The main aim of the master project is to design a winery building in Velké Bílovice. The building has 2 floors with flat intensive green roof. The ground floor has two parts: First for the guests and second for staff only. The first part includes a large room for a wine degustation, separate smaller room for a private degustation and toilets. The second part includes staff rooms and offices. Both parts are connected by a reception. There are stairs to the underground floor behind the offices. The underground floor includes wine production facilities and a room for occasional wine degustation. The building is designed with loadbearing walls and slabs made of reinforced concrete. Partition walls are made of ceramic blocks. The building envelope is covered with ETICS and timber cladding. All the windows have hidden frames and triple glazing. Next to the building there is a parking lot for 18 cars (14 guests, 4 staff). There is an outdoor seating for guests with a view of the vineyard in front of the winery. The project was developed with following software: AutoCAD, Teplo 2017 EDU, DEKSOFT, SketchUp and Lumion.

Just nu pågår stora anläggningsprojekt i Stockholm där Trafikverket försöker leda om trafiken från stadskärnan. Därför utfördes projektet Norra länken. Norra länkens tunnelkonstruktion är uppbyggd med ett inklädnadssystem och bergförstärkning som består av sprutbetong. I nuläget saknas information om vilka temperaturer som uppstår i en tunnelkonstruktion och på grund av detta appliceras Trafikverkets generella antagande vid dimensionering av vägtunnlar. Antagandet säger att tunnelkonstruktionens temperatur kommer att motsvara uteluftstemperaturen. Vilket innebär att sprutbetongen behöver vara frostbeständig och därmed appliceras XF4 eller XF2. För att förstå temperaturförhållandet i tunnelkonstruktioner bättre har Trafikverket utfört mätningar i Norra länken. Med ökad förståelse för temperaturförhållandena skulle det vara möjligt att korrigera det nuvarande kraven på exponeringsklasserna. Därmed var syftet med denna rapport att undersöka om mätningarna kunde hjälpa till att utforma ett underlag för framtida val av exponeringsklass i kommande tunnelprojekt med liknade inklädnadssystem. Metoden som användes för att kunna undersöka frågeställningarna var litteraturstudier, studiebesök och analys av mätningarna i Excel. Resultatet visade att bergförstärkningens temperatur aldrig hamnade under 0℃ under perioden som mätningarna erhölls medan inklädnadens temperatur understeg 0℃. Detta innebar att det inte fanns risk för frostskador i bergförstärkningen men att i inklädnaden fanns det risk för det. Däremot när analysen gjordes noterades att två av tre mätstationer blivit vattenskadade och orsakat mycket felaktig data och att all mätdata som erhölls var från milda vintrar. Vilket bidrar till att det finns en osäkerhet kring hur pålitliga mätvärdena var. Från analysen togs slutsatserna att det fanns för lite underlag för att kunna ta beslutet om att ändra val av exponeringsklass inför kommande tunnelprojekt och att Trafikverkets antagande inte stämde. Där av rekommenderas Trafikverket att fortsätta med mätningarna till planerat slutdatum 2025 och på så sätt erhålla tillräckligt med information för att i framtiden kunna utvärdera exponeringsklasserna på nytt. / Trafiverket strives to divert the traffic in Stockholm from the city center. In order to accomplish this, large construction projects are currently being planned and processed. One of them is a tunnel construction called Norra länken. The tunnel construction in Norra länken consists of a cladding system and rock reinforcement consisting of shotcrete. Currently there is not enough information on which temperatures that will occur in the tunnel construction and therefore Trafikverket’s general assumption is applied of when designing road tunnels. This means that the shotcrete needs to be frost resistant and that XF2 and XF4 is applied. In order to understand the temperature conditions in the tunnel construction Trafikverket decided to measure the temperatures in Norra länken. With an increased understanding of the temperature conditions it would be a possibility to alter the exposure classes that are currently applied. The purpose of this report is to investigate whether the resulting measurements could be used to design a basis for future selection of exposure class in coming road tunnel projects with similar cladding systems. For this report literature studies, field trips and analyzes of the measurements in Excel were used as a method to answer these research questions. The result showed that the temperature in the rock reinforcement never fell below 0℃ but that the cladding system did show temperatures below 0℃. Therefor it was only a risk for frostbite in the cladding system. However, when analyzing the data, it was noted that two out of three measuring stations were water damaged which caused a lot of incorrect data. The data was also only obtained from mild winters which makes it difficult to draw general conclusions from it. This contributed to uncertainties about how reliable the measured data was. From the analysis the conclusion was made that there was not enough information to support a decision that would alter the choice of exposure class in future tunnel projects. Thereby Trafikverket was recommended to continue with the measurements until the planed end date 2025 and by doing so they can obtain a sufficient amount of information to evaluate the exposure classes once again. / Temperaturmätning i inklädnadsystem och sprutbetong inom Norra Länken

