• Refine Query
  • Source
  • Publication year
  • to
  • Language
  • 72
  • 9
  • 8
  • 3
  • 2
  • 2
  • 1
  • Tagged with
  • 112
  • 65
  • 49
  • 48
  • 40
  • 28
  • 21
  • 20
  • 18
  • 16
  • 14
  • 13
  • 13
  • 12
  • 11
  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
71

Optical and Photovoltaic Properties of Copper Indium-Gallium Diselenide Materials and Solar Cells

Aryal, Puruswottam 19 December 2014 (has links)
No description available.
72

Structural and Electronic properties of β-Al2X3 (X = O, Se, Te)

Maxwell, Disney O. January 2011 (has links)
No description available.
73

Theoretical modeling of polycrystalline thin-film photovoltaics

Attygalle, Muthuthanthrige Lilani Chandrawansha 10 June 2008 (has links)
No description available.
74

Modélisation, caractérisation et optimisation des procédés de traitements thermiques pour la formation d’absorbeurs CIGS / Modelling, characterization and optimization of annealing processes in CIGS absorber manufacturing

Oliva, Florian 04 April 2014 (has links)
L’énergie photovoltaïque jouera un rôle déterminant dans la transition énergétique future. Bien que les cellules solaires à base de silicium dominent encore le marché, leur coût de fabrication et le poids des modules limitent leur développement. Depuis quelques années, les industriels s’intéressent de plus en plus aux dispositifs à base de couches minces en raison de leurs procédés de fabrication rapides et peu onéreux sur de larges substrats. Cette technologie utilise une large variété de matériaux; les chalcopyrites tels que Cu(In,Ga)Se2 sont les plus prometteurs. Le procédé de fabrication de couches chalcopyrites le plus répandu est la coévaporation mais l’utilisation de vides très poussés rende cette technique peu adaptée à la production à grande échelle de modules bon marché. La solution alternative décrite dans ce travail est un procédé en deux étapes basé sur le recuit sous atmosphère réactive de précurseurs métalliques électrodéposés. Le développement de cette technologie passe par une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes d’incorporation et d’homogénéisation du gallium dans les couches formées et par une optimisation des étapes de recuit. Le premier objectif de ce travail de thèse est une étude des mécanismes réactionnels mis en jeu lors du procédé de recuit à travers l’étude de différents types de précurseur. Par la suite ces connaissances sont utilisées pour modéliser et optimiser un recuit industriel innovant. Ce travail est réalisé à l’aide de plans d’expérience (DOE) où l’influence de certains paramètres, les plus critiques est mise en évidence. Des voies d’optimisation sont proposées et des hypothèses faites afin d’expliquer les phénomènes observés. / Solar energy is promised to be a major actor in the future of energy production. Even if silicon based solar cells remain the main product their fabrication is energy consuming and requires heavy cover glass for protection, which reduce their development. For several years, commercial interest has shifted towards thin-film cells for which manufacturing time, large scale production, fabrication costs and weight savings are the main advantages. For thin film technology, a wide variety of materials can be used but chalcopyrite such as Cu(In,Ga)Se2 is one of the most promising. The most current method used for chalcopyrite formation is co- evaporation but this process is very expensive and not well suitable for large scale production due to high vacuum requirements. One alternative solution described in this work consists of a two-step technology based on the sequential electro-deposition of a metallic precursor followed by a rapid reactive annealing. However to reach its full potential this technology needs a better understanding of the Ga incorporation mechanism and of the selenization/sulfurization step. This work focuses first on formation mechanisms through the study of several kinds of precursor. This knowledge is then used to explain and to optimize innovative annealing processes. This study is achieved by observing the impact of some process parameters using designs of experiment (DOE). A link between process parameters and properties of these thin films is obtained using electrical, structural and diffusion characterization of the devices. Finally we propose hypothesis to explain observed phenomena and also some improvements to meet the challenges of this process.
75

Degradation of Flexible Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Solar Cells

