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Cob is an earth based building technique that may be an alternative for the construction of new homes in developing countries. Earth based constructions techniques commonly used in the past, like adobe and wattle-and-daub, have increasingly been replaced by buildings using more processed materials commercially available such as bricks or concrete blocks. The cost of such commercial materials is often unreachable for a large part of the population in developing countries. Cob buildings could be an appropriate option in rural areas, where human labor is a less restricted resource compared to monetary capital, and most of the materials needed are locally available. The cob technique is based on a mixture of clay, sand, straw and water that enables the builder to combine different materials and to create a variety of shapes. A recently constructed cob building in Matagalpa, Nicaragua, was studied using screening LCA methodology applied to the construction phase, as well as by applying a diffusion of innovation framework (specifically the five perceived attributes of an innovation). Results regarding fossil CO2 emissions due to material production and material transportation were contrasted to an equivalent concrete block building. The highest contribution to CO2 emissions from the cob building was generated by paints and solvents, and bricks and tiles (cooked earth); whereas in the concrete building it was due to the concrete bricks and iron. According to this case study, cob building technique seems to have the potential to be an affordable option for rural housing in Nicaragua, and at the same time accountable for rather limited emissions of fossil CO2 emissions in its construction phase. At present, some obstacles to the use of cob technique are lack of examples for people to see and experience, and a general limited knowledge on how to work with cob technique. / Cob är en byggteknik med jord som främsta material som kan vara ett alternativ vid byggande av nya bostäder i utvecklingsländer. Några jordkonstruktionstekniker, som adobe och ”bajareque”, var vanligare förr, men har ersatts av byggande med förädlade material som tegel eller betongblock. Kostnaden för dessa material är oftast hög och blir oöverkomlig för en stor del av befolkningen. Cob hus skulle kunna vara ett alternativ på landsbygden, där arbetskraft är en mer tillgänglig resurs än kapital, och de flesta av de material som behövs finns lokalt. Cob tekniken är en blandning av lera, sand, halm och vatten som även kan kombineras med andra material för att skapa olika former. Byggnationsfasen för ett nyligen konstruerat cob hus i Matagalpa, Nicaragua, studerades med en screenande LCA. Valda delar av Rogers teori ”diffusion of innovation” användes (främst de fem attributen för innovationsspridning). Resultaten avseende CO2-utsläpp från produktion och transport av material jämfördes med ett hus i liknande storlek, byggt i betongblock. Det största bidraget till utsläpp av CO2 från cob huset genererades av färger och lösningsmedel, tegel och kakel (bränd jord), medan det i betongblockshuset berodde på betongblock och järn. Enligt denna fallstudie verkar cob byggteknik att ha potential att vara ett prisvärt alternativ för bostäder på landsbygden i Nicaragua, och resulterar i relativt små CO2-utsläpp under byggskedet. Några av de hinder för spridningen av cob tekniken som föreligger för närvarande är brist på exempel för människor att se och uppleva, samt dålig allmän kunskap om hur man arbetar med denna teknik. / Cob es una técnica de construcción en tierra que puede ser una alternativa para la construcción de nuevas viviendas en los países en vía de desarrollo. Algunas de las técnicas de construcciones en tierra como el adobe y el bahareque fueron comunes en el pasado, sin embargo han sido sustituidas por construcciones con materiales procesados como ladrillos o bloques de concreto. El costo de estos materiales suele ser alto volviéndose inasequibles para una gran parte de la población. Las construcciones en cob podrían ser una opción adecuada en las zonas rurales, donde la mano de obra es un recurso abundante a bajo costo, y la mayoría de los materiales necesarios están disponibles a nivel local. La técnica del cob se basa en una mezcla de arcilla, arena, paja y agua que puede ser combinada con otros materiales para crear una gran variedad de formas. La fase de construcción de una casa en cob en Matagalpa, Nicaragua; fue estudiada por medio de un LCA preliminar. Igualmente se utilizó el marco de difusión de la innovación propuesto por Rogers para evaluar los cinco atributos que hacen que esta técnica pueda o no ser difundida en Matagalpa. Los resultados en relación con las emisiones de CO2 por la producción de material y del transporte de material se contrastaron con una casa de dimensiones similares construida en bloque de concreto. La mayor contribución a las emisiones de CO2 de la casa de cob fue generada por las pinturas y solventes, y ladrillos y tejas (tierra cocida), mientras que en la casa de bloque de concreto las emisiones se debieron a los bloques de concreto y al hierro. De acuerdo con este caso de estudio, la técnica de construcción cob parece tener el potencial de ser una opción asequible para la vivienda rural en Nicaragua, generando emisiones de CO2 más bajas que las construcciones de bloque de concreto durante la fase de construcción. En la actualidad, algunos de los obstáculos para la difusión de la técnica del cob son la falta de ejemplos para que las personas puedan ver y experimentar, y un escaso conocimiento general sobre cómo trabajar con esta técnica.

