Ce travail de thèse propose d’approfondir la compréhension de l’anorexie de l’adolescente à partir d’une méthodologie projective (Rorschach et T.A.T.).Il révèle notamment la présence d’une instabilité des frontières du Moi et un dépassement insuffisant des conflits prégénitaux venant influer sur la construction du féminin et favoriser le recours à des défenses de type phalliques narcissiques permettant d’éviter tout autant le vécu de séparation que celui de dépendance.Ce travail met par ailleurs en évidence un traitement singulier des fantasmes de séduction marqué par un renversement de la construction hystérique, l’insuffisance du refoulement et l’impossibilité à investir une position passive venant entraîner un vécu spécifique marqué par une exacerbation des angoisses persécutives qui paraît liée au caractère insuffisamment sécurisé des frontières propres et à la difficulté de régulation de l’excitation pulsionnelle.Dans son approche différentielle, ce travail révèle également chez les patientes présentant un profil restrictif une plus grande efficience des défenses narcissiques en comparaison des patientes présentant un tableau d’anorexie-boulimie où la problématique de porosité des enveloppes et les difficultés de maniement pulsionnel se dévoilent davantage. Les problématiques mobilisées paraissent néanmoins semblables. L’apport de cette recherche se situe davantage dans la mise en évidence de mouvements de clivage au Moi pouvant conduire à deux types d’aménagements distincts venant s’exercer soit sur un mode persécutif, soit sur un mode adhésif, avec une influence sur le type de structuration psychique de ces adolescentes se révélant indépendante des formes symptomatiques tout en pouvant correspondre à deux temps distincts de la maladie. / This paper attempts to go further into female teen anorexia from the perspective of a projective methodology. It brings particularly to light the presence of a blurred frontier of the Ego and an insufficient expansion of pregenital conflicts which affects the construction of the feminine and facilitates resorting to a narcissistic phallic type of defense which helps avoid the experience of separation as much as that of dependency.This paper brings further to light a particular handling of seduction fantasies marked by a reversal of hysterical construction, insufficient repression and the impossibility to invest a passive position. This leads to a specific real life experience marked by an exacerbation of persecution anxiety which seem to be linked to both the insufficiently secured nature of instinctive excitation and the difficulty to regulate it. From its differential approach, this paper also highlights a better efficiency of narcissist defense in those female patients presenting a restrictive profile compared with those presenting anorexia-bulimia stigmas where porosity of envelopes and difficulty of handling drive are more apparent. However, the issues raised appear to be similar.This research paper brings brings further highlight to the cleavage process phenomenon in the Ego leading of anorectic patients to two distinctive types of psychic adjustments which expresses itself either on a persecution mode or adhesive one. This in turn has an influence on the type of psychic structures in female teens which turn out to be independent from symptomatic forms while they may at the same time correspond to two different stages of the illness.

Esta dissertação descreve os resultados obtidos no estudo da clivagem oxidativa de beta-hidróxi-éteres bicíclicos promovida por RuO4 catalítico visando à obtenção de ceto-lactonas de anel médio (9 e 10 membros). Um dos objetivos deste trabalho foi verificar o uso de solventes não clorados, uma vez que as condições clássicas para reações com RuO4 envolvem o uso de CCl4. Foram utilizados dois sistemas solventes: um homogêneo composto por MeCN e H2O (1:1) e um sistema bifásico composto por AcOEt/MeCN/H2O (2:2:3). Ambos os sistemas solventes mostraram-se viáveis para estas reações, levando a obtenção de ceto-lactonas de 9 e 10 membros em rendimentos moderados, mas inferiores aos rendimentos obtidos quando empregada a mistura CCl4/MeCN/H2O (2:2:3). Além disso, foi estudado o uso de Oxone como co-oxidante nas reações de clivagem oxidativa promovidas por RuO4, em substituição ao NaIO4 amplamente empregado nestas reações de oxidação. Contudo, o uso de Oxone levou a resultados insatisfatórios em comparação com aqueles obtidos com NaIO4. / This dissertation presents the results obtained during the study of oxidative cleavage of bicyclic beta-hydroxyethers promoted by catalytic RuO4 aiming at obtention of medium ring keto-lactones (9 and 10 members). One of the aims of this work was to verify the use of non chlorinated solvents since the classic conditions for the RuO4 reactions involve the use of CCl4. Two solvents systems were used: a homogeneous one composed of MeCN and H2O (1:1) and a biphasic one composed by AcOEt/MeCN/H2O (2:2:3). Both solvents systems were useful in these reactions, leading to 9 and 10 membered keto-lactones in moderate yields. However, the yields were lower than those observed when the mixture CCl4/MeCN/H2O (2:2:3) was employed. Moreover, the use of Oxone as co-oxidant in the reactions of oxidative cleavage promoted by RuO4 was investigated in replacement of NaIO4, widely employed in these oxidation reactions. However, the use of Oxone led to unsatisfactory results in comparison with those obtained with NaIO4.