Daume, Felix 30 November 2015 (has links) (PDF)
Untersuchungsgegenstand dieser Arbeit ist die Degradation flexibler Dünnschichtsolarzellen auf Basis von Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Absorbern. Zur beschleunigten Alterung unter Laborbedingungen wurden unverkapselte Solarzellen in Klimaschränken Wärme und Feuchte ausgesetzt. Die Auswirkungen von Wärme und Feuchte auf die Solarzellen wurden zunächst durch Messung von Strom–Spannungs–Kennlinien (IV) und Kapazitäts–Spannungs–Charakteristiken (CV) erschlossen. Mittels in–situ Messungen der IV–Kennlinien der Solarzellen unter Wärme und Feuchte konnte die Degradationskinetik untersucht werden. Es gelang zwei Phasen der Alterung, eine anfängliche Verbesserung und die eigentliche Degradation, zu unterscheiden. Außerdem war es dadurch möglich Degradationsraten zu bestimmen. Die Untersuchung der Stabilität der Flächenkontakte erfolgte im Schichtverbund der Solarzelle und separat. Dann wurde der Einfluss von Natrium, einem Bestandteil der Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Solarzellen, untersucht. Schichtzusammensetzung, Elementprofile und Oberflächenbeschaffenheit wurden mittels Laser–induzierter Plasmaspektroskopie (LIBS), Sekundärionen–Massenspektrometrie (SIMS), Rasterelektronenmikroskopie (SEM) und 3D–Lasermikroskopie gemessen. Die Rolle von Natrium für den Degradationsprozess konnte für zwei unterschiedliche Methoden der Natriumeinbringung in den Absorber (Ko–Verdampfung, Nachbehandlung) beschrieben werden. Schließlich wurde mittels Elektrolumineszenz (EL), Thermographie (DLIT) und der Messung Lichtstrahl–induzierter Ströme (LBIC) die Degradation ortsaufgelöst untersucht und Inhomogenitäten detektiert. Aus spannungsabhängigen Elektrolumineszenzaufnahmen gelang es Serienwiderstandskarten zu errechnen. Die Kombination der genannten Messmethoden erlaubte eine Identifizierung dominanter Degradationsprozesse in den flexiblen Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Solarzellen unter Wärme und Feuchte. Unter anderen wurde die Degradation der Grenzfläche zwischen Absorber und Rückkontakt diskutiert. Die Degradationskinetik konnte beschrieben, Solarzelllebensdauern abgeschätzt, die für die Wärme–Feuchte–Stabilität nachteilige Wirkung von Natrium identifiziert und laterale Inhomogenitäten des Degradationsprozesses aufgezeigt werden. Aus der Diskussion der Ergebnisse wurden Vorschläge zur Verbesserung der Wärme–Feuchte–Stabilität abgeleitet.
76

Degradation of Flexible Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Solar Cells

Daume, Felix 09 October 2015 (has links)
Untersuchungsgegenstand dieser Arbeit ist die Degradation flexibler Dünnschichtsolarzellen auf Basis von Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Absorbern. Zur beschleunigten Alterung unter Laborbedingungen wurden unverkapselte Solarzellen in Klimaschränken Wärme und Feuchte ausgesetzt. Die Auswirkungen von Wärme und Feuchte auf die Solarzellen wurden zunächst durch Messung von Strom–Spannungs–Kennlinien (IV) und Kapazitäts–Spannungs–Charakteristiken (CV) erschlossen. Mittels in–situ Messungen der IV–Kennlinien der Solarzellen unter Wärme und Feuchte konnte die Degradationskinetik untersucht werden. Es gelang zwei Phasen der Alterung, eine anfängliche Verbesserung und die eigentliche Degradation, zu unterscheiden. Außerdem war es dadurch möglich Degradationsraten zu bestimmen. Die Untersuchung der Stabilität der Flächenkontakte erfolgte im Schichtverbund der Solarzelle und separat. Dann wurde der Einfluss von Natrium, einem Bestandteil der Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Solarzellen, untersucht. Schichtzusammensetzung, Elementprofile und Oberflächenbeschaffenheit wurden mittels Laser–induzierter Plasmaspektroskopie (LIBS), Sekundärionen–Massenspektrometrie (SIMS), Rasterelektronenmikroskopie (SEM) und 3D–Lasermikroskopie gemessen. Die Rolle von Natrium für den Degradationsprozess konnte für zwei unterschiedliche Methoden der Natriumeinbringung in den Absorber (Ko–Verdampfung, Nachbehandlung) beschrieben werden. Schließlich wurde mittels Elektrolumineszenz (EL), Thermographie (DLIT) und der Messung Lichtstrahl–induzierter Ströme (LBIC) die Degradation ortsaufgelöst untersucht und Inhomogenitäten detektiert. Aus spannungsabhängigen Elektrolumineszenzaufnahmen gelang es Serienwiderstandskarten zu errechnen. Die Kombination der genannten Messmethoden erlaubte eine Identifizierung dominanter Degradationsprozesse in den flexiblen Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Solarzellen unter Wärme und Feuchte. Unter anderen wurde die Degradation der Grenzfläche zwischen Absorber und Rückkontakt diskutiert. Die Degradationskinetik konnte beschrieben, Solarzelllebensdauern abgeschätzt, die für die Wärme–Feuchte–Stabilität nachteilige Wirkung von Natrium identifiziert und laterale Inhomogenitäten des Degradationsprozesses aufgezeigt werden. Aus der Diskussion der Ergebnisse wurden Vorschläge zur Verbesserung der Wärme–Feuchte–Stabilität abgeleitet.
77

