκφραση των αντιγόνων CD11b, CD13, CD16 δεν διέφερε κατά την εμφάνιση της ΟΛ στους υποπληθυσμούς των προμυελοκυττάρων, μυελοκυττάρων, μεταμυελοκυττάρων και ουδετερόφιλων μεταξύ των ασθενών που κατά ή μετά την θεραπεία εμφάνισαν μυελοδυσπλασία, σε σχέση με αυτούς που δεν εμφάνισαν. Επίσης, η θετική συν- έκφραση των αντιγόνων CD34/CD117 στους λευχαιμικούς βλάστες κατά την εμφάνιση δεν συσχετίζονταν με την εμφάνιση ΜΔΣ μετά την θεραπεία. Αντίθετα, η υψηλή έκφραση του λευχαιμικού φαινοτύπου CD34+/CD117- στα άωρα κύτταρα της μυελικής σειράς κατά την εμφάνιση της ΟΜΛ, έδειξε ότι σχετίζεται με την εμφάνιση μυελοδυσπλαστικών χαρακτηριστικών μετά τη θεραπεία. Η ανάλυση των ανοσοφαινοτύπων του μυελού των οστών κατά ή μετά την θεραπεία έδειξε παθολογική έκφραση CD11b, CD13, CD16 στα μεταμυελοκύτταρα και ουδετερόφιλα των ασθενών που εμφάνισαν ΜΔΣ μετά θεραπεία για de novo ΟΜΛ και ασθενών (5/17) που δεν εμφάνισαν ΜΔΣ. Συμπερασματικά, η έκφραση των αντιγόνων CD11b, CD16 και CD13 στα ώριμα κύτταρα της μυελικής σειράς κατά την εμφάνιση της ΟΜΛ διαχωρίζει αποτελεσματικά την de novo ΟΜΛ από την δευτεροπαθή μετά ΜΔΣ. Η έκφραση αυτών των αντιγόνων κατά την εμφάνιση της ΟΜΛ δεν μπορεί, όμως, να προβλέψει την εξέλιξη της de novo ΟΜΛ και την εμφάνιση δυσπλαστικών χαρακτηριστικών μετά τη θεραπεία. Αντιθέτως, η μελέτη των λευχαιμικών φαινοτύπων CD34+/CD117- και CD34+/CD117+ μπορεί να παίξει καθοριστικό ρόλο στην πρόγνωση της εμφάνισης μυελοδυσπλαστικών χαρακτηριστικών κατά τη διάρκεια ή μετά τη θεραπεία του ασθενούς. / --
14

Expressão de marcadores de superfície de neutrófilos em recém nascidos ictéricos antes e após a fototerapia

Faulhaber, Fabrízia Rennó Sodero January 2017 (has links)
A icterícia por hiperbilirrubinemia indireta afeta mais de 60% dos recém-nascidos a termo. O tratamento, quando necessário, é realizado através da fototerapia. Não existem estudos na literatura avaliando os efeitos da fototerapia na função dos neutrófilos de recém-nascidos. O melhor entendimento da função dos neutrófilos nos recém-nascidos antes e após a fototerapia seria importante para avaliar as possíveis repercussões na expressão dos neutrófilos desencadeadas pelo tratamento fototerápico. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar e comparar a função dos neutrófilos, através da mensuração pela citometria de fluxo da expressão dos principais marcadores de superfície em recémnascidos ictéricos, antes e após 24 horas de fototerapia. Metodologia: Foram incluídos recém-nascidos com idade gestacional ≥ 35 semanas e peso de nascimento ≥ 2000g, que possuiam critérios da Academia Americana de Pediatria para tratamento fototerápico. Os critérios de exclusão foram: mal-formações congênitas, síndromes com alterações cromossômicas, erro inato do metabolismo, infecções do grupo STORCH, asfixia neonatal, sepse ou suspeita de sepse, exsanguineotransfusão, transfusão de hemocomponentes e uso de imunoglobulina. Foi realizada a avaliação de expressão da intensidade média de fluorescência (IMF) de CD10, CD11b, CD11c, CD15, CD16, CD18, CD62L, CD64 e CD66, antes do início e após 24 horas do início da fototerapia. Foram utilizados o teste T de Student para análise dos dados. Resultados: Foram incluídos 25 recém-nascidos no estudo, com idade mediana de 53 (27.5-75.5) horas de vida e bilirrubina média de 13.6±2.85 mg/dL. Não houve diferença estatística na expressão de CD11b, CD15, CD18, CD62L, CD64 e percentual de neutrófilos antes e após 24 horas de fototerapia. Ocorreu aumento da expressão de CD10 8 (p=0.038) e CD16 (p=0.017) e redução da expressão de CD11c (p=0.023) e CD66acde (p=0.004) após 24 horas de fototerapia. Conclusão: Os recém-nascidos submetidos ao tratamento fototerápico apresentaram aumento da expressão de CD10 e de CD16 e diminuição da expressão de CD11c e de CD66acde após 24 horas de exposição, que pode estar relacionado a um efeito antiinflamatório da fototerapia nos recém-nascidos expostos a este tratamento. / Jaundice due to indirect hyperbilirubinemia affects more than 60% of term neonates. The treatment when necessary is carried out using phototherapy. There are no studies in the literature evaluating the effect of phototherapy on the function of neonates' neutrophils. A better understanding of the function of neutrophils in neonates before and after phototherapy would be important in order to assess potential effects on the expression of neutrofils triggered by the phototherapy treatment. The aim of this study was to assess and compare the function of neutrophils by measuring the expression of the main surface markers in icteric neonates, using flow