Die vorliegende Arbeit behandelt die Embryonalentwicklung des Rankenfußkrebses Elminius modestus (Thecostraca: Cirripedia). Der Entwicklungsprozess wurde mithilfe unterschiedlicher Methoden wie 4D Mikroskopie, in vivo Einzelzellmarkierungen, Fluoreszenzhistochemie und konfokaler Laserscanningmikroskopie in Verbindung mit 3D Rekonstruktionen untersucht. Die Furchung von E. modestus ist total, inequal in Bezug auf die Dotterzelle und asynchron mit einem anterior-posterioren Gradienten. Der gesamte Prozess folgt einem strengen Teilungsmuster mit nur sehr geringer Variabilität. Eine davon stellt das Auftreten spiegelbildlicher Embryonen ab dem 4-Zell. Die Keimblattdifferenzierung wurde vor allem mittels in vivo Zellmarkierungen untersucht. Die Trennung der endodermalen und endomesodemalen Keimblätter erfolgt nach der vierten Furchungsteilung, die Trennung des Ectomesoderm nach der sechsten Teilung. Die Urkeimzellen sind aller Wahrscheinlichkeit nach ein Produkt der siebten Furchungsteilung der Dotterzellen (3Da und 3Dp). Im Zuge der Untersuchung konnte die Zelllinie jedes Keimblattes rekonstruiert werden, die Zellschicksale der Abkömmlinge der Quadranten wurde bis zum 16-Zell Stadium beschrieben. Das Ectoderm entspringt allen vier Quadranten, ebenso das Ectomesoderm (die letzten identifizierten Mesectoblasten sind 3A, 3B, 3C, 1drp und 1dlp). Endoderm und Endomesoderm entwickeln sich aus einzelnen Vorläuferzellen im 16-Zell Stadium (2D bzw. 2d). Das Auftreten nur eines einzelnen Endoblasten stellt eine mögliche Apomorphie aller Ecdysozoa dar. Das Vorhandensein eines einzelnen Mesendoblasten wird als mögliches Merkmal des Grundmusters aller Protostomia in Betracht gezogen. / The present work is devoted to the embryonic development of the thoracican barnacle Elminius modestus (Thecostraca: Cirripedia). The developmental process was investigated by means of different techniques like 4D microscopy, in vivo labelling, fluorescent histochemistry, and confocal laser scanning microscopy combined with 3D reconstructions. The cleavage of E. modestus is total, unequal with regards to the yolky cell, and asynchronous with an anterior-posterior gradient. The entire process appears to follow a strict pattern of divisions with very little variability, one of which includes the occurrence of mirror image embryos from the 4-cell stage on. The germ layer differentiation was mainly studied by means of in vivo labelling. The segregation of the endodermal and the endomesodemal germ layers are shown to happen after the fourth division, whereas the ectomesoderm segregates after the sixth division. The primordial germ cells are suggested to be a product of the seventh cleavage division of the yolky cells (3Da and 3Dp). During the research the cell lineage of each germ layer was established, the fates of the quadrant descendants are described up to the 16-cell stage. The ectoderm originates from four quadrants, as does the ectomesoderm (the last identified mesectoblasts are 3A, 3B, 3C, 1drp, and 1dlp). The endoderm and the endomesoderm develop from single precursors at the 16-cell stage (2D and 2d, respectively). The presence of only a single endoblastic cell, might represent an apomorphy for the entire group of Ecdysozoa. A singular mesendoblast is suggested to be a possible feature in the developmental ground pattern of all Protostomia.