Modelling and Degradation Characteristics of Thin-film CIGS Solar Cells

Malm, Ulf January 2008 (has links)
<p>Thin-film solar cells based around the absorber material CuIn<sub>1-x</sub>Ga<sub>x</sub>Se<sub>2</sub> (CIGS) are studied with respect to their stability characteristics, and different ways of modelling device operation are investigated. Two ways of modelling spatial inhomogeneities are detailed, one fully numerical and one hybrid model. In the numerical model, thin-film solar cells with randomized parameter variations are simulated showing how the voltage decreases with increasing material inhomogeneities.</p><p>With the hybrid model, an analytical model for the p-n junction action is used as a boundary condition to a numerical model of the steady state electrical conduction in the front contact layers. This also allows for input of inhomogeneous material parameters, but on a macroscopic scale. The simpler approach, compared to the numerical model, enables simulations of complete cells. Effects of material inhomogeneities, shunt defects and grid geometry are simulated.</p><p>The stability of CIGS solar cells with varying absorber thickness, varying buffer layer material and CIGS from two different deposition systems are subjected to damp heat treatment. During this accelerated ageing test the cells are monitored using characterization methods including J-V, QE, C-V and J(V)<sub>T</sub>. The degradation studies show that the typical V<sub>OC</sub> decrease experienced by CIGS cells subjected to damp heat is most likely an effect in the bulk of the absorber material.</p><p>When cells encapsulated with EVA are subjected to the same damp heat treatment, the effect on the voltage is considerably reduced. In this situation the EVA is saturated with moisture, representing a worst case scenario for a module in operation. Consequently, real-life modules will not suffer extensively from the V<sub>OC</sub> degradation effect, common in unprotected CIGS devices.</p>
78

Influence of Na doping on tunnelling rear contact passivation in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells / Inverkan av Na dopning på hål-tunneling vid bakkontakts passivering i Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solceller

Sköld, Markus January 2016 (has links)
In this thesis Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) solar cells with different sodiumdoping of the CIGS absorber and varying Al2O3 rear surface passivationlayer thickness have been manufactured and electrically characterised. Baseline samples and samples without passivation were used asreferences for the passivated samples. For the passivated samplesbetween 1 and 7 nm of Al2O3 were deposited by ALD. The electricalcharacterisation included current-voltage (IV, JV), quantum efficiency (QE, EQE), capacitance-voltage (CV) and temperature dependent currentvoltage (IVT, JVT) measurements. The results show that it is indeed possible to use a tunnel current toconstruct an electrical contact, but that the electrical contact isvery sensitive to sodium doping. The samples with post-depositiontreatment and without Na start to block the tunnel current when thepassivation layer reaches a thickness of about 2 nm, while no blocking of the tunnel current could be observed for the samples with Na pre-deposition. The samples with pre-deposition treatment showed acontinued increase in efficiency all the way to a passivation layerthickness of about 7 nm. When trying to construct samples with eventhicker passivation layer the CIGS started to peel off. For thisreason the optimal thickness for the pre-deposition treated samplescould not be found. The samples with the highest efficiency was thesamples with pre-deposition treatment and thick passivation layer. Those samples showed an increase of 3 percent (absolute) compared tothe unpassivated sample with the same deposition treatment and 1.6 percent higher efficiency compared to the baseline sample. Concluding that tunnelling passivation layer is comparable to the passivationlayer with point contact methods.
79