cytometry, before and after 24 hours of phototherapy. Methodology: Neonates at a gestational age ≥ 35 weeks and at a birth weight ≥ 2000g who met the criteria of the American Academy of Pediatrics for phototherapy were included. The exclusion criteria were: congenital malformations, syndromes with chromosomal alterations, inborn errors of metabolism, infections of the STORCH group, neonatal asphyxia, sepsis or suspicion of sepsis, exchange transfusion, transfusion of blood components, and use of immunoglobulin. The evaluation of the MFI expression of CD10, CD11b, CD11c, CD15, CD16, CD18, CD62L, CD64 and CD66 was performed before and 24 hours after the initiation of phototherapy. The chi-square and Student T tests were used for data analysis. Results: Twenty-five neonates were included in the study at the mean age of 53 (27.5- 75.5) hours of life and with a mean bilirubin level of 13.6±2.85 mg/dL. There was no statistical difference in the expression of CD11b, CD15, CD18, CD62L, CD64 and percentage of neutrophils before and after 24 hours of phototherapy. There was an increase in the expression of CD10 (p=0.038) and CD16 (p=0.017) and a reduction in 10 the expression of CD11c (p=0.023) and CD66acde (p=0.004) after 24 hours of phototherapy. Conclusion: The newborns submitted to phototherapy had increased expression of CD10 and CD16 and decreased expression of CD11c and CD66acde after 24 hours of exposure, which may be related to an anti-inflammatory effect of phototherapy on the neonates exposed to this treatment.
15

Expressão de marcadores de superfície de neutrófilos em recém nascidos ictéricos antes e após a fototerapia

Faulhaber, Fabrízia Rennó Sodero January 2017 (has links)
A icterícia por hiperbilirrubinemia indireta afeta mais de 60% dos recém-nascidos a termo. O tratamento, quando necessário, é realizado através da fototerapia. Não existem estudos na literatura avaliando os efeitos da fototerapia na função dos neutrófilos de recém-nascidos. O melhor entendimento da função dos neutrófilos nos recém-nascidos antes e após a fototerapia seria importante para avaliar as possíveis repercussões na expressão dos neutrófilos desencadeadas pelo tratamento fototerápico. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar e comparar a função dos neutrófilos, através da mensuração pela citometria de fluxo da expressão dos principais marcadores de superfície em recémnascidos ictéricos, antes e após 24 horas de fototerapia. Metodologia: Foram incluídos recém-nascidos com idade gestacional ≥ 35 semanas e peso de nascimento ≥ 2000g, que possuiam critérios da Academia Americana de Pediatria para tratamento fototerápico. Os critérios de exclusão foram: mal-formações congênitas, síndromes com alterações cromossômicas, erro inato do metabolismo, infecções do grupo STORCH, asfixia neonatal, sepse ou suspeita de sepse, exsanguineotransfusão, transfusão de hemocomponentes e uso de imunoglobulina. Foi realizada a avaliação de expressão da intensidade média de fluorescência (IMF) de CD10, CD11b, CD11c, CD15, CD16, CD18, CD62L, CD64 e CD66, antes do início e após 24 horas do início da fototerapia. Foram utilizados o teste T de Student para análise dos dados. Resultados: Foram incluídos 25 recém-nascidos no estudo, com idade mediana de 53 (27.5-75.5) horas de vida e bilirrubina média de 13.6±2.85 mg/dL. Não houve diferença estatística na expressão de CD11b, CD15, CD18, CD62L, CD64 e percentual de neutrófilos antes e após 24 horas de fototerapia. Ocorreu aumento da expressão de CD10 8 (p=0.038) e CD16 (p=0.017) e redução da expressão de CD11c (p=0.023) e CD66acde (p=0.004) após 24 horas de fototerapia. Conclusão: Os recém-nascidos submetidos ao tratamento fototerápico apresentaram aumento da expressão de CD10 e de CD16 e diminuição da expressão de CD11c e de CD66acde após 24 horas de exposição, que pode estar relacionado a um efeito antiinflamatório da fototerapia nos recém-nascidos expostos a este tratamento. / Jaundice due to indirect hyperbilirubinemia affects more than 60% of term neonates. The treatment when necessary is carried out using phototherapy. There are no studies in the literature evaluating the effect of phototherapy on the function of neonates' neutrophils. A better understanding of the function of neutrophils in neonates before and after phototherapy would be important in order to assess potential effects on the expression of neutrofils triggered by the phototherapy treatment. The aim of this study was to assess and compare the function of neutrophils by measuring the expression of the main surface markers in icteric