Just nu pågår stora anläggningsprojekt i Stockholm där Trafikverket försöker leda om trafiken från stadskärnan. Därför utfördes projektet Norra länken. Norra länkens tunnelkonstruktion är uppbyggd med ett inklädnadssystem och bergförstärkning som består av sprutbetong. I nuläget saknas information om vilka temperaturer som uppstår i en tunnelkonstruktion och på grund av detta appliceras Trafikverkets generella antagande vid dimensionering av vägtunnlar. Antagandet säger att tunnelkonstruktionens temperatur kommer att motsvara uteluftstemperaturen. Vilket innebär att sprutbetongen behöver vara frostbeständig och därmed appliceras XF4 eller XF2. För att förstå temperaturförhållandet i tunnelkonstruktioner bättre har Trafikverket utfört mätningar i Norra länken. Med ökad förståelse för temperaturförhållandena skulle det vara möjligt att korrigera det nuvarande kraven på exponeringsklasserna. Därmed var syftet med denna rapport att undersöka om mätningarna kunde hjälpa till att utforma ett underlag för framtida val av exponeringsklass i kommande tunnelprojekt med liknade inklädnadssystem. Metoden som användes för att kunna undersöka frågeställningarna var litteraturstudier, studiebesök och analys av mätningarna i Excel. Resultatet visade att bergförstärkningens temperatur aldrig hamnade under 0℃ under perioden som mätningarna erhölls medan inklädnadens temperatur understeg 0℃. Detta innebar att det inte fanns risk för frostskador i bergförstärkningen men att i inklädnaden fanns det risk för det. Däremot när analysen gjordes noterades att två av tre mätstationer blivit vattenskadade och orsakat mycket felaktig data och att all mätdata som erhölls var från milda vintrar. Vilket bidrar till att det finns en osäkerhet kring hur pålitliga mätvärdena var. Från analysen togs slutsatserna att det fanns för lite underlag för att kunna ta beslutet om att ändra val av exponeringsklass inför kommande tunnelprojekt och att Trafikverkets antagande inte stämde. Där av rekommenderas Trafikverket att fortsätta med mätningarna till planerat slutdatum 2025 och på så sätt erhålla tillräckligt med information för att i framtiden kunna utvärdera exponeringsklasserna på nytt. / Trafiverket strives to divert the traffic in Stockholm from the city center. In order to accomplish this, large construction projects are currently being planned and processed. One of them is a tunnel construction called Norra länken. The tunnel construction in Norra länken consists of a cladding system and rock reinforcement consisting of shotcrete. Currently there is not enough information on which temperatures that will occur in the tunnel construction and therefore Trafikverket’s general assumption is applied of when designing road tunnels. This means that the shotcrete needs to be frost resistant and that XF2 and XF4 is applied. In order to understand the temperature conditions in the tunnel construction Trafikverket decided to measure the temperatures in Norra länken. With an increased understanding of the temperature conditions it would be a possibility to alter the exposure classes that are currently applied. The purpose of this report is to investigate whether the resulting measurements could be used to design a basis for future selection of exposure class in coming road tunnel projects with similar cladding systems. For this report literature studies, field trips and analyzes of the measurements in Excel were used as a method to answer these research questions. The result showed that the temperature in the rock reinforcement never fell below 0℃ but that the cladding system did show temperatures below 0℃. Therefor it was only a risk for frostbite in the cladding system. However, when analyzing the data, it was noted that two out of three measuring stations were water damaged which caused a lot of incorrect data. The data was also only obtained from mild winters which makes it difficult to draw general conclusions from it. This contributed to uncertainties about how reliable the measured data was. From the analysis the conclusion was made that there was not enough information to support a decision that would alter the choice of exposure class in future tunnel projects. Thereby Trafikverket was recommended to continue with the measurements until the planed end date 2025 and by doing so they can obtain a sufficient amount of information to evaluate the exposure classes once again.

