Tesis por compendio / [ES] Se ha demostrado que los pavimentos permeables conforman una herramienta eficiente para la mejora de la calidad del agua de escorrentía urbana. No obstante, su funcionamiento puede verse afectado negativamente cuando reciben escorrentías con una elevada carga de sedimento en suspensión, llegando a colmatar la estructura. Además, la fuerte correlación que existe entre el comportamiento de sólidos en suspensión y microplásticos, sugiere pensar que los pavimentos permeables pueden representar un gran potencial para evitar que estos contaminantes alcancen el medio ambiente. De este modo, la presente Tesis Doctoral trata de profundizar en el conocimiento del comportamiento hidráulico de los pavimentos permeables, así como en su capacidad para el tratamiento de la escorrentía urbana, poniendo especial énfasis en la gestión de contaminantes emergentes como los microplásticos. La Tesis Doctoral se presenta en formato por compendio de 4 artículos. El Artículo 1 revisa el estado actual de las normas y criterios de diseño de estructuras de pavimento permeable que recogen las principales guías básicas españolas para el diseño de SUDS. Además, discute las principales y más recientes innovaciones llevadas a cabo en España en el ámbito de esta técnica. Por último, se identifican las principales barreras que impiden formalizar la implementación de los pavimentos permeables en las ciudades, y propone una serie de recomendaciones para ser incorporadas a los documentos de referencia para el diseño de estas estructuras. Con el objetivo de contribuir a resolver las limitaciones identificadas en el capítulo anterior, el Artículo 2 examina el comportamiento hidrológico y ambiental de un pavimento permeable de asfalto poroso, sometido a colmatación prolongada en el tiempo, empleando sedimentos reales de diferentes características físicas y ambientales. Finalmente, se estudia la movilización (distribución y destino) de los sedimentos empleados en la investigación, en función de los procesos de filtración, retención y producción de escorrentía superficial. Los SUDS se confirman como herramientas eficaces en la gestión de contaminantes presentes en las escorrentías urbanas. El reciente descubrimiento de la fuerte correlación entre uno de los contaminantes que más eficientemente retienen (sólidos en suspensión), y los microplásticos, plantea la cuestión sobre cómo responderán ante la presencia de este contaminante emergente. El Artículo 3, muestra una exhaustiva revisión y recopilación del potencial de las diferentes tipologías de SUDS para la gestión de microplásticos presentes en la escorrentía urbana. Además, analiza la capacidad de retención de microplásticos de las técnicas estudiadas, así como la distribución de partículas en su estructura. Por último, se identifican posibilidades de mejora en su diseño. A pesar de que todavía falta mucho por investigar en este campo, cada vez son más los trabajos que estudian los SUDS como herramienta de control de microplásticos. Humedales artificiales, estanques, o elementos de biorretención y filtración, son las tipologías de más analizadas hasta el momento, siendo muy escasos los estudios que se han centrado de los pavimentos permeables. Con el objetivo de ampliar y contribuir al conocimiento respecto de esta técnica, el Artículo 4 examina de manera experimental el comportamiento de varias estructuras piloto de pavimento permeable para el control de microplásticos. Además, determina la capacidad de retención de microplásticos, a nivel global y capa por capa, estudiando la influencia de varios factores como el modo de entrada de agua y de microplásticos en el pavimento permeable, el tipo de superficie permeable empleada, el número de capas de geotextil dispuestas, y la incorporación de material adsorbente en la estructura. / [CA] Ha quedat demostrat que els paviments permeables són una eina eficient per a millorar la qualitat de l'aigua de l'escorrentia urbana. No obstant això, el seu funcionament pot veure's afectat negativament quan reben escorrenties amb una elevada càrrega de sediments en suspensió, arribant a colmatar l'estructura. A més, la forta correlació que existeix entre el comportament dels sòlids en suspensió i els microplàstics suggereix que els paviments permeables poden representar un gran potencial per a evitar que aquests contaminants arriben al medi ambient. D'aquesta manera, aquesta Tesi Doctoral tracta d'aprofundir en el coneixement del comportament hidràulic dels paviments permeables, així com en la seua capacitat per al tractament de l'escorrentia urbana, posant especial èmfasi en la gestió de contaminants emergents com els microplàstics. La Tesi Doctoral es presenta en format de compendi de 4 articles. L'Article 1 revisa l'estat actual de les normes i criteris de disseny d'estructures de paviment permeable que recullen les principals guies bàsiques espanyoles per al disseny de SUDS. A més, discuteix les principals i més recents innovacions realitzades a Espanya en l'àmbit d'aquesta tècnica. Finalment, s'identifiquen les principals barreres que impedeixen formalitzar la implementació dels paviments permeables a les ciutats i es proposen una sèrie de recomanacions per a ser incorporades als documents de referència per al disseny d'aquestes estructures. Amb l'objectiu de contribuir a resoldre les limitacions identificades en el capítol anterior, l'Article 2 examina el comportament hidrològic i ambiental d'un paviment permeable d'asfalt porós, sotmès a colmatació prolongada en el temps, emprant sediments reals de diferents característiques físiques i ambientals. Finalment, s'estudia la mobilització (distribució i destí) dels sediments emprats en la investigació, en funció dels processos de filtració, retenció i producció d'escorrentia superficial. Els SUDS es confirmen com a eines eficaces en la gestió de contaminants presents en les escorrenties urbanes. El recent descobriment de la forta correlació entre un dels contaminants que més eficientment reté (sòlids en suspensió) i els microplàstics planteja la qüestió de com respondran davant la presència d'aquest contaminant emergent. L'Article 3 mostra una exhaustiva