neonates, using flow cytometry, before and after 24 hours of phototherapy. Methodology: Neonates at a gestational age ≥ 35 weeks and at a birth weight ≥ 2000g who met the criteria of the American Academy of Pediatrics for phototherapy were included. The exclusion criteria were: congenital malformations, syndromes with chromosomal alterations, inborn errors of metabolism, infections of the STORCH group, neonatal asphyxia, sepsis or suspicion of sepsis, exchange transfusion, transfusion of blood components, and use of immunoglobulin. The evaluation of the MFI expression of CD10, CD11b, CD11c, CD15, CD16, CD18, CD62L, CD64 and CD66 was performed before and 24 hours after the initiation of phototherapy. The chi-square and Student T tests were used for data analysis. Results: Twenty-five neonates were included in the study at the mean age of 53 (27.5- 75.5) hours of life and with a mean bilirubin level of 13.6±2.85 mg/dL. There was no statistical difference in the expression of CD11b, CD15, CD18, CD62L, CD64 and percentage of neutrophils before and after 24 hours of phototherapy. There was an increase in the expression of CD10 (p=0.038) and CD16 (p=0.017) and a reduction in 10 the expression of CD11c (p=0.023) and CD66acde (p=0.004) after 24 hours of phototherapy. Conclusion: The newborns submitted to phototherapy had increased expression of CD10 and CD16 and decreased expression of CD11c and CD66acde after 24 hours of exposure, which may be related to an anti-inflammatory effect of phototherapy on the neonates exposed to this treatment.
16

Expressão de marcadores de superfície de neutrófilos em recém nascidos ictéricos antes e após a fototerapia

Faulhaber, Fabrízia Rennó Sodero January 2017 (has links)
A icterícia por hiperbilirrubinemia indireta afeta mais de 60% dos recém-nascidos a termo. O tratamento, quando necessário, é realizado através da fototerapia. Não existem estudos na literatura avaliando os efeitos da fototerapia na função dos neutrófilos de recém-nascidos. O melhor entendimento da função dos neutrófilos nos recém-nascidos antes e após a fototerapia seria importante para avaliar as possíveis repercussões na expressão dos neutrófilos desencadeadas pelo tratamento fototerápico. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar e comparar a função dos neutrófilos, através da mensuração pela citometria de fluxo da expressão dos principais marcadores de superfície em recémnascidos ictéricos, antes e após 24 horas de fototerapia. Metodologia: Foram incluídos recém-nascidos com idade gestacional ≥ 35 semanas e peso de nascimento ≥ 2000g, que possuiam critérios da Academia Americana de Pediatria para tratamento fototerápico. Os critérios de exclusão foram: mal-formações congênitas, síndromes com alterações cromossômicas, erro inato do metabolismo, infecções do grupo STORCH, asfixia neonatal, sepse ou suspeita de sepse, exsanguineotransfusão, transfusão de hemocomponentes e uso de imunoglobulina. Foi realizada a avaliação de expressão da intensidade média de fluorescência (IMF) de CD10, CD11b, CD11c, CD15, CD16, CD18, CD62L, CD64 e CD66, antes do início e após 24 horas do início da fototerapia. Foram utilizados o teste T de Student para análise dos dados. Resultados: Foram incluídos 25 recém-nascidos no estudo, com idade mediana de 53 (27.5-75.5) horas de vida e bilirrubina média de 13.6±2.85 mg/dL. Não houve diferença estatística na expressão de CD11b, CD15, CD18, CD62L, CD64 e percentual de neutrófilos antes e após 24 horas de fototerapia. Ocorreu aumento da expressão de CD10 8 (p=0.038) e CD16 (p=0.017) e redução da expressão de CD11c (p=0.023) e CD66acde (p=0.004) após 24 horas de fototerapia. Conclusão: Os recém-nascidos submetidos ao tratamento fototerápico apresentaram aumento da expressão de CD10 e de CD16 e diminuição da expressão de CD11c e de CD66acde após 24 horas de exposição, que pode estar relacionado a um efeito antiinflamatório da fototerapia nos recém-nascidos expostos a este tratamento. / Jaundice due to indirect hyperbilirubinemia affects more than 60% of term neonates. The treatment when necessary is carried out using phototherapy. There are no studies in the literature evaluating the effect of phototherapy on the function of neonates' neutrophils. A better understanding of the function of neutrophils in neonates before and after phototherapy would be important in order to assess potential effects on the expression of neutrofils triggered by the phototherapy treatment. The aim of this study was to assess and compare the function of neutrophils by measuring the expression of the main surface markers