The hint of this project was to find the way to transform the cultural buildings from 70`s and 80`s. Espaccialy its the group of buildings in the center of the sity Kopřivnice: cultural house, cinema and museum of technology, which are inapropriatte for its purpose. This transformation also shows new ways to change the whole central part of the city, which is in very insufficient conditions these days.

Ground engaging tools are very important components of machinery for agricultural applications, such as soil tillage. Ploughshare points serve as the first point of contact between ploughs and the hard minerals in the soil. One of the biggest problems that these tools encounter is abrasive wear, which decreases tillage quality, causes frequent tillage stops, increases fuel consumption of the tractor, and results in soil erosion. During this investigation, wear measurement, surface profiling and microscopic analysis were performed on three share point samples running in silica and granite sand – two points were commercial ones made of steel EN 22MnB5 and hardened. They served as commercial references. A third share point was also a commercial EN 22MnB5 one, but not hardened and laser cladded by a Ni-base + 50% carbide powder mix (Höganäs 1559–40 + 50% 4590). The abrasive wear testing was performed in an especially designed carousel tribometer. The laser cladded sample suffered only 30% of the wear shown in the EN 22MnB5 reference sample running under the same conditions. / Jordbearbetningsverktyg är väldigt viktiga komponenter i maskiner för jordbruksapplikationer, såsom jordbearbetning. Det är skärbladet på plogen, den så kallade plogbillen, som står för kontakten mellan plogen och de hårda mineralerna i jorden. Ett av de största problemen som dessa verktyg möter är abrasivnötning, som gör att verktygen efter en tid blir ineffektiva och bland annat orsakar frekventa stopp, erosion av marken och låg jordkvalité på grund av den försämrade jordbearbetningen samt ökar traktorns bränsleförbrukning. I denna undersökning testades provbitar av två olika slags stål runt i kvarts- respektive granitsand, och därefter utfördes mätningar på den nötning som skett samt även ytprofilering och mikroskopi gjordes. Testerna utfördes i kvartsand och i granitsand. Provbitar var två kommerciellt tillverkad härdade skärblad gjorda i stål EN 22MnB5. Ett tredje skärblad var också en komerciellt gjord i EN 22MnB5 stål men ohärdad och laserpåsvetsad med Ni-bas + 50% karbid pulverblandning (Höganäs 1559-40 +50% 4590). Provkörningarna utfördes i en speciellt utvecklad karusell-tribometer. Resultatet från provningarna visade att i fallet med laserpåsvetsade bitarna så var nötningen endast 30% relativt nötningen som EN 22MnB5-provet uppvisade under samma förutsättningar.

No description available.