revisió i recopilació del potencial de les diferents tipologies de SUDS per a la gestió de microplàstics presents en l'escorrentia urbana. A més, analitza la capacitat de retenció de microplàstics de les tècniques estudiades, així com la distribució de partícules en la seua estructura. Finalment, s'identifiquen possibilitats de millora en el seu disseny. Malgrat que encara falta molt per investigar en aquest camp, cada vegada hi ha més treballs que estudien els SUDS com a eina de control de microplàstics. Aiguamolls artificials, estanys o elements de biorretenció i filtració són les tipologies més analitzades fins al moment, sent molt escassos els estudis que s'han centrat en els paviments permeables. Amb l'objectiu d'ampliar i contribuir al coneixement respecte d'aquesta tècnica, l'Article 4 examina de manera experimental el comportament de diverses estructures pilot de paviment permeable per al control de microplàstics. A més, determina la capacitat de retenció de microplàstics, a nivell global i capa per capa, estudiant la influència de diversos factors com el mode d'entrada d'aigua i de microplàstics en el paviment permeable, el tipus de superfície permeable emprada, el nombre de capes de geotèxtil disposades i la incorporació de material adsorbent en l'estructura. / [EN] Permeable pavements have been demonstrated as an efficient tool for improving the quality of urban runoff water. However, their performance can be negatively affected when they receive runoff with a high suspended sediment load, leading to clogging of the structure. Additionally, the strong correlation between the behavior of suspended solids and microplastics suggests that permeable pavements may hold significant potential in preventing these contaminants from reaching the environment. Thus, this doctoral thesis aims to deepen our understanding of the hydraulic behavior of permeable pavements, as well as their capacity for treating urban runoff, with a special focus on managing emerging contaminants such as microplastics. The thesis is presented in the form of a compendium of four articles. Article 1 reviews the current state of norms and design criteria for permeable pavement structures, based on the main Spanish guidelines for Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS) design. It also discusses recent innovations in Spain related to this technique. Finally, it identifies key barriers hindering the implementation of permeable pavements in cities and proposes recommendations to be incorporated into reference documents for their design. To address the limitations identified in the previous chapter, Article 2 examines the hydrological and environmental behavior of porous asphalt permeable pavement subjected to prolonged clogging over time. Real sediments with different physical and environmental characteristics are used in the investigation. The study also analyzes the mobilization (distribution and fate) of sediments based on filtration, retention, and surface runoff production processes. SUDS are confirmed as effective tools for managing contaminants in urban runoff. The recent discovery of a strong correlation between one of the most efficient contaminants retained (suspended solids) and microplastics raises questions about how permeable pavements will respond to the presence of this emerging pollutant. Article 3 provides a comprehensive review and compilation of the potential of different SUDS typologies for managing microplastics in urban runoff. It also examines the microplastic retention capacity of the studied techniques and the distribution of particles within their structure. Finally, possibilities for improvement in their design are identified. Although much research remains to be done in this field, there is a growing body of work studying SUDS as a tool for microplastic control. With the aim of expanding knowledge in this area, Article 4 experimentally examines the behavior of several pilot permeable pavement structures for microplastic control. It determines the global and layer-by-layer microplastic retention capacity, studying the influence of factors such as water and microplastic entry mode, type of permeable surface used, number of geotextile layers, and the incorporation of adsorbent material into the structure. / García Haba, E. (2024). Análisis del comportamiento hidráulico y ambiental a largo plazo de pavimentos permeables y de su potencial para el control de microplásticos en la gestión avanzada de escorrentías urbanas [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/207352 / Compendio

This thesis presents a novel hybrid prognostic methodology, integrating physics-based and data-driven prognostic models, to enhance the prognostic accuracy, robustness, and applicability. The presented prognostic methodology integrates the short-term predictions of a physics-based model with the longer term projection of a similarity-based data-driven model, to obtain remaining useful life estimations. The hybrid prognostic methodology has been applied on specific components of two different engineering systems, one which represents accelerated, and the other a nominal degradation process. Clogged filter and fatigue crack propagation failure cases are selected as case studies. An experimental rig has been developed to investigate the accelerated clogging phenomena whereas the publicly available Virkler fatigue crack propagation dataset is chosen after an extensive literature search and dataset analysis. The filter clogging experimental rig is designed to obtain reproducible filter clogging data under different operational profiles. This data is thought to be a good benchmark dataset for prognostic models. The performance of the presented methodology has been evaluated by comparing remaining useful life estimations obtained from both hybrid and individual prognostic models. This comparison has been based on the most recent prognostic evaluation metrics. The results show that the presented methodology improves accuracy, robustness and applicability. The work contained herein is therefore expected to contribute to scientific knowledge as well as industrial technology development.