in icteric neonates, using flow cytometry, before and after 24 hours of phototherapy. Methodology: Neonates at a gestational age ≥ 35 weeks and at a birth weight ≥ 2000g who met the criteria of the American Academy of Pediatrics for phototherapy were included. The exclusion criteria were: congenital malformations, syndromes with chromosomal alterations, inborn errors of metabolism, infections of the STORCH group, neonatal asphyxia, sepsis or suspicion of sepsis, exchange transfusion, transfusion of blood components, and use of immunoglobulin. The evaluation of the MFI expression of CD10, CD11b, CD11c, CD15, CD16, CD18, CD62L, CD64 and CD66 was performed before and 24 hours after the initiation of phototherapy. The chi-square and Student T tests were used for data analysis. Results: Twenty-five neonates were included in the study at the mean age of 53 (27.5- 75.5) hours of life and with a mean bilirubin level of 13.6±2.85 mg/dL. There was no statistical difference in the expression of CD11b, CD15, CD18, CD62L, CD64 and percentage of neutrophils before and after 24 hours of phototherapy. There was an increase in the expression of CD10 (p=0.038) and CD16 (p=0.017) and a reduction in 10 the expression of CD11c (p=0.023) and CD66acde (p=0.004) after 24 hours of phototherapy. Conclusion: The newborns submitted to phototherapy had increased expression of CD10 and CD16 and decreased expression of CD11c and CD66acde after 24 hours of exposure, which may be related to an anti-inflammatory effect of phototherapy on the neonates exposed to this treatment.
17

Contribution directe et indirecte des cellules myéloïdes à la persistance des réservoirs du VIH-1 sous thérapie antirétrovirale

Cattin, Amélie 08 1900 (has links)
Depuis sa découverte en 1983, la recherche sur le virus de l’immunodéficience humaine de type 1 (VIH-1) a connu un essor exemplaire, permettant la mise en place de tests de dépistage sensibles et de traitements antirétroviraux (TARs) efficaces. Malgré ces traitements qui contrôlent la réplication virale à des niveaux plasmatiques indétectables, l’éradication du VIH n’est pas atteinte. L’ADN intégré du VIH persiste dans des sous-populations cellulaires et la réplication virale reprend après l’arrêt du traitement. Alors que la persistance des réservoirs du VIH dans les lymphocytes T CD4+ est bien documentée, la contribution des cellules myéloïdes n’est pas bien définie. De plus, les TAR ne bloquent pas la transcription du VIH, permettant ainsi une réplication virale résiduelle dans certains tissus tels que la muqueuse intestinale. Cette réplication résiduelle est une source d‘activation immunitaire chronique et une barrière contre la guérison. La survie des lymphocytes T CD4+ mémoires portant les réservoirs du VIH est dépendante, en partie, de l’interaction avec les cellules dendritiques (DCs), dans le cadre du processus de présentation antigénique. L’identification des signaux fournis par les DCs et menant à la réactivation transcriptionnelle des réservoirs du VIH reste un axe de recherche prioritaire afin d’identifier de nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques. Mes études doctorales ont eu pour but de comprendre la contribution directe et indirecte des cellules myéloïdes à la persistance du VIH-1 sous TAR. Dans la première partie de mon doctorat, je me suis intéressée à la contribution directe de différentes sous-population myéloïdes à la persistance des réservoirs du VIH sous TAR dans le sang et le colon des personnes vivant avec le VIH (PLWH). Nous avons démontré que la présence des réservoirs du VIH dans ces cellules myéloïdes était un évènement rare. En parallèle, j’ai réalisé des travaux dans un modèle de souris humanisées pour explorer l’existence et la contribution des cellules myéloïdes d’origine embryonnaire de longue durée de vie et capables d’autorenouvèlement à la persistance des réservoirs viraux sous TAR. Nous avons démontré que, contrairement aux lymphocytes T CD4+, les cellules myéloïdes résidant dans le foie et les poumons portent de l’ADN viral intégré avant, mais pas après la TAR, ce qui est un indicateur de leur faible contribution à la persistance du VIH sous TAR. Dans la deuxième partie de mon doctorat, je me suis intéressée à la contribution indirecte des cellules myéloïdes, et en particulier celle des DCs dérivées des monocytes (MDDCs) classiques CD16- versus intermédiaires/non-classiques CD16+. Nous avons démontré que les MDDCs CD16+ se distinguent des MDDC CD16- par l’activité élevée de leur enzyme RALDH métabolisant la vitamine A en acide rétinoïque et leur capacité supérieure