A arquitetura erigida pelo Movimento Moderno - inovadora tanto em suas formas quanto em seus materiais - envelheceu sem a aplicação dos conceitos de conservação tão em voga atualmente e, por isso, observa-se um grande número de exemplares em processo de degradação, necessitando intervenção imediata. Dentre eles está o Edifício Copan, reconhecido social e oficialmente como patrimônio arquitetônico, foi projetado por Oscar Niemeyer no início da década de 1950 e tombado pelo CONPRESP - Conselho Municipal de Preservação do Patrimônio Histórico, Cultural e Ambiental da Cidade de São Paulo em 2012. Ao longo dos anos suas icônicas fachadas sofreram com ações das intempéries e ausência de manutenção, sendo necessário restaurá-las, pois apresentavam um avançado estado de degradação. Neste contexto destaca-se a importância de um planejamento que contemple ações de manutenção preventiva, pela ótica da conservação do patrimônio, de modo a minorar a deterioração natural de seus elementos e componentes, mitigando a necessidade de substituições. Assim sendo, são propostos neste trabalho, dois instrumentos de proteção para as fachadas do Copan: o Plano de Conservação e o Manual de Uso, Operação e Manutenção. O primeiro apresenta os valores culturais atribuídos ao patrimônio, a hierarquização dos elementos representativos e as políticas, apontando o que deve ser conservado. Enquanto que o manual descreve as ações de manutenção, a periodicidade e os registros das ações realizadas, mostrando como preservar. A metodologia aplicada consiste na revisão da bibliografia internacional e nacional relacionada ao tema e no levantamento e análise de informações técnicas do Edifício COPAN, tendo como resultado a documentação das transformações projetuais e durante a construção, das características arquitetônicas por meio da realização do as built, dos componentes originais e dos especificados para a restauração. Conclui-se que a maior problemática da conservação do patrimônio moderno é pelo fato do mesmo ser entendido de forma diferente dos edifícios seculares, pois o curto distanciamento temporal conduz a uma propensão de intervenções corretivas que não seguem os princípios da restauração e os valores no âmbito do patrimônio histórico. Espera-se que os instrumentos propostos sejam exigências documentais no âmbito do patrimônio histórico e arquitetônico, visando também a conscientização sobre a importância da manutenção preventiva e da prevalência da conservação sobre a restauração na arquitetura moderna. / The architecture built by the Modern Movement - innovative both in shape and materials - aged without the application of the preservation concepts so in vogue today and, thus, a large number of examples are observed in degradation, requiring immediate intervention. Among these is the Copan building, which is socially and officially recognized as an architectural heritage, designed by Oscar Niemeyer in the beginning of the 1950s and made into a listed building by CONPRESP - Municipal Council for the Preservation of Historical, Cultural and Environmental Heritage of the City of São Paulo in 2012. During the years its iconic facades suffered from the actions of bad weather and the lack of maintenance, requiring their restoration, because they showed advanced state of degradation. In this context, emphasis is laid on the importance of planning that contemplates preventive maintenance action, from the perspective of the conservation of the patrimony, in order to mitigate the natural deterioration of its elements and components, mitigating the need for replacements. Therefore, this work proposes two instruments of protection for the facades of Copan: Conservation Plan and the Use, Operation and Maintenance Manual. The first presents the cultural values attributed to the patrimony, the hierarchization of the representative elements and the policies, highlighting what should be conserved. While the manual describes the maintenance actions, periodicity and records of actions performed, showing how to preserve. The methodology applied consists of the international and national bibliography related to the subject and of the survey and analysis of technical information of the Copan Building, which results in the documentation of the design transformations, and during construction, the architectural features through the execution of as built, of the original components and the specifications for restoration. It is concluded that the major problem of the conservation of modern heritage is the fact that it is considered different from secular buildings, because the short temporal distance leads to a propensity for corrective interventions that are not according to the principles of restoration and values within the scope of historical heritage. It is expected that the instruments proposed become documental requirements in the scope of historical and architectural heritage, also aimed at raising awareness regarding the importance of preventive maintenance and the prevalence of preservation over restoration in modern architecture.