The submerged entry nozzle (SEN) is used to transport the molten steel from a tundish to a mould. The main purpose of its usage is to prevent oxygen and nitrogen pick-up by molten steel from the gas. Furthermore, to achieve the desired flow conditions in the mould. Therefore, the SEN can be considered as a vital factor for a stable casting process and the steel quality. In addition, the steelmaking processes occur at high temperatures around 1873 K, so the interaction between the refractory materials of the SEN and molten steel is unavoidable. Therefore, the knowledge of the SEN behaviors during preheating and casting processes is necessary for the design of the steelmaking processes  The internal surfaces of modern SENs are coated with a glass/silicon powder layer to prevent the SEN graphite oxidation during preheating. The effects of the interaction between the coating layer and the SEN base refractory materials on clogging were studied. A large number of accretion samples formed inside alumina-graphite clogged SENs were examined using FEG-SEM-EDS and Feature analysis. The internal coated SENs were used for continuous casting of stainless steel grades alloyed with Rare Earth Metals (REM). The post-mortem study results clearly revealed the formation of a multi-layer accretion. A harmful effect of the SENs decarburization on the accretion thickness was also indicated. In addition, the results indicated a penetration of the formed alkaline-rich glaze into the alumina-graphite base refractory. More specifically, the alkaline-rich glaze reacts with graphite to form a carbon monoxide gas. Thereafter, dissociation of CO at the interface between SEN and molten metal takes place. This leads to reoxidation of dissolved alloying elements such as REM (Rare Earth Metal). This reoxidation forms the “In Situ” REM oxides at the interface between the SEN and the REM alloyed molten steel. Also, the interaction of the penetrated glaze with alumina in the SEN base refractory materials leads to the formation of a high-viscous alumina-rich glaze during the SEN preheating process. This, in turn, creates a very uneven surface at the SEN internal surface. Furthermore, these uneven areas react with dissolved REM in molten steel to form REM aluminates, REM silicates and REM alumina-silicates. The formation of the large “in-situ” REM oxides and the reaction of the REM alloying elements with the previously mentioned SEN´s uneven areas may provide a large REM-rich surface in contact with the primary inclusions in molten steel. This may facilitate the attraction and agglomeration of the primary REM oxide inclusions on the SEN internal surface and thereafter the clogging. The study revealed the disadvantages of the glass/silicon powder coating applications and the SEN decarburization. The decarburization behaviors of Al2O3-C, ZrO2-C and MgO-C refractory materials from a commercial Submerged Entry Nozzle (SEN), were also investigated for different gas atmospheres consisting of CO2, O2 and Ar. The gas ratio values were kept the same as it is in a propane combustion flue gas at different Air-Fuel-Ratio (AFR) values for both Air-Fuel and Oxygen-Fuel combustion systems. Laboratory experiments were carried out under nonisothermal conditions followed by isothermal heating. The decarburization ratio (α) values of all three refractory types were determined by measuring the real time weight losses of the samples. The results showed the higher decarburization ratio (α) values increasing for MgO-C refractory when changing the Air-Fuel combustion to Oxygen-Fuel combustion at the same AFR value. It substantiates the SEN preheating advantage at higher temperatures for shorter holding times compared to heating at lower temperatures during longer holding times for Al2O3-C samples. Diffusion models were proposed for estimation of the decarburization rate of an Al2O3-C refractory in the SEN. Two different methods were studied to prevent the SEN decarburization during preheating: The effect of an ZrSi2 antioxidant and the coexistence of an antioxidant additive and a (4B2O3 ·BaO) glass powder on carbon oxidation for non-isothermal and isothermal heating conditions in a controlled atmosphere. The coexistence of 8 wt% ZrSi2 and 15 wt% (4B2O3 ·BaO) glass powder of the total alumina-graphite refractory base materials, presented the most effective resistance to carbon oxidation. The 121% volume expansion due to the Zircon formation during heating and filling up the open pores by a (4B2O3 ·BaO) glaze during the green body sintering led to an excellent carbon oxidation resistance. The effects of the plasma spray-PVD coating of the Yttria Stabilized Zirconia (YSZ) powder on the carbon oxidation of the Al2O3-C coated samples were investigated. Trials were performed at non-isothermal heating conditions in a controlled atmosphere. Also, the applied temperature profile for the laboratory trials were defined based on the industrial preheating trials. The controlled atmospheres consisted of CO2, O2 and Ar. The thicknesses of the decarburized layers were measured and examined using light optic microscopy, FEG-SEM and EDS. A 250-290 μm YSZ coating is suggested to be an appropriate coating, as it provides both an even surface as well as prevention of the decarburization even during heating in air. In addition, the interactions between the YSZ coated alumina-graphite refractory base materials in contact with a cerium alloyed molten stainless steel were surveyed. The YSZ coating provided a total prevention of the alumina reduction by cerium. Therefore, the prevention of the first clogging product formed on the surface of the SEN refractory base materials. Therefore, the YSZ plasma-PVD coating can be recommended for coating of the hot surface of the commercial SENs. / <p>QC 20111014</p>