There's an interesting phenomenon happening on the South Coast of British Columbia, Canada- particularly on southern Vancouver Island and the Gulf Islands. Groups of women, couples and families are going back to the roots of craftsmanship to build their own houses. These houses are not your typical timber framed home. These cob homes are made from a mixture of clay, sand and straw. The author draws upon data collected through interviews with nine participants. Through the examination of why people live in or build with cob, the author shows the importance of this material in relation to community and connectivity, as well as environment and health. Two professionally produced audio documentaries and two magazine-style articles contribute to wider public knowledge and understanding of the physical and mental sensations and beliefs of the participants, as well as their understanding of how others perceive cob builders and dwellers to be.

Orientador: Flávio Dutra de Resende / Banca: Ricardo Dias Signoretti / Banca: Paulo de Figueiredo Vieira / Resumo: O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos dos estádios de maturidade do milheto (Pennisetum glaucum (L) R. Br.) sobre os parâmetros agronômicos e qualitativos da planta e das frações que a compõem, além de avaliar o perfil de fermentação e estabilidade aeróbia de silagens de milheto ensiladas com diferentes tamanhos de partícula tratadas ou não com inoculante bacteriano, constituído de Propionibacterium acidipropionici e Lactobacillus plantarum. O híbrido de milheto utilizado foi o ADR 7010 avaliado em nove diferentes pontos de maturação no ano agrícola de 2009. No experimento de perfil de fermentação os tratamentos avaliados foram silagem de milheto, tamanho de partícula pequena (5 mm) com e sem inoculante bacteriano e silagem de milheto com tamanho de partícula grande (20 mm) com e sem inoculante bacteriano avaliados com 0, 4, 7, 14, 28, 45 e 90 dias de fermentação, foi avaliado ainda a estabilidade aeróbia de silagens exposta ao oxigênio por diferentes dias. A produtividade de matéria seca (MS) da planta de milheto variou de 7,42 a 14,52 t MS/ha no corte referente a 50 dias após a semeadura (DAS) e 92 DAS, respectivamente. A porcentagem de colmo na planta variou entre 44,19 a 68,74%, no milheto avaliado 92 e 50 (DAS), respectivamente. O percentual de espiga apresentou maior porcentagem na planta com 92 DAS (46,79%). Os teores de MS da planta inteira aumentaram de 12,16 % (50 DAS) para 33,21% (106 DAS). A composição química apresentou efeito quadrático em função da maturidade, na planta e seus componentes. Os teores de MS da silagem apresentaram efeito linear crescente em função da maturidade da planta. O pH da silagem apresentou valores variando de 3,81 a 4,12. A perda por efluentes apresentou efeito quadrático (P<0,05) de acordo com a maturidade da planta, sendo o menor valor... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the maturity stage of millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L) R. Br.) on the agronomic and qualitative parameters of the plant and its component fractions, and to evaluate the fermentation profile and the aerobic stability of millet silages ensiled with different particle sizes or not treated with inoculant consisting of Lactobacillus plantarum and Propionibacterium acidipropionici. The hybrid millet used was the ADR 7010 harvested at nine different stages of maturation in 2009. In the experiment of the fermentation profile of the treatments were millet silage, small particle size (5 mm) with and without inoculant and millet silage with large particle size (20 mm) with and without inoculant evaluated at 0, 4 , 7, 14, 28, 45 and 90 days of fermentation was also evaluated the aerobic stability of silages exposed to oxygen for different days. The productivity of plant dry matter (DM) of millet varied from 7.42 to 14.52 t DM / ha referring to 50 days after sowing (DAS) and 92 DAS, respectively. The percentage of stem on the plant ranged from 44.19 to 68.74% in millet evaluated 92 and 50 (DAS), respectively. The percentage of spike showed the highest percentage in the plant at 92 DAS (46.79%). The DM content of whole plant increased from 12.16% (50 DAS) to 33.21% (106 DAS). The chemical composition showed a quadratic effect due to the maturity of the plant, the plant and its components. The DM content of silage showed a linear increased depending on the maturity of the plant. The silage pH values ranging from 