Reatores PWR empregam, como combustível nuclear, pastilhas de UO2 acondicionadas em tubos de ligas de zircônio, chamados de encamisamento. Na sua fabricação são gerados cavacos de usinagem que não podem ser descartados, pois a reciclagem deste material é estratégica quanto aos aspectos de tecnologia nuclear, econômicos e ambientais. As ligas nucleares têm altíssimo custo e não são produzidas no Brasil, sendo importadas para a fabricação do combustível nuclear. Neste trabalho são abordados dois métodos para reciclar os cavacos de Zircaloy. No primeiro, os cavacos foram fundidos utilizando um forno elétrico a arco para obter lingotes. O segundo usa a técnica da metalurgia do pó, onde os cavacos foram submetidos à hidretação e o pó resultante foi moído e isostaticamente prensado e, a seguir, sinterizado a vácuo. A composição química, as fases presentes e a dureza no material foram determinadas. Os lingotes foram tratados termicamente e laminados, sendo que as microestruturas foram caracterizadas por microscopia óptica e eletrônica de varredura. Os resultados para ambos os métodos mostraram que a composição do Zircaloy reciclado cumpre as especificações químicas e apresentaram microestrutura adequada para uso nuclear. Os bons resultados do método de metalurgia do pó sugerem a possibilidade de produzir pequenas peças, como as tampas do encamisamento - end-caps, usando a sinterização no formato quase final (near net shape). / PWR reactors employ, as nuclear fuel, UO2 pellets with Zircaloy clad. In the fabrication of fuel element parts, machining chips from the alloys are generated. As the Zircaloy chips cannot be discarded as ordinary metallic waste, the recycling of this material is important for the Brazilian Nuclear Policy, which targets the reprocess of Zircaloy residues for economic and environmental aspects. This work presents two methods developed in order to recycle Zircaloy chips. In one of the methods, Zircaloy machining chips were refused using an electric-arc furnace to obtain small laboratory ingots. The second one uses powder metallurgy techniques, where the chips were submitted to hydriding process and the resulting material was milled, isostatically pressed and vacuum sintered. The ingots were heat-treated by vacuum annealing. The microstructures resulting from both processing methods were characterized using optical and scanning electron microscopies. Chemical composition, crystal phases and hardness were also determined. The results showed that the composition of recycled Zircaloy comply with the chemical specifications and presented adequate microstructure for nuclear use. The good results of the powder metallurgy method suggest the possibility of producing small parts, like cladding end-caps, using near net shape sintering.