Submitted by SBI Biblioteca Digital (sbi.bibliotecadigital@puc-campinas.edu.br) on 2018-02-16T17:20:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LILIAN CORPAS BUCENE OLIVEIRA.pdf: 2456363 bytes, checksum: dfcf0b460775e677213c888d5bb3611d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-16T17:20:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LILIAN CORPAS BUCENE OLIVEIRA.pdf: 2456363 bytes, checksum: dfcf0b460775e677213c888d5bb3611d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-14 / Funda??o de Amparo ? Pesquisa do Estado de S?o Paulo - FAPESP / The growth of urban centers has created new challenges for construction activities. It?s not only the environmental point of view, but also from logistical and economic reasons, two aspects that stand out, which are the management of rainwater and a destination of solid construction and demolition residues aggregate (RCD) . One of the alternatives to relieve the drainage system is the pervious concrete pavement (PCP), which allow infiltration of water into the base or soil, reducing floodings, water accumulations on roads and improving aquifers supply. The PCP employs in its composition, little or no fine aggregates, what providing a higher a volume of voids to the element, and consequently permeability. The addition of RCD in the pervious concrete?s composition is justified both by the increasing difficulty of disposal of these materials and by the reduction of the extraction of natural aggregates, favoring a reduction of the environmental impacts generated by the civil construction. Therefore, the production of pavement using pervious concrete made with recycled concrete aggregate (ARC) is one of the alternatives that has been researched to reduce the environmental impact of construction, protecting water resources and being able to avoid flood areas of flood with a lower consumption of natural goods. The effectiveness of water infiltration capability can be partially compromised due to the occurrence of clogging, which is influenced by the type and size of the infiltrated sediment into to the water and the precipitation intensity. This research studied two different types of PCP, produced with and without ARC, evaluating their behavior regarding mechanical, physical and hydraulic properties. A comparison was also made between different types of sediments to simulate the permeation of the pervious concrete. For this, laboratory studies were carried out and also equipment was developed to simulate a real situation of application of this type of concrete. It was observed the influence on the characteristics of PCP, with the use of ARC, as well as the permeability index after filling with various types of materials. The PCP using recycled aggregates obtained a satisfactory result, it was also verified that the test method to obtain the permeability index or the infiltration rate influenced in the analysis. It may also be noted that the adaptation of ?in situ? laboratory tests performed in the laboratory has not been shown to be adequate to the actual situation due to the influence of the floor base. / O crescimento dos centros urbanos tem produzido novos desafios ?s atividades da constru??o civil. N?o apenas do ponto de vista ambiental, mas tamb?m por quest?es log?sticas e econ?micas, dois aspectos v?m se destacando no ?mbito do setor nas grandes metr?poles, que s?o o manejo de ?guas de chuvas e a destina??o de res?duos s?lidos de constru??o e demoli??o (RCD). Uma das ferramentas que pode ser utilizada para aliviar o sistema de drenagem ? o emprego de pavimentos de concreto perme?vel (PCP), que permitem a infiltra??o de ?gua na base ou no solo, diminuindo os picos de cheia, ac?mulos de ?gua nas vias p?blicas, melhorando o abastecimento dos aqu?feros. O PCP ? uma mistura que emprega na sua composi??o pouco ou nenhum agregado mi?do, proporcionando maior ?ndice de vazios ao concreto, e consequentemente um elevado coeficiente de permeabilidade. A adi??o do RCD na composi??o do concreto perme?vel justifica-se tanto pela crescente dificuldade de descarte desses materiais quanto pela redu??o da extra??o de agregados naturais, propiciando uma redu??o dos impactos ambientais gerados pela constru??o civil. Portanto, a produ??o de pisos, usando o PCP elaborado com o agregado reciclado de concreto (ARC) proveniente do RCD, ? uma das alternativas que v?m sendo pesquisada para reduzir o impacto ambiental da constru??o, protegendo os recursos h?dricos e evitando ?reas de inunda??o com um menor consumo de bens naturais. A efic?cia da taxa de infiltra??o da ?gua de chuva no concreto perme?vel pode ser parcialmente comprometida devido ? ocorr?ncia da colmata??o, que ? influenciada pelo tipo e tamanho do sedimento infiltrado junto ? ?gua e a intensidade da precipita??o. Esta pesquisa estudou dois diferentes tipos de PCP, produzidos com e sem ARC, avaliando seu comportamento quanto ?s propriedades mec?nicas, f?sicas e hidr?ulicas. Tamb?m foi realizada uma compara??o entre diferentes tipos de sedimentos para simula??o da colmata??o do concreto perme?vel, para tal, foram realizados estudos em equipamentos desenvolvidos para simula??o do processo de colmata??o em um canteiro real. Observou-se a influ?ncia nas caracter?sticas do PCP, com o emprego do ARC, bem como a taxa de infiltra??o ap?s colmata??o com v?rios tipos de materiais. O emprego do ARC propiciou resultado satisfat?rio nas caracter?sticas do concreto perme?vel e verificou-se que os m?todos de ensaio para obten??o do coeficiente de permeabilidade ou da taxa de infiltra??o influenciam na an?lise do concreto perme?vel. Tamb?m pode-se notar que a adapta??o de ensaios para an?lise ?in loco? reproduzidos em laborat?rio n?o se mostrou adequada ? situa??o real devido a influ?ncia da base dos pavimentos.