à transmettre le VIH aux lymphocytes T CD4+ spécifiques/réactives au Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). De plus, nous avons démontré que les MDDC RALDH+ contribuent à l'établissement et à la réactivation des réservoirs du VIH dans les cellules T spécifiques à certains pathogènes non-VIH, tels que S. aureus, via un mécanisme dépendant de la production de l’acide rétinoïque par les MDDC en réponse à des ligands du recepteur de type Toll (TLR) 2. Ensemble, mes études doctorales démontrent que, bien que les cellules myéloïdes contribuent rarement de façon directe à la persistance des réservoirs du VIH, leur rôle indirect est important dans ce processus via l’interaction avec les lymphocytes T CD4+. De plus, les résultats que j’ai générés élargissent les connaissances sur la spécificité antigénique des lymphocytes T CD4+ mémoires portant les réservoirs du VIH et identifient l’enzyme RALDH comme une potentielle cible thérapeutique pour limiter la dissémination du virus et la persistance des réservoirs au niveau des muqueuses. Dans la première partie de mon doctorat, je me suis intéressée à la contribution directe de différentes sous-population myéloïdes à la persistance des réservoirs du VIH sous TAR dans le sang et le colon des personnes vivant avec le VIH (PLWH). Nous avons démontré que la présence des réservoirs du VIH dans ces cellules myéloïdes était un évènement rare. En parallèle, j’ai réalisé des travaux dans un modèle de souris humanisées pour explorer l’existence et la contribution des cellules myéloïdes d’origine embryonnaire de longue durée de vie et capables d’autorenouvèlement à la persistance des réservoirs viraux sous TAR. Nous avons démontré que, contrairement aux lymphocytes T CD4+, les cellules myéloïdes résidant dans le foie et les poumons portent de l’ADN viral intégré avant, mais pas après la TAR, ce qui est un indicateur de leur faible contribution à la persistence du VIH sous TAR. Dans la deuxième partie de mon doctorat, je me suis intéressée à la contribution indirecte des cellules myéloïdes, et en particulier celle des DCs dérivées des monocytes (MDDCs) classiques CD16- versus intermédiaires/non-classiques CD16+. Nous avons démontré que les MDDCs CD16+ se distinguent des MDDC CD16- par l’activité élevée de leur enzyme RALDH métabolisant la vitamine A en acide rétinoïque et leur capacité supérieure à transmettre le VIH aux lymphocytes T CD4+ spécifiques/réactives au Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). De plus, nous avons démontré que les MDDC RALDH+ contribuent à l'établissement et à la réactivation des réservoirs du VIH dans les cellules T spécifiques à certains pathogènes non-VIH, tels que S. aureus, via un mécanisme dépendant de la production de l’acide rétinoïque par les MDDC en réponse à des ligands du recepteur de type Toll (TLR) 2. Ensemble, mes études doctorales démontrent que, bien que les cellules myéloïdes contribuent rarement de façon directe à la persistance des réservoirs du VIH, leur rôle indirect est important dans ce processus via l’interaction avec les lymphocytes T CD4+. De plus, les résultats que j’ai générés élargissent les connaissances sur la spécificité antigénique des lymphocytes T CD4+ mémoires portant les réservoirs du VIH et identifient l’enzyme RALDH comme une potentielle cible thérapeutique pour limiter la dissémination du virus et la persistance des réservoirs au niveau des muqueuses. / Since the discovery of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in 1983, significant breakthroughs have led to efficient and sensitive viral tests, as well as potent antiviral therapies (ART). However, although ART controls viral replication to undetectable plasma levels, viral eradication is yet not achieved. Integrated HIV-DNA persists in different cell subsets, and viral replication resumes after treatment interruption. While HIV persistence is well characterized in CD4+ T-cells, the contribution of myeloid cells remains elusive. Notably, ART does not inhibit HIV transcription, thus allowing for residual viral replication in tissues such as the gut. This low level of viral replication contributes to chronic immune activation and represents a major challenge in developing a cure. Memory CD4+ T-cells bearing HIV reservoirs interact with dendritic cells (DCs) in an antigen specific manner, resulting in T-cell clonal expansion. Hence, we need to identify cellular signals provided by DCs that lead to transcriptional reactivation of HIV reservoirs. During my Ph.D., I studied the direct and indirect mechanisms by which myeloid cells contribute to