Le renforcement par dispersion d'oxydes nanométriques permet, d'une manière générale, d'améliorer la résistance mécanique des matériaux métalliques. Il autorise donc une augmentation de leur température maximale d'utilisation. De nombreux travaux de recherche sont menés au Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives sur les aciers ODS, pour Oxide Dispersion Strengthened steels. S'inscrivant dans le cadre du développement du nucléaire civil de quatrième génération, ces travaux ont pour but de qualifier un matériau pouvant être utilisé en tant que matériau de gainage combustible à une température de 650℃. Ce travail de thèse a pour objectif d'améliorer la compréhension des propriétés mécaniques des aciers ODS, en cherchant d'une part à caractériser et à modéliser leur comportement en fluage, et d'autre part à caractériser leur nisotropie de comportement et à en identifier l'origine. Pour cela, de nombreux essais mécaniques ont été effectués entre 20℃ et 900℃ sur une nuance d'acier ODS ferritique de composition nominale Fe-14Cr1W0,26Ti + 0,3Y2O3 . Cette nuance a été élaborée au CEA, par mécanosynthèse puis extrusion à chaud, sous la forme d'une barre ronde. Les résultats obtenus démontrent la grande résistance mécanique à haute température de l'acier ODS étudié. Ils mettent également en évidence une forte dépendance de la ductilité et de la résistance du matériau vis-à-vis de la vitesse de sollicitation. Sur la base des différentes caractérisations expérimentales réalisées, un modèle de comportement macroscopique uniaxial a été développé. S'appuyant sur la description de trois écrouissages cinématiques et d'un terme de restauration statique, ce modèle démontre une capacité remarquable à reproduire le comportement mécanique du matériau en traction, en fatigue, en fluage et en relaxation. Par ailleurs, la caractérisation de l'anisotropie mécanique de la nuance d'acier ODS étudiée s'avère dépendre de la température. Deux modélisations polycristallines différentes ont été mises en place afin de reproduire cette anisotropie de comportement à partir des textures cristallographique et morphologique du matériau. Le désaccord observé entre les prévisions de ces modèles et les résultats expérimentaux conduit à formuler d'autres hypothèses sur la déformation des aciers ODS. / The strength of metals, and therefore their maximum operating temperature, can be improvedby oxide dispersion strengthening (ODS). Numerous research studies are carried out at the French Atomic Energy Commission (CEA) in order to develop a cladding tube material for Gen IV nuclear power reactors. Oxide dispersion strengthened steels appear to be the most promising candidates for such application, which demand a minimum operating temperature of (650℃). The present dissertation intends to improve the understanding of the mechanical properties of ODS steels, in terms of creep lifetime and mechanical anisotropy. The methodology of this work includes mechanical tests between room temperature and 900℃ as well as macroscopic and polycrystalline modelling. These tests are carried out on a Fe-14Cr1W0,26Ti + 0,3Y2O3 ODS ferritic steel processed at CEA by mechanical alloying and hot extrusion. The as-received material is a bar with a circular section. The mechanical tests reveal the high mechanical strength of this steel at high temperature. A strong influence of the strain rate on the ductility and the mechanical strength is also observed. A macroscopic mechanical model has been developed on the basis of some experimental statements such as the high kinematic contribution to the flow stress. This model has a strong ability to reproduce the mechanical behaviour of the studied material. Two different polycristalline models have also been developed in order to reproduce the mechanical anisotropy of the material. They are based on its specific grain morphology and crystallographic texture. The discrepancy between the predictions of both models and experimental results reveal the necessity to formulate alternate assumptions on thedeformation mechanisms of ODS ferritic steels.

Afin de faire face aux besoins croissants en énergie, les réacteurs de 4ème génération sont envisagés mondialement. Un premier prototype de réacteur à neutrons rapides à caloporteur sodium (appelé ASTRID) est à l'étude au CEA. Le matériau de référence retenu pour le gainage combustible du premier coeur est l'acier austénitique 15-15Ti - AIM1 (Austenitic Improved Material). <br/>L’objectif de la thèse est d’étudier des voies d’optimisation de la gamme de mise en forme à froid du gainage permettant d’améliorer la résistance au gonflement. Les investigations portent principalement sur les conditions de transformation à froid et les traitements thermiques appliqués au cours de la mise en forme (notamment lors du dernier traitement d’hypertrempe). Les effets de ces paramètres sont étudiés en lien avec la microstructure (notamment l’affinement structural, l’état de précipitation, la remise en solution des éléments d’addition et l’arrangement des dislocations).<br/>La démarche adoptée se divise en trois étapes principales :<br/>- une analyse des gammes de fabrication mises en oeuvre par le passé ainsi qu’une étude des conditions d’étirage à froid et des traitements thermiques appliqués ;<br/>- une évaluation de nouveaux procédés de mise en forme tels que le laminage à pas de pèlerin et le martelage visant à valider la fabrication des tubes finis selon les spécifications requises ;<br/>- une optimisation des gammes de fabrication à froid et de la microstructure du matériau final. Les résultats de caractérisation de la microstructure et du comportement mécanique permettent d’envisager favorablement l’utilisation d’un procédé alternatif tel que le laminage à pas de pèlerin pour fabriquer les tubes de gaine. / In order to face the next century energy demand growth, the worldwide development of the 4th generation of nuclear reactors is considered. The construction of a sodium-cooled fast reactor prototype (ASTRID) is currently envisaged at the CEA. The reference material selected for the fuel cladding of its first core is the 15-15Ti-AIM1 austenitic steel (Austenitic Improved Material).<br/>The goal of this PhD thesis work is to investigate the different ways of optimization for the coldworking steps undergone by the claddings during their manufacture in order to improve their swelling resistance. The main investigations are focused on the conditions of the cold-working steps and the thermal treatments applied throughout the shaping of the claddings, especially of the last solution annealing treatment. The effects of these parameters on the microstructure are investigated (structural refinement, precipitation and the additive elements dissolution and arrangement of the dislocations).<br/>This study is divided into three main steps:<br/>- an analysis of the fabrication routes applied in the past along with the study of the “coldwork” and the thermal treatments conditions;<br/>- an assessment of new shaping processes, such as the “cold-pilgering” and the hammering, in order to verify the conformity of the manufactured tubes with respect to the required specifications.<br/>- an attempt of optimization of the cold-work routes and the microstructure of the final material. The results of microstructure characterization and the mechanical behavior allow envisaging favorably the use of an alternative process such as the cold pilgering to manufacture claddings.