3.81 to 4.12. The loss for effluents showed a quadratic effect (P <0.05) according to the maturity of the plant, the lowest value of silage effluent produced millet 88 days after sowing. The values of crude protein (CP), ammonia nitrogen decreased with time to maturity of the plant, as well as the ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-03-02Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:36:48Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 almeida_gbs_me_jabo.pdf: 566501 bytes, checksum: f80d469d0f795dc1413b38368115de70 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos dos estádios de maturidade do milheto (Pennisetum glaucum (L) R. Br.) sobre os parâmetros agronômicos e qualitativos da planta e das frações que a compõem, além de avaliar o perfil de fermentação e estabilidade aeróbia de silagens de milheto ensiladas com diferentes tamanhos de partícula tratadas ou não com inoculante bacteriano, constituído de Propionibacterium acidipropionici e Lactobacillus plantarum. O híbrido de milheto utilizado foi o ADR 7010 avaliado em nove diferentes pontos de maturação no ano agrícola de 2009. No experimento de perfil de fermentação os tratamentos avaliados foram silagem de milheto, tamanho de partícula pequena (5 mm) com e sem inoculante bacteriano e silagem de milheto com tamanho de partícula grande (20 mm) com e sem inoculante bacteriano avaliados com 0, 4, 7, 14, 28, 45 e 90 dias de fermentação, foi avaliado ainda a estabilidade aeróbia de silagens exposta ao oxigênio por diferentes dias. A produtividade de matéria seca (MS) da planta de milheto variou de 7,42 a 14,52 t MS/ha no corte referente a 50 dias após a semeadura (DAS) e 92 DAS, respectivamente. A porcentagem de colmo na planta variou entre 44,19 a 68,74%, no milheto avaliado 92 e 50 (DAS), respectivamente. O percentual de espiga apresentou maior porcentagem na planta com 92 DAS (46,79%). Os teores de MS da planta inteira aumentaram de 12,16 % (50 DAS) para 33,21% (106 DAS). A composição química apresentou efeito quadrático em função da maturidade, na planta e seus componentes. Os teores de MS da silagem apresentaram efeito linear crescente em função da maturidade da planta. O pH da silagem apresentou valores variando de 3,81 a 4,12. A perda por efluentes apresentou efeito quadrático (P<0,05) de acordo com a maturidade da planta, sendo o menor valor... / This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the maturity stage of millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L) R. Br.) on the agronomic and qualitative parameters of the plant and its component fractions, and to evaluate the fermentation profile and the aerobic stability of millet silages ensiled with different particle sizes or not treated with inoculant consisting of Lactobacillus plantarum and Propionibacterium acidipropionici. The hybrid millet used was the ADR 7010 harvested at nine different stages of maturation in 2009. In the experiment of the fermentation profile of the treatments were millet silage, small particle size (5 mm) with and without inoculant and millet silage with large particle size (20 mm) with and without inoculant evaluated at 0, 4 , 7, 14, 28, 45 and 90 days of fermentation was also evaluated the aerobic stability of silages exposed to oxygen for different days. The productivity of plant dry matter (DM) of millet varied from 7.42 to 14.52 t DM / ha referring to 50 days after sowing (DAS) and 92 DAS, respectively. The percentage of stem on the plant ranged from 44.19 to 68.74% in millet evaluated 92 and 50 (DAS), respectively. The percentage of spike showed the highest percentage in the plant at 92 DAS (46.79%). The DM content of whole plant increased from 12.16% (50 DAS) to 33.21% (106 DAS). The chemical composition showed a quadratic effect due to the maturity of the plant, the plant and its components. The DM content of silage showed a linear increased depending on the maturity of the plant. The silage pH values ranging from 3.81 to 4.12. The loss for effluents showed a quadratic effect (P <0.05) according to the maturity of the plant, the lowest value of silage effluent produced millet 88 days after sowing. The values of crude protein (CP), ammonia nitrogen decreased with time to maturity of the plant, as well as the ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