Die Verpackung und Spaltung konkatemerer DNA ist ein essentieller Prozeß bei der Reifung von Virionen. Die an diesem Prozess maßgeblich beteiligten Proteine werden als Terminase bezeichnet. Die Inhibition der HCMV Terminase bietet einen attraktiven alternativen Ansatzpunkt für die antivirale Therapie. Zur Inhibition der Terminase Aktivität wurden die neuen Benzimidazol D-Ribonukleosid Derivate BTCRB und Cl4RB auf ihre antivirale Wirkung analysiert. Die neuen Benzimidazol D-Ribonukleosid Derivate BTCRB und Cl4RB zeigten sowohl gegen den HCMV Laborstamm AD169 als auch gegen klinische HCMV-Isolaten eine Wirkung. Weiterhin wurde die Wirksamkeit der Substanzen auf anderen Herpesviren getestet. Interessanterweise zeigten BTCRB und Cl4RB sowohl einen Effekt gegen Varicella-Zoster-Virus (VZV) als auch Ratten-Cytomegalovirus (RCMV), wohingegen der Effekt gegen Herpes-simplex-Virus Typ-1 (HSV-1) und Maus-Cytomegalovirus (MCMV) gering war. Infolgedessen eignen sich beide Substanzen BTCRB und Cl4RB als attraktive alternative Inhibitoren für die weitere Entwicklung einer antiviralen Therapie. / DNA packaging is the key step in viral maturation and involves binding and cleavage of viral DNA containing specific DNA-packaging motifs. This process is mediated by a group of specific enzymes called terminase. The development for an inhibitor of HCMV terminase would be of great value, because it would act subsequent to DNA synthesis and block the first steps in viral maturation. Therefore we characterized two inhibitors targeting the HCMV terminase, 2-bromo-4,5,6-trichloro-1-(2,3,5-tri-O-acetly-ß-D-ribofuranosyl) benzimidazole (BTCRB) and 2,4,5,6-tetrachloro-1-(2,3,5-tri-O-acetly-ß-D-ribofuranosyl) benzimidazole (Cl4RB). By using viral plaque formation, viral yield, viral growth kinetics and electron microscopy, we demonstrated that two compounds BTCRB und Cl4RB are highly active against HCMV AD 169 and HCMV clinical isolates. In addition, the antiviral effect on other herpesviruses was determined. Interestingly BTCRB was active all tested herpesviruses. The best effects were observed on VZV-and RCMV-infected cells. Therefore new compounds might be promising attractive compounds for antiviral therapy in the future.

Les conceptions traditionnelles de l’État sont amenées à se transformer sous les pressions du processus d’intégration européenne. Cette thèse propose de le vérifier par une analyse herméneutique comparée des manuels scolaires d’Histoire et de Géographie édités au cours des cinquante dernières années et destinés aux élèves de l’enseignement général secondaire supérieur en France, en Angleterre, au Bade-Wurtemberg, en Catalogne, en Communauté française de Belgique et en Finlande. Ces disciplines jouent un rôle particulier dans la mesure où les savoirs mobilisés participent à la construction et au maintien des mécanismes d’identifications collectives. Les manuels concernés contribuent à définir et circonscrire un « nous » et organisent les connaissances autour de cet axe. De nos jours, ce « nous » correspond encore largement aux communautés nationales ou qui ont vocation à le devenir. Cette étude se focalise essentiellement sur le concept de l’État, curseur privilégié de la compréhension de la vie politique. Comment celui-ci est-il appréhendé dans ces ouvrages et dans quelle mesure le processus d’intégration européenne provoque-t-il une inflexion des conceptions initiales? L’État apparaît comme un concept important dans les manuels scolaires et constitue le cadre à partir duquel s’interprète l’histoire. Mais s’il est abondamment mentionné, il est peu rigoureusement défini et son interprétation passe nécessairement par la compréhension des rapports centre/périphérie qui structurent chaque pays. À ce stade, l’introduction de l’Union européenne se montre partout très timide et son approche se lit largement à travers le prisme des spécificités nationales persistantes. / Traditional concepts of the state are changing under the pressure of Europeanization. This dissertation seeks to verify this thesis through a comparative hermeneutic analysis of history and geography textbooks used over the past fifty years in the upper secondary schools of France, England, Baden-Württemberg, Catalonia, Finland, and the French Community of Belgium. These disciplines play a key role, since the knowledge they convey contributes to building and maintaining a sense of collective identity. Textbooks help define who “we” are, and organize knowledge around this axis. In our time, this “we” still corresponds largely to existing or potential national communities.This study focuses largely on the concept of the state as the central indicator for the understanding of political life. How has this concept been understood and presented in textbooks, and to what extent has the process of European Integration led to a change in emphasis? The state remains an important concept in textbooks, and remains the framework within history is interpreted. While it is frequently mentioned, however, it is not rigorously defined, and the interpretation of the state is influenced by centre-periphery relations, as these are found in each country. At this stage, the introduction of the European Union is generally very limited and is approached largely through the lens of persistent national specificity.