Dans un contexte global d'augmentation de la population, les réserves en eau des nappes phréatiques sont de plus en plus sollicitées. Pour pallier à cette exploitation, des systèmes d’infiltration artificiels ont été mis en place pour recharger les nappes avec de l’eau de surface. Néanmoins, ces systèmes subissent des pertes d’efficacité liées au colmatage du support d’infiltration par des processus physiques, chimiques ou biologiques. Face à ce phénomène, le travail de thèse a pour but de tester la faisabilité d’une technique d’ingénierie écologique par introduction d’un gastéropode, V. viviparus, pour limiter le colmatage de l’interface eau/sédiment de bassins d’infiltration utilisés pour recharger artificiellement l’aquifère sous-jacent au Rhône. Par des approches expérimentales, deux volets ont été abordés, (1) la dynamique des interactions biofilm/brouteur et les conséquences sur l’état physiologique du gastéropode et (2) la dynamique des interactions biofilm/gastéropode et les conséquences sur les propriétés hydrauliques et écologiques de l’interface eau/sédiment. Les résultats ont mis en évidence que (1) V. viviparus pouvait se maintenir dans les bassins d’infiltration aux différentes saisons, (2) V. viviparus pouvait limiter le colmatage biologique de l’interface eau/sédiment soit par ses actions trophiques (broutage), soit par des actions physiques (déplacement, pelletisation) et (3) V. viviparus n’a pas eu d’effet positif sur l’infiltration lorsque le colmatage était chimique. Pour conclure, V. viviparus apparait comme un bon candidat pour des solutions d’ingénierie écologique visant à restaurer des interfaces eau/sédiment, colmatées par un biofilm phototrophe. Ce travail ouvre des perspectives sur l’utilisation de solutions basées sur la nature à plus large échelle spatiale (e.g. pilote) et à des milieux naturels comme les zones humides / With the global increase of the population, groundwater reserves are increasingly exploited. To circumvent this problem, managed aquifer recharge systems using surface water are used worldwide. Nevertheless, the hydraulic performance of these systems is often altered by physical, chemical or biological clogging. This work aim to test the sustainability of ecological engineering solution based on the introduction of the gastropod, V. viviparus, to attenuate the clogging of the water/sediment interface of infiltration basins use for the recharge of the Rhône river aquifer. Two sections have been addressed with experimental approaches, (1) dynamic of biofilm/grazer interaction and its consequences on the physiological state of the gastropod and (2) dynamic of biofilm/grazer interaction and its consequences on the hydraulic and ecological properties of the water/sediment interface. Results show that (1) V. viviparus is able to survive in the infiltration basins at contrasted seasons, (2) V. viviparus can attenuate the biological clogging of the water/sediment interface, ether by trophic interaction (grazing) or physical actions (crawling activity, pelletization), and (3) V. viviparus has no positive effect on infiltration in case of chemical clogging. To conclude, V. viviparus appears to be a good candidate for ecological engineering solutions aiming to preserve and restore water/sediment interface impacted by biological clogging. This work provides useful information for the study of natured based solutions at larger scale (experimental pilot) and in natural ecosystems as wetlands

La Recàrrega Artificial d'aqüífers és una tècnica extremadamente poderosa per optimitzar la gestió dels recursos hídrics. De cara a eliminar actituds escèptiques respecte a la seva aplicabilitat en nombroses situacions, és essencial adquirir més coneixements sobre els conceptes quantitatius més importants. Un tema crític és el de la minimització de la colmatació en dispositius de recàrrega. Atesa la extraòrdinaria importància d'aquest problema, es va efectuar una intensa recerca bibliogràfica que permetés determinar els processos bàsics que tenen lloc en la colmatació de plantes de recàrrega. Això, juntament amb la informació de tipus tecnológic subministrada per gestors de plantes de recàrrega, ha permès proposar un model matemàtic conceptual que integra els processos principals: retenció de partícules en suspensió portades per l'aigua de recàrrega, precipitació de minerals, creixement bacterià, generació de gas y compactació. Amb l'ajuda dels codis ja existents, l'esmentat model fou posteriorment incorporat a un programa d'elements finits tridimensionals que és capaç de tractar els cinc processos citats. El programa ha estat aplicat a tres casos de laboratori i a un experiment de camp amb el fi d'establir la validesa del marc conceptual adoptat.Aquesta tesi descriu els aspectes principals del model, els seus fonaments teòrics, la implementació numèrica i l'aplicació als exemples citats. La varietat de condicions simulades i els resultats aconseguits confirmen que el programa pot reproduir de forma satisfactòria una ampli ventall de problemes de colmatació, entre les quals s'inclouen sistemes superficials (bassas) i profunds (pous), flux radial i vertical, transport reactiu multicomponent, i d'altres. Això demostra la utilitat del programa per integrar dades de naturalesa completament diferente. A pesar de les limitacions inherents a tota formulació matemàtica, la modelació integrada proporciona estimacions quantitatives del potencial colmatant. Consegüentment, pot ser considerada com a una eina bàsica per al disseny i gestió de plantes de recàrrega i, eventualment, amb un fi predictiu. / La Recarga Artificial de acuíferos es una técnica extremadamente poderosa para optimizar la gestión de los recursos hídricos. De cara a eliminar actitudes escépticas respecto a su aplicabilidad en numerosas situaciones, es esencial adquirir más conocimientos sobre