Laser cladding is a more recent approach to repair of aviation components within a damage tolerant framework, with its ability to restore not simply the geometric shape but the static and fatigue strength as well. This research analysed the fatigue performance of Ti-6Al-4V that has undergone a laser clad repair, comparing baseline specimens with laser clad repaired, and repaired and heat treated specimens. First an understanding of the microstructure was achieved by use of BSE imagery of the substrate, clad repaired region and post heat treated regions. The substrate of the material was identified with large grains which compared to a repaired clad region with a much finer grain structure that did not change with heat treatment. Next, performance of the specimens under tensile fatigue loading was conducted, with the clad specimens experiencing unexpectedly high fatigue performance when compared to baseline samples; the post heat treated specimen lasting significantly longer than all other specimens. It is theorised that the clad may have contributed to an increase in fatigue resilience due to its fine microstructure, when compared to the softer, more coarse substrate. The heat treatment is likely to have relaxed any residual stresses in the specimens leading to a reduction in any potential undesirable stresses, without impacting the microstructure. Residual stress analysis using EDD was unproductive due to the unexpected coarse microstructure and did not provide meaningful results. Fractography using the marker-band technique was explored with some success, proving a feesable method for measuring fatigue crack growth through a specimen post failure. Unfortunately fatigue crack growth throughout the entire fatigue life was not possible due to the tortuous fracture surface and potentially due to the fine micro-structure of the clad, resulting in interrupted marker-band formation. Future research shall expand on this work with a greater focus on residual stress analysis and its impact on fatigue.

The diploma thesis deal with design of a technological building in Ostrava serving for the sorting of slag to enagle its sequential use. Geometry of the structure was customized to technological requests. Static system was considered in two versions – joint connections with vertical bracing and omni-directional frame. For detail processing was chosen the joint one, besause it showed up as more advantageous. Static calculation was performed by Scia Engineer 14 software, then some typical connections and drawings were manually designed.

This diploma thesis deals with the structural design and production of a oscillating head for surface welding of a protective layer of Inconel® 625 superalloy on membrane walls. The design is preceded by a research for possible variants of the solution. Of the two designs, one was successfully manufactured and assembled, and incentives for future improvements were set. For easy optimization and testing of the device, an oscillating motion program was created in the LinMoT Talk 6.9 software. The production costs for the manufactured equipment were then calculated and the recommended selling price was determined, based on a general calculation formula. The result of the project is a functional device, a proposal for its control and a technical - economic evaluation of the production process.