From Light to Dark : Electrical Phenomena in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Solar Cells

Szaniawski, Piotr January 2017 (has links)
In Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) solar cells the CIGS layer serves as the light absorber, growing naturally p-type. Together with an n-type buffer layer they form a p-n heterojunction. Typically, CdS is used as a buffer, although other, less toxic materials are investigated as alternatives. The intrinsic p-type doping of CIGS layers is the result of complex defect physics. Defect formation energies in CIGS are very low or even negative, which results in extremely high defect concentrations. This leads to many unusual electrical phenomena that can be observed in CIGS devices. This thesis mostly focuses on three of these phenomena: light-soaking, light-on-bias, and light-enhanced reverse breakdown. Light-soaking is a treatment that involves illuminating the investigated device for an extended period of time. In most CIGS solar cells it results in an improvement of open-circuit voltage, fill factor, and efficiency that can persist for hours, if not days. The interplay between light-soaking and the remaining two phenomena was studied. It was found that light-soaking has a strong effect on light-on-bias behavior, while the results for light-enhanced breakdown were inconclusive, suggesting little to no impact. Light-on-bias is a treatment which combines simultaneous illumination and application of reverse bias to the studied sample. Illuminating CdS-based samples with red light while applying a reverse bias results in a significant increase in capacitance due to filling of traps. In many cases, this is accompanied by a decrease in device performance under red illumination. Complete recovery is possible by illuminating the treated sample with blue light, which causes hole injection from the CdS buffer. In samples with alternative buffer layers, there is little distinction between red and blue illumination, and the increase in capacitance is milder. At the same time, there is little effect on device performance. Reverse breakdown can occur when a sufficiently large reverse bias is applied to a p-n junction, causing a large reverse current to flow through the device. In CIGS solar cells, the voltage at which breakdown occurs in darkness decreases in the presence of blue illumination. A model explaining the breakdown in darkness was proposed as a part of this thesis. The model assumes that all voltage drops on the buffer layer in darkness and on the CIGS layer under blue illumination. The high electric field in the buffer facilitates Poole-Frenkel conduction and Fowler-Nordheim tunneling between the absorber and the buffer.
80

Modelling and Degradation Characteristics of Thin-film CIGS Solar Cells

Malm, Ulf January 2008 (has links)
Thin-film solar cells based around the absorber material CuIn1-xGaxSe2 (CIGS) are studied with respect to their stability characteristics, and different ways of modelling device operation are investigated. Two ways of modelling spatial inhomogeneities are detailed, one fully numerical and one hybrid model. In the numerical model, thin-film solar cells with randomized parameter variations are simulated showing how the voltage decreases with increasing material inhomogeneities. With the hybrid model, an analytical model for the p-n junction action is used as a boundary condition to a numerical model of the steady state electrical conduction in the front contact layers. This also allows for input of inhomogeneous material parameters, but on a macroscopic scale. The simpler approach, compared to the numerical model, enables simulations of complete cells. Effects of material inhomogeneities, shunt defects and grid geometry are simulated. The stability of CIGS solar cells with varying absorber thickness, varying buffer layer material and CIGS from two different deposition systems are subjected to damp heat treatment. During this accelerated ageing test the cells are monitored using characterization methods including J-V, QE, C-V and J(V)T. The degradation studies show that the typical VOC decrease experienced by CIGS cells subjected to damp heat is most likely an effect in the bulk of the absorber material. When cells encapsulated with EVA are subjected to the same damp heat treatment, the effect on the voltage is considerably reduced. In this situation the EVA is saturated with moisture, representing a worst case scenario for a module in operation. Consequently, real-life modules will not suffer extensively from the VOC degradation effect, common in unprotected CIGS devices.

Page generated in 0.019 seconds