los conceptos cuantitativos más importantes. Un tema crítico es el de la minimización de la colmatación en dispositivos de recarga. Dada la extraordinaria importancia de este problema, se efectuó una intensa búsqueda bibliográfica que permitiera determinar los procesos básicos que tienen lugar en la colmatación de plantas de recarga. Esto, junto con la información de tipo tecnológico suministrada por gestores de plantas de recarga, ha permitido proponer un modelo matemático conceptual que integra los procesos principales: retención de partículas en suspensión en el agua de recarga, precipitación de minerales, crecimiento bacteriano, generación de gas y compactación. Con la ayuda de códigos ya existentes, dicho modelo fue posteriormente incorporado en un programa de elementos finitos tridimensional que es capaz de tratar los cinco procesos citados. El programa ha sido aplicado a tres casos de laboratorio y a un experimento de campo con el fin de establecer la validez del marco conceptual adoptado.Esta tesis describe los aspectos principales del modelo, sus fundamentos teóricos, la implementación numérica y la aplicación a los ejemplos citados. La variedad de condiciones simuladas y los resultados logrados confirman que el programa puede reproducir de forma satisfactoria una amplia gama de problemas de colmatación, entre las que se incluyen sistemas superficiales (balsas) y profundos (pozos), flujo radial y vertical, transporte reactivo multicomponente, y otros. Esto demuestra la utilidad del programa para integrar datos de naturaleza completamente diferente. A pesar de las limitaciones inherentes a toda formulación matemática, la modelación integrada proporciona estimaciones cuantitativas del potencial colmatante. Por consiguiente, puede ser considerada como una herramienta básica de cara al diseño y gestión de plantas de recarga y, eventualmente, de cara a la predicción. / Artificial Recharge of groundwater is an extremely powerful technique to optimise the management of water resources. In order to eliminate sceptical misconceptions concerning its applicability to numerous situations, it is essential to gain insight into the fundamental quantitative concepts. A critical point is the minimisation of clogging of the recharge device. Given the extraordinary importance of this problem, an intensive bibliographic research was conducted to determine the basic processes underlying the clogging of recharge plants. This, in combination with technological information supplied by Artificial Recharge operators, allowed to propose a conceptual mathematical model that could integrate the main processes. Attachment of suspended solids carried by recharge water, mineral precipitation, bacterial growth, gas binding and compaction of the upper soil layer were found to be determinant in clogging development. Based on existing investigation codes, such model was implemented into a three-dimensional finite element code that is able to cope with the referred mechanisms. The code was applied to three laboratory cases and to one field experiment in order to assess the validity of the adopted framework.This thesis includes the main concepts of the model, its theoretical background, numerical implementation and the application to the referred cases. The variety of simulated conditions and the results achieved with the model confirm that the code can reproduce successfully a wide range of clogging problems, including surface (basins) and deep (wells) systems, vertical and radial flow, multiphase transport and other options. This demonstrates the usefulness of the code to integrate data which are completely different in nature. In spite of the limitations inherent to all mathematical formulations, integrated modelling provides quantitative estimates of the clogging potential. Consequently, can be considered as a basic tool for design and management of recharge plants, and, eventually, for predictive purposes.

The submerged entry nozzle (SEN) is used to transport the molten steel from a tundish to a mould. The main purpose of its usage is to prevent oxygen and nitrogen pick-up by molten steel from the gas. Furthermore, to achieve the desired flow conditions in the mould. Therefore, the SEN can be considered as a vital factor for a stable casting process and the steel quality. In addition, the steelmaking processes occur at high temperatures around 1873 K, so the interaction between the refractory materials of the SEN and molten steel is unavoidable. Therefore, the knowledge of the SEN behaviors during preheating and casting processes is necessary for the design of the steelmaking processes  The internal surfaces of modern SENs are coated with a glass/silicon powder layer to prevent the SEN graphite oxidation during preheating. The effects of the interaction between the coating layer and the SEN base refractory materials on clogging were studied. A large number of accretion samples formed inside alumina-graphite clogged SENs were examined using FEG-SEM-EDS and Feature analysis. The internal coated SENs were used for continuous casting of stainless steel grades alloyed with Rare Earth Metals (REM). The post-mortem study results clearly revealed the formation of a multi-layer accretion. A harmful effect of the SENs decarburization on the accretion thickness was also indicated. In addition, the results indicated a penetration of the formed alkaline-rich glaze into the alumina-graphite base refractory. More specifically, the alkaline-rich glaze reacts with graphite to form a carbon monoxide gas. Thereafter, dissociation of CO at the interface between SEN and molten metal takes place. This leads to reoxidation of dissolved alloying elements such as REM (Rare Earth Metal). This reoxidation forms the “In Situ” REM oxides at the interface between the SEN and the REM alloyed molten steel. Also, the