Nessa dissertação, o objetivo principal é a análise da checagem de foco da categoria sujeito no cabo-verdiano, variedade de São Nicolau, região de Barlavento. No tocante à introdução dos aspectos sociolinguísticos do cabo-verdiano de São Nicolau, o trabalho corrobora que a morfossintaxe nominal e verbal da língua atesta marcas de flexão, como por exemplo, o gênero, o número e marca de flexão verbal. O resultado do estudo, a partir do alargamento do corpus, submetido à ferramenta Praat, ratifica a análise realizada por Lopes & Zanoli (2012): o foco da categoria sujeito nessa variedade de Barlavento só pode ser realizado por meio de estruturas clivadas. No entanto, a análise amplia o escopo do estudo anterior: aponta três tipos de clivadas que marcam a tipologia do foco em São Nicolau e identifica, por meio da análise entoacional, a predominância de um acento bitonal específico do foco na língua: L+H*. / In this dissertation, the main goal is the analysis of the checks \'focus\' category \'subject\' in Cape Verde, variety of St. Nicholas, the Windward area. Regarding the introduction of the sociolinguistic aspects of Cape Verde of St. Nicholas, the work confirms that the nominal and verbal morphosyntax of the language attests brands flexion, for example, the \'gender\', the \'number\' and verbal inflection. The result of the study, from the extension of the corpora underwent Praat tool, confirms the analysis by Lopes & Zanoli (2012): the focus of the category \'subject\' in this variety Windward can only be accomplished through cleaved structures. However, the analysis expands the scope of the previous study: Three types of cleaved marking the typology of \'focus\' on St. Nicholas and identifies, by means of analysis intonation, the predominance of a bitonal accent specific focus on language: L + H *.

Esta dissertação descreve os resultados obtidos no estudo da clivagem oxidativa de beta-hidróxi-éteres bicíclicos promovida por RuO4 catalítico visando à obtenção de ceto-lactonas de anel médio (9 e 10 membros). Um dos objetivos deste trabalho foi verificar o uso de solventes não clorados, uma vez que as condições clássicas para reações com RuO4 envolvem o uso de CCl4. Foram utilizados dois sistemas solventes: um homogêneo composto por MeCN e H2O (1:1) e um sistema bifásico composto por AcOEt/MeCN/H2O (2:2:3). Ambos os sistemas solventes mostraram-se viáveis para estas reações, levando a obtenção de ceto-lactonas de 9 e 10 membros em rendimentos moderados, mas inferiores aos rendimentos obtidos quando empregada a mistura CCl4/MeCN/H2O (2:2:3). Além disso, foi estudado o uso de Oxone como co-oxidante nas reações de clivagem oxidativa promovidas por RuO4, em substituição ao NaIO4 amplamente empregado nestas reações de oxidação. Contudo, o uso de Oxone levou a resultados insatisfatórios em comparação com aqueles obtidos com NaIO4. / This dissertation presents the results obtained during the study of oxidative cleavage of bicyclic beta-hydroxyethers promoted by catalytic RuO4 aiming at obtention of medium ring keto-lactones (9 and 10 members). One of the aims of this work was to verify the use of non chlorinated solvents since the classic conditions for the RuO4 reactions involve the use of CCl4. Two solvents systems were used: a homogeneous one composed of MeCN and H2O (1:1) and a biphasic one composed by AcOEt/MeCN/H2O (2:2:3). Both solvents systems were useful in these reactions, leading to 9 and 10 membered keto-lactones in moderate yields. However, the yields were lower than those observed when the mixture CCl4/MeCN/H2O (2:2:3) was employed. Moreover, the use of Oxone as co-oxidant in the reactions of oxidative cleavage promoted by RuO4 was investigated in replacement of NaIO4, widely employed in these oxidation reactions. However, the use of Oxone led to unsatisfactory results in comparison with those obtained with NaIO4.