Dans le cadre de ce travail, nous nous sommes intéressés à un concept innovant d’empoisonnement homogène des neutrons par insertion de terres rare (erbium et gadolinium) dans les gaines en alliage de zirconium pour les réacteurs à eau pressurisée. L’étude des équilibres entre phases des alliages erbium–zirconium et gadolinium–zirconium est indispensable comme préalable à la mise en oeuvre industrielle de ce procédé prometteur d’empoisonnement. Ce travail a consisté à déterminer expérimentalement le diagramme de phases du système erbium–zirconium. Nous avons, par le biais de différentes caractérisations, obtenu des données diagrammatiques. Avec celles-ci, nous proposons un nouveau tracé du diagramme de phases. Celui-ci est radicalement différent de celui disponible dans la littérature. Nous avons modélisé le système par l’approche CALPHAD. Nous avons également déterminé les limites de solubilité des solutions solides terminales du système gadolinium–zirconium. Les données obtenues expérimentalement sont en accord avec le tracé expérimental de la littérature et avec le modèle thermodynamique disponible. Afin de prendre en compte l’oxydation des gaines en service, nous nous sommes également intéressés aux systèmes erbium–oxygène–zirconium et gadolinium–oxygène–zirconium. Le premier système a fait l’objet d’une étude expérimentale. Nous avons mis en place un procédé de synthèse par métallurgie des poudres, incluant la synthèse de celles-ci à partir de métaux massifs. La caractérisation des échantillons ternaires nous a permis de proposer deux coupes isothermes (800°C et 1100°C). Pour le système gadolinium–oxygène–zirconium, nous avons prédit les équilibres entre phases à différentes températures à l’aide de calculs effectués à partir d’une base de données que nous avons construite avec les modèles thermodynamiques de la littérature des systèmes oxygène–zirconium, gadolinium–zirconium et sesquioxyde de gadolinium–zircone. Enfin, nous avons travaillé avec des alliages erbium–zirconium fabriqués en milieu industriel. Nous nous sommes intéressés à leurs propriétés mécaniques en traction, en lien avec leur microstructure. Nous avons mis en évidence l’effet durcissant de l’erbium, notamment à 325‰°C / This work is a contribution to the development of innovating concepts for fuel cladding in pressurized water nuclear reactors. This concept implies the insertion of rare earth (erbium and gadolinium) in the zirconium fuel cladding. The determination of the phase equilibrium in the systems is essential prior to the realisation of such a promising solution. This study consisted in the experimental determination of the erbium–zirconium phase diagram. For this, we used many different techniques to get diagram data like solubility limits and solidus, liquidus or invariant temperatures. With these data, we were able to give a new diagram, very different from the literature one. With the experimental data we collected, we also assessed the diagram, using the CALPHAD approach. In this work, we also determined the solubility limits of the gadolinium–zirconium system. Those limits had never been determined before, and the values we obtained are in excellent agreement with the experimental and with the assessed diagrams. Because these alloys are subjected to oxygen diffusion throughout their life, we focused our attention on the erbium–oxygen–zirconium and gadolinium–oxygen–zirconium system. The first system has been investigated experimentally.We used many different synthesis techniques, and we finally have opted for a powder metallurgy one. As raw material, we fabricated powder from erbium and zirconium bulk metals using hydrogen absorption/desorption. With the formed ternary pellets, we investigated the phase equilibria at 800°C and 1100°C. With the obtained data, we propose two isotherms at those two temperatures. For the gadolinium–oxygen–zirconium system, we calculated the phase equilibria at temperatures ranging from 800°C to 1100‰°C, using a homemade database compiled from literature assessments of the oxygen–zirconium, gadolinium–zirconium et gadolia-zirconia systems. We also determined the mechanical properties, in connexion with the microstructure, of industrial quality alloys in order to identify the influence of erbium content. We highlighted the hardening influence of erbium at 325‰°C