interaction of the penetrated glaze with alumina in the SEN base refractory materials leads to the formation of a high-viscous alumina-rich glaze during the SEN preheating process. This, in turn, creates a very uneven surface at the SEN internal surface. Furthermore, these uneven areas react with dissolved REM in molten steel to form REM aluminates, REM silicates and REM alumina-silicates. The formation of the large “in-situ” REM oxides and the reaction of the REM alloying elements with the previously mentioned SEN´s uneven areas may provide a large REM-rich surface in contact with the primary inclusions in molten steel. This may facilitate the attraction and agglomeration of the primary REM oxide inclusions on the SEN internal surface and thereafter the clogging. The study revealed the disadvantages of the glass/silicon powder coating applications and the SEN decarburization. The decarburization behaviors of Al2O3-C, ZrO2-C and MgO-C refractory materials from a commercial Submerged Entry Nozzle (SEN), were also investigated for different gas atmospheres consisting of CO2, O2 and Ar. The gas ratio values were kept the same as it is in a propane combustion flue gas at different Air-Fuel-Ratio (AFR) values for both Air-Fuel and Oxygen-Fuel combustion systems. Laboratory experiments were carried out under nonisothermal conditions followed by isothermal heating. The decarburization ratio (α) values of all three refractory types were determined by measuring the real time weight losses of the samples. The results showed the higher decarburization ratio (α) values increasing for MgO-C refractory when changing the Air-Fuel combustion to Oxygen-Fuel combustion at the same AFR value. It substantiates the SEN preheating advantage at higher temperatures for shorter holding times compared to heating at lower temperatures during longer holding times for Al2O3-C samples. Diffusion models were proposed for estimation of the decarburization rate of an Al2O3-C refractory in the SEN. Two different methods were studied to prevent the SEN decarburization during preheating: The effect of an ZrSi2 antioxidant and the coexistence of an antioxidant additive and a (4B2O3 ·BaO) glass powder on carbon oxidation for non-isothermal and isothermal heating conditions in a controlled atmosphere. The coexistence of 8 wt% ZrSi2 and 15 wt% (4B2O3 ·BaO) glass powder of the total alumina-graphite refractory base materials, presented the most effective resistance to carbon oxidation. The 121% volume expansion due to the Zircon formation during heating and filling up the open pores by a (4B2O3 ·BaO) glaze during the green body sintering led to an excellent carbon oxidation resistance. The effects of the plasma spray-PVD coating of the Yttria Stabilized Zirconia (YSZ) powder on the carbon oxidation of the Al2O3-C coated samples were investigated. Trials were performed at non-isothermal heating conditions in a controlled atmosphere. Also, the applied temperature profile for the laboratory trials were defined based on the industrial preheating trials. The controlled atmospheres consisted of CO2, O2 and Ar. The thicknesses of the decarburized layers were measured and examined using light optic microscopy, FEG-SEM and EDS. A 250-290 μm YSZ coating is suggested to be an appropriate coating, as it provides both an even surface as well as prevention of the decarburization even during heating in air. In addition, the interactions between the YSZ coated alumina-graphite refractory base materials in contact with a cerium alloyed molten stainless steel were surveyed. The YSZ coating provided a total prevention of the alumina reduction by cerium. Therefore, the prevention of the first clogging product formed on the surface of the SEN refractory base materials. Therefore, the YSZ plasma-PVD coating can be recommended for coating of the hot surface of the commercial SENs.

[Truncated abstract] Self-filtration is here defined as particle detachment and re-deposition causing re-arrangement of the particles and therefore pore space which affects water flow in soil by decreasing hydraulic conductivity. This is of particular important in soils which are susceptible to structural breakdown. The objective of this thesis was to examine the dynamics of the self-filtration process in sodic sandy soils as affected by ionic strength and soil solution composition. The temporal changes of hydraulic conductivity and the elution of fine particles from soil columns were used as the main criteria to assess selffiltration. Two porous media exhibiting significantly different structural cohesion were examined, one a loamy sand (Balkuling soil) from agricultural land use and the second a mining residue from mineral sands operations . . . The effects of the composition of mixed calcium (Ca) and sodium (Na) ions in solution (sodium adsorption ratio (SAR)) on the exchange behaviour and saturated hydraulic conductivity were examined by carrying out batch binary exchange and saturated column transport experiments. A strong preference for Ca2+ ions in the exchange complex was observed for both soils. Generally K/Ko was found to decrease with increasing sodium adsorption ratio with the more structured Balkuling soil maintaining K/Ko for SARs 3 and 5 at an electrolyte concentration of 100 mmol/L. However measurements at the critical threshold and turbidity concentrations at a SAR of 15 revealed structural breakdown of the pore matrix system attributed to various extents of slaking, swelling, dispersion and decreases of pore radii as a result of selffiltration during leaching. These experiments illustrate the wide range of complex interactions involving clay mineralogy, solution composition and structural factors which can influence the extent of mobilization, transport and re-deposition of colloidal particles during the leaching process in soil profiles.