HIV persistence during ART. In the first part of my thesis, I studied the direct contribution of myeloid subsets to the persistence of the HIV reservoir during ART. We demonstrated that HIV persistence in myeloid cells is a rare event in the blood and colon of ART-treated people living with HIV (PLWH). In parallel, we used humanized mice (hu-BLT) to explore the contribution of long-lived tissue-resident macrophages (LL-TRM), with embryonic origin and self-renewal capacity to the HIV reservoir during ART. We demonstrated that myeloid cells in this hu-BLT mouse model, are permissive to HIV infection, but are not HIV reservoirs during ART. These results point to the need for establishing new models allowing LL-TRM development for HIV reservoir studies. In the second part of my thesis, I studied the indirect contribution of DCs derived from classical (CD16-) or intermediate/non-classical (CD16+) monocyte origin. We identified that, in contrast to CD16- monocyte-derived DCs (MDDCs), CD16+ MDDCs exhibit a superior activity of the RALDH enzyme, involved in retinoic acid metabolism, and a higher capacity to transmit HIV to CD4+ T-cells specific/reactivated to Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Furthermore, we demonstrated that RALDH+ MDDCs contribute to HIV reservoir establishment and reactivation in T-cells with specificity to non-HIV pathogens (e.g. S. aureus) through a retinoic acid-dependent mechanism in response to Toll like receptor (TLR) 2 stimulation. Together, these results underline the key role of CD16+ MDDCs and bacterial/fungal pathogens in fueling HIV reservoir establishment/outgrowth via a RALDH/RA-dependent mechanism that may be therapeutically targeted. In conclusion, my doctoral work demonstrated that, despite the rare direct contribution of myeloid cells to the HIV reservoir, these cells play an important indirect role through their ability to interact with CD4+ T-cells and to modulate their functions. These results extend the knowledge on the antigenic specificity of memory CD4+ T-cells harboring HIV reservoirs and they identify the RALDH/retinoic acid pathway as a potential therapeutic target to limit viral dissemination and persistence of viral reservoirs in mucosal sites.
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Molecular characterization of Th17 lymphocytes and monocyte-derived dendritic cells in the context of HIV-1 infection

Wacleche, Vanessa S. 12 1900 (has links)
Le virus de l’immunodéficience humaine de type 1 (VIH-1) altère les fonctions du système immunitaire pour promouvoir sa persistance. Les composantes de l’immunité ciblées par le VIH-1 incluent les lymphocytes Th17 et les cellules dendritiques dérivées des monocytes (CDDMs). Deux sous-populations de lymphocytes Th17, nommées Th17 et Th1Th17, ont précédemment été décrites avec des propriétés transcriptionnelles et des spécificités antigéniques distinctes. Les cellules Th17 et Th1Th17 sont hautement permissives à l’infection par le VIH et leur fréquence est diminuée chez les sujets chroniquement infectés sous trithérapie antirétrovirale. Toutefois, seulement une fraction des lymphocytes Th17 est infectée par le VIH, indiquant l’existence de Th17 résistants à la réplication virale. Également, il est connu que l’infection à VIH induit une altération de la fréquence des monocytes reflétée par l’expansion de la population monocytaire exprimant le récepteur Fcγ de type III/CD16. Les monocytes sont des précurseurs de cellules dendritiques et une altération de ratio entre les monocytes CD16+ et CD16- pourrait avoir des conséquences délétères sur la qualité des réponses immunitaires. Le rôle fonctionnel des CDDM exprimant ou non CD16 dans le contexte de la pathogénèse à VIH-1 demeure inconnu. Ce projet de thèse est divisé en 2 parties: 1) l’étude de l’hétérogénéité des cellules Th17 et 2) la caractérisation approfondie des CDDM CD16+ et CD16- dans le contexte d’homéostasie et de la pathogénèse de l’infection à VIH. Dans la première partie, nous avons fonctionnellement caractérisé deux nouvelles sous-populations de lymphocytes Th17 avec une expression différentielle des récepteurs de chimiokines CXCR3 et CCR4 : nommés CCR6+DN et CCR6+DP, exprimant toutes les deux CCR6, marqueur de lymphocytes Th17. Nous avons démontré que les cellules CCR6+DN et CCR6+DP partagent des caractéristiques biologiques communes avec les cellules Th17 et Th1Th17 incluant la permissivité au VIH. Nos résultats indiquent que les cellules CCR6+DN représentent un stade précoce de différentiation des lymphocytes Th17 et expriment des marqueurs de cellules T