Nessa dissertação, o objetivo principal é a análise da checagem de foco da categoria sujeito no cabo-verdiano, variedade de São Nicolau, região de Barlavento. No tocante à introdução dos aspectos sociolinguísticos do cabo-verdiano de São Nicolau, o trabalho corrobora que a morfossintaxe nominal e verbal da língua atesta marcas de flexão, como por exemplo, o gênero, o número e marca de flexão verbal. O resultado do estudo, a partir do alargamento do corpus, submetido à ferramenta Praat, ratifica a análise realizada por Lopes & Zanoli (2012): o foco da categoria sujeito nessa variedade de Barlavento só pode ser realizado por meio de estruturas clivadas. No entanto, a análise amplia o escopo do estudo anterior: aponta três tipos de clivadas que marcam a tipologia do foco em São Nicolau e identifica, por meio da análise entoacional, a predominância de um acento bitonal específico do foco na língua: L+H*. / In this dissertation, the main goal is the analysis of the checks \'focus\' category \'subject\' in Cape Verde, variety of St. Nicholas, the Windward area. Regarding the introduction of the sociolinguistic aspects of Cape Verde of St. Nicholas, the work confirms that the nominal and verbal morphosyntax of the language attests brands flexion, for example, the \'gender\', the \'number\' and verbal inflection. The result of the study, from the extension of the corpora underwent Praat tool, confirms the analysis by Lopes & Zanoli (2012): the focus of the category \'subject\' in this variety Windward can only be accomplished through cleaved structures. However, the analysis expands the scope of the previous study: Three types of cleaved marking the typology of \'focus\' on St. Nicholas and identifies, by means of analysis intonation, the predominance of a bitonal accent specific focus on language: L + H *.

The Islamist movements operate in all the countries of the Middle East and North Africa region. The mother organization, which is also best-known among the movements, is the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt, whose ideas spread quickly into other countries in the region. Although the Islamist movements are ideologically different, they have one similar attribute - focus on various social issues as well as the fact that they originally profiled as charity organizations and they have only recently entered the political scene. The main goal of this diploma thesis is to analyze and compare the activities and achievements of the Muslim Brotherhood (The Freedom and Justice party) and The Movement of Islamic Tendency (The Ennadhda party) within the political systems in Egypt and Tunisia. The thesis also aims at verifying explanatory cleavage of Islamist electorate based on the cleavage theory within Egypt and Tunisia. The biggest success of the Islamist movements so far meant the changes after the Arab Spring. Following this event the Islamist movements won the first free parliamentary election in both countries. However, the political activities of the Muslim Brotherhood did not last so long in Egypt - nowadays the movement exists only illegally and it has been in a difficult position. On the contrary, the...

La transformation d'alcènes par oxydation peut conduire à des familles de composés à plus haute valeur ajoutée utilisés comme intermédiaires de synthèse dans les domaines de l'industrie chimique, pharmaceutique, cosmétique et de la parfumerie. L'objectif de ce projet est de développer un procédé intégré économiquement et écologiquement viable pour la production industrielle d'acides mono et di-carboxyliques via l'oxydation de dérivés d'huiles végétales. La méthode de synthèse proposée repose sur deux étapes consécutives mettant en œuvre la formation de diols correspondants, aujourd'hui bien maîtrisée par OLEON à l'échelle pilote, suivit de La préparation d'acides carboxyliques en milieu oxydant et en présence d'un catalyseur supporté. L'originalité et la force du procédé proposé résident dans la réalisation de cette transformation faite en présence d'oxygène et d'un catalyseur supporté. Une compréhension fine du mécanisme a été nécessaire pour nous permettre d'une part d'atteindre des rendements élevés en produits désirés et d'autre part de lever les difficultés inhérentes à la montée en échelle. L'analyse des intermédiaires réactionnels ainsi que l'élaboration de méthodologies innovantes d'accès à ces intermédiaires ont été considérées. L'objectif final de ce projet est la mise en place d'un procédé intégré dédié à la transformation de dérivés d'huile végétale en produits chimiques valorisables / Oxidation reactions are widely practiced in the Chemical Industry and products obtained through this method represent a huge market. The transformation of alkenes through oxidation processes leads to the production of a large panel of compounds that are used as such or as intermediates in the preparation of organic chemicals, perfumes, cosmetics or pharmaceutical products. The aim of this project is to develop an economically and environmentally viable integrated process for the industrial production of mono and di-carboxylic acids of high purity from the oxidative cleavage of vegetable oils. The synthetic process, dealing with the cleavage of unsaturated fatty acids, involves two distinct successive steps. The formation of the corresponding diols, a well mastered transformation at pilot scale recently patented by OLEON, then the production of mono and dicarboxylic acids in oxidative conditions, which is the key challenging step The originality and the strength of the proposed process are to perform this second transformation with oxygen as oxidant and in the presence of a supported catalyst. Nevertheless, a full understanding of the mechanism is required in order to reach high yields and selectivity in one hand and to facilitate the scale-up stage in an other hand. The analysis and new synthesis methodology of this intermediates was considered. The final objective of this project is to set up an integrated process from the initial chosen feedstock down to the valuable chemicals