Afin d'approfondir la compréhension des mécanismes de vieillissement des batteries Li-ion, des analyses post-mortem ont été effectuées sur des cellules commerciales Li-ion C/NMC. Ces autopsies ont révélé des dégradations inattendues qui remettent en question les connaissances actuelles sur les mécanismes de vieillissement de ces cellules. Ainsi, il semble que la réaction parasite des dépôts de Li métallique sur l'électrode en graphite, actuellement associée dans la littérature à des charges à basses températures et / ou à courants élevés, aurait diverses origines selon la chimie et les conditions d'utilisation de la batterie. Dans ce travail de thèse, des dépôts locaux de Li métallique ont été observés sur des cellules vieillies en calendaire à haute température. Paradoxalement, dans des conditions de cyclage à basse température, ce dépôt de Li métallique a résulté de la perte de porosité au niveau de l’électrode négative. Par ailleurs, un modèle de vieillissement semi-empirique, prenant compte les pertes en cyclage ainsi que celles causées par la croissance de la SEI et la polymérisation du biphényl, est proposé. Pour finir, une méthode d'identification des modes de dégradation grâce à des mesures de capacité incrémentale a été entreprise, sur la base du décalage des potentiels de chacune des électrodes. / In order to deepen the understanding of the aging mechanisms of Li-ion batteries, post-mortem investigations were performed on C/NMC Li-ion commercial cells. These autopsies revealed unexpected degradations that question current knowledge about the aging mechanisms of these cells. Thus, it appears that the parasitic reaction of Li metal depositions on the graphite electrode, nowadays associated in the literature with charging at low temperature and / or high C-rates, would have various origins depending on the chemistry and conditions of use of the battery. In this thesis work, local Li deposits were observed on cells aged in calendar at high temperatures, due to the apparition of dry areas. Paradoxically, under low temperature cycling conditions, this Li resulted from anode porosity hindrance. Besides, a semi-empirical aging model, taking into account cycling losses as well as those caused by the SEI growth and the biphenyl polymerization, is proposed. Finally, a method of identifying degradation modes using incremental capacity measurements has been undertaken, based on the potential shifts of each of the electrodes.

Invånarantalet i Stockholm ökar och därmed också efterfrågan på dricksvatten. Stockholm Vatten VA AB fastslog i sin senaste prognos att kapaciteten hos deras vattenverk i Norsborg och på Lovö kommer att vara otillräcklig inom femton år och därmed måste ökas. Båda vattenverken tar vatten från Mälaren och renar detta genom flockning, sedimentering, snabbfiltrering, långsamfiltrering, UV-bestrålning samt tillsats av kloramin. Baserat på de senaste årens drifterfarenheter har långsamfiltrens kapacitet skrivits ned och är ett begränsande produktionssteg på båda verken. Detta examensarbete syftade till att fastställa orsakerna till kapacitetsminskningen och föreslå åtgärder. Undersökningen begränsades till Lovö vattenverk, men resultaten anses relevanta även för Norsborgs vattenverk.   De senaste åren har långsamsandfiltrens drifttid mellan rensningar minskat och tryckfallet i genomsnitt ökat. Här sågs att tryckfallet direkt efter rensning var högre i den undersökta periodens slut än under periodens början. Då filtrens belastning undersöktes konstaterades att filtreringshastigheten inte ökat och vattenkvaliteten inte försämrats. Utifrån detta drogs slutsatsen att kapacitetsminskningen inte berodde på ökad belastning.    Med hjälp av rör satta i filtersanden kunde tryckfallets fördelning över filterbäddens djup undersökas. I två av de undersökta filtren sågs ett kraftigt tryckfall i filtrens undre del. Då provgropar grävdes i filtren sågs ett tydligt gråaktigt lager vid den nivå där tryckfallet skett. Analyser av sandprover från filtren tydde på att en ackumulering av finkorniga sandpartiklar och organiskt material samt en lågporositet, gav det gråa lagret en låg mättad hydraulisk konduktivitet. Ackumuleringen av finkorniga sandpartiklar skulle kunna bero på att finkornigt material lyfts från filtrens hörn, där sandlagret är tunnare, och fördelas över resterande delar av filtret vid återfyllnad efter rensning.   Mätningar av porositet visade att filterbädden kompakteras då det belastas av de fordon som används vid rensning. Resultaten tyder dock på att packningens utbredning och omfattning är sådan att den inte har någon större effekt på tryckfallet i filtret. / Stockholm is growing and with it the demand for drinking water. To meet the demand the capacity of the two water treatment plants in Norsborg and at Lovö must be increased. Both plants use water from the lake Mälaren which is treated using flocculation, sedimentation, rapid filtration, slow sand filtration, UV-light and the addition of chloramine. The estimated capacity of the slow sand filters has decreased at both plants during the last few years and is limiting the total production capacity. This study aims to find the cause of the capacity decrease and make suggestions for how the capacity could be increased. Only the water treatment plant at Lovö was examined in this study, but the results are considered to be relevant for the water treatment plant in Norsborg as well.   During recent years the runtime of the filters has been decreasing and the overall loss of hydraulic head has increased. In several filters it was noted that the hydraulic head loss after filter cleaning had increased over time. Filter load was examined during the period in which the loss in capacity took place. Neither had the filtration rate increased nor had the water quality decreased. A higher load could therefore be ruled out as the source of the capacity loss.   Hydraulic head loss distribution over the depth of the filter beds was examined using steel pipes placed in the filter bed at different depths. In two filters a large hydraulic head loss was found at a narrow section in the bottom of the filters. Holes were dug in the filter beds, from which a distinct grey layer could be observed. Sand analyses showed that an accumulation of fine sand particles and organic matter combined with a low porosity could have been what caused the large hydraulic head loss in the layer. This material could have originated from the corners of the filters. During filter refill, fine material was observed being suspended from the corners and spread across the filter.   Measurements of sand porosity suggested that the filter bed is compacted by the machines used to clean the filters. This however seemed to have a negligible effect on the hydraulic head loss in the filters.