folliculaires. De plus, comparativement aux sous-populations Th17, Th1Th17 et CCR6+DP, la fréquence et le compte des CCR6+DN sont préservés au sein des sujets chroniquement infectés sous thérapie antirétrovirale. Nous proposons un modèle dans lequel les cellules CCR6+DN représentent des lymphocytes Th17 résistantes à l’effet cytopatique du virus qui contribuent à la persistance virale par leur capacité de porter un virus compétent en matière de réplication. Dans la deuxième partie, nos résultats révèlent que les CDDMs CD16+ et CD16- représentent deux populations uniques avec des propriétés transcriptionelles et fonctionnelles distinctes. Les CDDMs CD16- détiennent un potentiel immunogène supérieur tandis que les CDDMs CD16+ ont une meilleure capacité de transmettre le virus aux cellules T CD4+ au repos. Également, nous confirmons l’effet néfaste du VIH sur les fonctions immunologiques des cellules DC à stimuler la prolifération et la polarisation des cellules Th17 spécifiques à C. albicans et à S. aureus. En conclusion, les résultats inclus dans cette thèse fournissent une compréhension détaillée sur l’hétérogénéité présente au sein des lymphocytes Th17 et des CDDMs et révèlent de nouveaux déterminants moléculaires de l’immunité exploités par le VIH au profit de sa persistance. / The ultimate aim of immunity is to restrict the emergence of exogenous pathogens while providing immune tolerance to self-antigens. The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) disrupts the functions of the immune system to promote its own dissemination and persistence. The components of the host immunity targeted by HIV-1 include the Th17 lineage and the monocytes. The Th17 lineage was previously reported to include two different populations referred to as the Th17 and Th1Th17 cells exhibiting different transcriptional profiles and antigenic specificities. Both Th17 and Th1Th17 cells are permissive to HIV and their frequency is reduced in the blood and gut mucosa of chronically HIV-infected subjects. Nevertheless, HIV-1 infects only a fraction of the Th17 pool, suggesting the existence of Th17 cells resistant to HIV. In addition, it well documented that HIV-1 infection alters the pool of peripheral blood monocytes and induces the expansion of a monocytic population expressing the Fcγ receptor III/CD16. Monocytes are precursors for dendritic cells (DCs) and an altered CD16+/CD16- monocyte ratio may have deleterious consequences on the quality of immune responses. The functional features of CD16+ versus CD16- monocyte-derived DCs (MDDCs) in the context of HIV infection remain to be elucidated. This thesis is divided in two parts: 1) the study of Th17 cell heterogeneity and 2) the in depth characterization of CD16+ and CD16- monocytes-derived DCs (MDDCs) at homeostasis and during HIV-1 infection. In the first part, we have identified and functionally characterized two new previously uncharacterized subsets of CCR6+ T-cells with differential expression of CXCR3 and CCR4, double negative CCR4-CXCR3- (CCR6+DN) and double positive CCR4+CXCR3+ (CCR6+DP) subsets. We demonstrated CCR6+DN and CCR6+DP share cytokine production, antigenic specificity, lineage plasticity and HIV permissiveness with the previously characterized Th17 (CCR6+CCR4+CXCR3-) and Th1Th17 (CCR6+CCR4-CXCR3+) subsets. Among these four Th17 subsets, CCR6+DN cells were found to represent an early stage of Th17 differentiation and expressed features of T follicular helper T-cells. Moreover, in contrast to Th17, Th1Th17 and CCR6+DP subsets, the frequency and counts of CCR6+DN cells was preserved in chronically HIV-infected subjects under antiretroviral treatments compared to uninfected controls. Our results suggest that CCR6+DN represent long-lived Th17 cells contributing to HIV persistence by carrying replication-competent virus. In the second part, our results reveal that CD16+ and CD16- MDDCs represent two distinct populations with unique transcriptional programs and immunological functions. CD16- MDDCs displayed a superior immunogenic potential, whereas CD16+ MDDCs exhibited a higher capacity to induce HIV replication in resting CD4+ T-cells. Also, we confirmed the negative effect of HIV on DCs immunogenic function involving the stimulation of T-cell proliferation and Th17 polarization in response to pathogens such as C. albicans and S. aureus. Overall, in this thesis we provide a better understanding on Th17 and MDDC heterogeneity and reveal new molecular determinants of pathogenicity in immune cells that are exploited by HIV-1 to insure its persistence in the infected host.