Reatores PWR empregam, como combustível nuclear, pastilhas de UO2 acondicionadas em tubos de ligas de zircônio, chamados de encamisamento. Na sua fabricação são gerados cavacos de usinagem que não podem ser descartados, pois a reciclagem deste material é estratégica quanto aos aspectos de tecnologia nuclear, econômicos e ambientais. As ligas nucleares têm altíssimo custo e não são produzidas no Brasil, sendo importadas para a fabricação do combustível nuclear. Neste trabalho são abordados dois métodos para reciclar os cavacos de Zircaloy. No primeiro, os cavacos foram fundidos utilizando um forno elétrico a arco para obter lingotes. O segundo usa a técnica da metalurgia do pó, onde os cavacos foram submetidos à hidretação e o pó resultante foi moído e isostaticamente prensado e, a seguir, sinterizado a vácuo. A composição química, as fases presentes e a dureza no material foram determinadas. Os lingotes foram tratados termicamente e laminados, sendo que as microestruturas foram caracterizadas por microscopia óptica e eletrônica de varredura. Os resultados para ambos os métodos mostraram que a composição do Zircaloy reciclado cumpre as especificações químicas e apresentaram microestrutura adequada para uso nuclear. Os bons resultados do método de metalurgia do pó sugerem a possibilidade de produzir pequenas peças, como as tampas do encamisamento - end-caps, usando a sinterização no formato quase final (near net shape). / PWR reactors employ, as nuclear fuel, UO2 pellets with Zircaloy clad. In the fabrication of fuel element parts, machining chips from the alloys are generated. As the Zircaloy chips cannot be discarded as ordinary metallic waste, the recycling of this material is important for the Brazilian Nuclear Policy, which targets the reprocess of Zircaloy residues for economic and environmental aspects. This work presents two methods developed in order to recycle Zircaloy chips. In one of the methods, Zircaloy machining chips were refused using an electric-arc furnace to obtain small laboratory ingots. The second one uses powder metallurgy techniques, where the chips were submitted to hydriding process and the resulting material was milled, isostatically pressed and vacuum sintered. The ingots were heat-treated by vacuum annealing. The microstructures resulting from both processing methods were characterized using optical and scanning electron microscopies. Chemical composition, crystal phases and hardness were also determined. The results showed that the composition of recycled Zircaloy comply with the chemical specifications and presented adequate microstructure for nuclear use. The good results of the powder metallurgy method suggest the possibility of producing small parts, like cladding end-caps, using near net shape sintering.

<p>Presently there is a clear trend of increasing demands on in-pile performance of nuclear fuel. Higher target burnups, part length rods and various fuel additives are some examples of this trend. Together with an increasing demand from the public for even safer nuclear power utilisation, this implies an increased focus on various experimental, preferably non-destructive, methods to characterise the fuel.</p><p>This thesis focuses on the development and experimental evaluation of such methods. In its first part, the thesis presents a method based on gamma-ray spectroscopy with germanium detectors that have been used at various power reactors in Europe. The aim with these measurements is to provide information about the thermal power distribution within fuel assemblies in order to validate core physics production codes. The early closure of the Barsebäck 1 BWR offered a unique opportunity to perform such validations before complete depletion of burnable absorbers in Gd-rods had taken place. To facilitate the measurements, a completely submersible measuring system, LOKET, was developed allowing for convenient in-pool measurements to be performed.</p><p>In its second part, the thesis describes methods that utilise in-pile measurements. These methods have been used in the Halden test-reactor for determination of fission gas release, pellet-cladding interaction studies and fuel development studies.</p><p>Apart from the power measurements, the LOKET device has been used for fission gas release (FGR) measurements on single fuel rods. The significant reduction in fission gas release in the modern fuel designs, in comparison with older designs, has been demonstrated in a series of experiments. A FGR database covering a wide range of burnup, power histories and fuel designs has been compiled and used for fuel performance analysis. The fission gas release has been measured on fuel rods with average burnups well above 60 MWd/kgU. The comparison between core physics calculations (PHOENIX-4/POLCA-7) and the in-pool measurements of thermal power indicates that the nodal power can generally be predicted with an accuracy within 4% and the bundle power with an accuracy better than 2%, expressed as rms errors.</p><p>In-pile experiments have successfully simulated the conditions that occur in a fuel rod following a primary debris failure, being secondary fuel degradation. It was concluded that massive hydrogen pick-up takes place during the first few days following the primary failure and that a pre-oxidized layer does not function as a barrier towards hydriding in an environment with a very high partial pressure of hydrogen. Another series of in-pile experiments clearly indicate that increased UO₂ grain size is an effective way of suppressing fission gas release in LWR fuel up to the burnup level covered (55 MWd/kgUO₂).</p>