The masters thesis dealt with reconstruction of the complex military garages built in the mid 20th century. The site is located in Brno, close to Peace Square, Lerchova 915/62, Brno-Stránice, 602 00 Brno. Area of land area is 5,384.25 square meters. Reconstruction involves two detached single-storey buildings, the street Lerchova object and the object at the Valley Street. The goal is the maximum possible use of existing quality substructure, which is a combination of internal reinforced concrete frame and brick outer shell. The work is divided into a comprehensive layout of both buildings and detailed sub-project for the construction project on a subject at street Lerchova. Reconstruction of the resolves completely change the layout and especially the concept of architectural design. In terms of architecture, wider relations into account the existing development, which tries to resemble the representation. The building is at street Lerchova basement one floor, built up area is 620.5 square meters. Reconstruction of superstructure solves one floor, making new pitched roof and building a walkway that allows connection between the two objects. Revitalization is due on the requirements of the public and addresses the widespread use of indoor and outdoor spaces as much as possible. It is particularly emphasized promote leisure activities not only public, but especially young people and support for education, mental and physical, education and counseling. We can not forget easily to most complex space by persons with limited mobility.

The subject of diploma thesis is new building of sport center. This object is detached building, situated in flat terrain in Brno. Building has a basement and two floors. In the basement is technical facilities of the building and the technical rooms for pool water regulation. Building is divided for two parts. In the first one is swimming pool, dressing rooms, three shops, snack bar and office part of swimming pool. In the second part of building is climbing center, bar and freestyle center or the extreme sports. The object has rectangular plan , the skeleton of the building is made of timber constructions and roofed is by the flat roof.

The purpose of the project work was to build knowledge of the tribological behaviour of self-lubricating laser cladding, with and without external solid lubricant during conditions relevant for hot metal forming of aluminium. The materials used during the project were plates coated with a Ni-based self-lubricating clad and a reference sample of work tool steel. The self-lubricating laser clad was applied using a high power direct diode laser. The external solid lubricant used was a graphite dispersion. The external solid lubricant was applied on the samples using a spraying technique, leaving a dry layer of solid graphite on the plates. To test the tribological behaviour of the plates, linear reciprocating friction and wear tests were performed both under lubricated and dry conditions. During the dry tests, different surface roughness of the plates where investigated. The pins for the tribological test were made of AA7075. Parameters chosen for the tribological tests were based on conditions during hot forming of aluminium. After having taken images of the plates using scanning electron microscopy, and using a 3D optical profiler, the wear volume and material transfer was evaluated, and wear mechanism analysis was performed.   The tribological behaviour of polished Ni-based laser clad under dry conditions is comparable to that of the reference sample at its best performance. Using a mirror polished Ni-based laser clad under dry condition can be an option to not using external solid lubricant during hot forming of aluminium. Also, the surface roughness of the self-lubricating clad under dry conditions does not affect the coefficient of friction.

The optical properties of the guided modes in the core of photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) can be easily manipulated by changing the air-hole structure in the cladding. Special properties can be achieved in this case such as endless singlemode operation. Endlessly single-mode fibers, which enable single-mode guidance over a wide spectral range, are indispensable in the field of fiber technology. A two-dimensional photonic crystal with a silica central core and a micrometer-spaced hexagonal array of air holes is an established method to achieve endless single-mode properties. In addition to the guidance of light in the core, different cladding modes occur. The coupling between the core and the cladding modes can affect the endlessly single-mode guides. There are two possible ways to determine the dispersion: measurement and calculation. We calculate the group velocity dispersion (GVD) of different cladding modes based on the measurement of the fiber structure parameters, the hole diameter and the pitch of a presumed homogeneous hexagonal array. Based on the scanning electron image, a calculation was made of the optical guiding properties of the microstructured cladding. We compare the calculation with a method to measure the wavelength-dependent time delay. We measure the time delay of defined cladding modes with a homemade supercontinuum light source in a white light interferometric setup. To measure the dispersion of cladding modes of optical fibers with high accuracy, a time-domain white-light interferometer based on a Mach-Zehnder interferometer is used. The experimental setup allows the determination of the wavelengthdependent differential group delay of light travelling through a thirty centimeter piece of test fiber in the wavelength range from VIS to NIR. The determination of the GVD using different methods enables the evaluation of the individual methods for characterizing the cladding modes of an endlessly single-mode fiber.