19

Identification of human peripheral blood monocyte derived pro-inflammatory dendritic cells

Toschka, Robert 02 December 2014 (has links)
Dendritische Zellen (DZ) sind essentiell für die Aktivierung von Immunantworten. Drei Flt3-abhängige DZ Populationen aus dem Blut bestehend aus konventionellen (kDZ) BDCA1+ DZs und BDCA3+ DZs und plasmazytoide DZs wurden bereits beschrieben. Hier wurden zum ersten Mal sich aus Monozyten entwickelnde DZ (moDZ), genauer BDCA1+CD14+ pro-inflammatorische DZ (pro-iDZ) aus periphärem Blut unter homöostatischen Bedingungen identifiziert. Isolierte pro-iDZ sekretierten spontan große Mengen an pro-inflammatorischen Zytokinen, die kDZ reifen ließen und T Zell Proliferation unterstützten. Sie waren BDCA1+CD14- DZ und CD14+CD16- Monozyten in der TH17 Zell Induktion überlegen. Pro-iDZ ähnliche BDCA1+CD14+ Zellen konnten durch imaging cycler microscopy in Geweben von Patienten die an Psoriasis, Dermatomyositis oder entzündetem Halonävus erkrankt waren identifiziert werden. Ihr Fehlen in gesunder Haut deutete eine Rekrutierung von pro-iDZs in entzündetes Gewebe an. Eine Verwandtschaftsanalyse von pro-iDZ zwischen Monozyten, kDZ des Blutes und in vitro generierten moDZ auf genomweiter Ebene wies auf einen monozytären Ursprung hin. Anylse mittels funktioneller Annotation auf differentiell exprimierten Genen zwischen pro-iDZ und Monozyten zeigte eine DZ spezifische Gensignatur auf. Diese Gene waren insgesamt in der gleichen Weise wie in kDZ und moDZ reguliert, das eine Entwicklung von Monozyten nach DZ nahelegte. Dieses Entwicklungskonzept wurde insofern unterstützt, indem unter entzündlichen Bedingungen kultivierte CD14+CD16- Monozyten BDCA1 Expression und DZ Funktion erlangten. Da pro-iDZ sehr ähnlich zu BDCA1+CD14+ Zellen aus entzündeter Haut waren und beide große Konvergenz mit zuvor beschriebenen BDCA1+CD14+ inflammatorischen DZ (infDZ) aus entzündeten Geweben aufwiesen, können pro-iDZ als direkte infDZ Vorläufer angesehen werden. Dadurch und wegen ihrer monozytären Herkunft können pro-iDZ als Beweis für die humane Differenzierung von Monozyten nach DZ in vivo betrachtet werden. / Dendritic cells (DCs) are critical for the activation of immune responses. Three Flt3-dependent blood DC populations including conventional BDCA1+ DCs and BDCA3+ DCs (cDCs) and plasmacytoid DCs were described previously. This work identifies for the first time human peripheral blood monocyte derived BDCA1+CD14+ pro-inflammatory DCs (pro-iDCs) during steady state. Isolated pro-iDCs spontaneously secreted high amounts of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which matured cDCs and promoted T cell proliferation. They were superior in priming TH17 cells when compared to BDCA1+CD14- DCs and CD14+CD16- monocytes. BDCA1+CD14+ cells resembling blood pro-iDCs as identified by imaging cycler microscopy were found in samples from patients suffering from psoriasis, dermatomyositosis and inflamed halo nevus. Their absence in healthy donor’s skin indicated a recruitment of pro-iDCs to sites of inflammation. Analysis of the developmental relationship of pro-iDCs between monocytes, blood cDCs and in vitro generated monocyte derived DCs (moDCs) on whole genome level strongly suggested a monocytic origin. Functional annotation analysis of differentially regulated genes between monocytes and pro-iDCs revealed a DC specific gene signature. In addition, these genes were overall regulated in the same way in blood cDCs and moDCs, indicating an ongoing development of pro-iDCs from monocytes towards DCs. This developmental concept was supported as CD14+CD16- monocytes cultured under inflammatory conditions gained BDCA1 expression and DC function. Since pro-iDCs were highly similar to BDCA1+CD14+ cells found in inflamed skin and as both showed a marked convergence with BDCA1+CD14+ inflammatory DCs (infDCs) present in inflamed tissues described previously, pro-iDCs can be regarded as immediate precursors of infDCs. Thus, in respect of a monocytic origin and a presumably inflammatory DC fate, pro-iDCs may constitute a missing link to prove human moDC differentiation in vivo.
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Phänotypische Charakterisierung humaner Monozyten von Blutspendern mit chronischer Toxoplasmose und nicht-infizierten Kontrollen / Phenotypic characterization of human monocytes from blood donors with chronic toxoplasmosis and non-infected controls

Ehmen, Hauke Gerhard 17 November 2020 (has links)
No description available.

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