A novel biodegradable ammonia control material was developed from steam exploded corn cob and its adsorption capacity was studied by packed column and titration method. The packed column studies showed that the maximum absorption capacities of the raw corn cob (RCC) and the steam exploded corn cob (SECC) were 10.45 mg NHB3B/gRCC and 59.80 mg NHB3B/gSECC respectively. However, the titration of the water slurries with a NHB4BOH showed that the capacity of the SECC was 14.4 times that of RCC. The large difference between the packed column (SECC/RCC = 5.7) and the slurry titration (SECC/RCC = 14.4) was probably because: (1) the initial ammonia reaction products blocked the pores of the SECC and reduced diffusion into the pore structure; (2) the ammonia gas flow rates were too high and therefore the gas did not penetrate the pores; (3) the gas contact time was below the equilibrium value; and (4) since interior pore surface area is usually larger than the external surface area of a particle, it appears the low column SECC/RCC ratio is due to reactions on the SECC particle surface whereas the slurry result was a combination of both. Fourier Transform Infrared, FTIR spectroscopy was conducted on RCC, SECC, ammonia adsorbed on RCC and ammonia adsorbed on SECC in the range 4000–700 cmP-1P. The FTIR bands in the region between 1500 and 2000 cmPâ 1P showed a considerable difference between RCC and SECC. When SECC was treated with ammonia, the carboxylic functional group peak at 1700 cmP-1P was reduced and a new peak was observed at 1584 cmP-1P. The adsorption, desorption test and the heat of adsorption results suggested combined physisorption and chemisorption of ammonia on SECC but chemisorption was found to play an important role in ammonia removal. The BET specific surface area of RCC was 3.4 m2/g whilst that SECC was less than 1 m2/g. Although SECC had a low surface area compared with RCC its adsorption capacity was found to be greater than that of RCC meaning the adsorption process is chemically controlled. Also, the pore size distribution showed that RCC exhibited both macroporosity and mesoporosity whilst SECC showed only mesoporosity. It is interesting to note that upon steam exploding RCC, the macropores within RCC collapsed to form more mesopores in SECC. The high uptake of SECC was determined to be its small pore width compared to that RCC. Simultaneous Differential Scanning Calorimetry, DSC and Thermal Gravimetric Analyzer, TGA, was used to determine the heat of adsorption of ammonia on SECC. The heat of adsorption of ammonia on SECC was 33.00 kJ per mole of NHB3B. This study shows that SECC could be potentially used to remove NHB3B from various emission sources. / Master of Science

Cob can serve as an alternative building material to concrete in Nicaragua. Cob is an unbaked earth-based building technique with low global warming potential that suits the humid climate in Nicaragua. It can be constructed by hand by inexperienced people using materials such as; clay, straw, sand and water. The cob technique is relatively little studied and the exact cost of cob is unclear. The purpose of this thesis was thus to provide new information that will help assessing the economic sustainability and the environmental impact of the natural building technique cob in comparison to the conventional technique concrete. The thesis was carried out by a case study of two houses in Matagalpa, Nicaragua. The results are showing that the cob technique has cheap materials that support the Nicaraguan economy of Nicaragua but takes a lot of labour force and time in comparison to concrete. The cob technique also allows the builder to make the house personal adapted, with furniture and details, fitted to the owners need. The cob has also a great potential of a long lifespan with low needs of maintenance in comparison with concrete. Concrete also has a higher local environmental impact, more CO2-emissions and higher external costs. The conclusion is thus that cob is a more sustainable technique for building residential houses in Matagalpa. / Den naturliga byggtekniken cob kan vara ett alternativ till den mer konventionella tekniken betong i Nicaragua. Cob är en jordbaserad byggnadsteknik med låg globaluppvärmningspotential som lämpar sig i det fuktiga klimatet i Nicaragua. Cob består mestadels av; lera, halm, sand och vatten, och kan byggas för hand av oerfaren arbetskraft. Cob-tekniken är relativt lite studerad och den exakta kostnaden är osäker. Syftet med denna studie var därför att tillhandahålla ny information som ska underlätta bedömningen av den ekonomiska hållbarheten och miljöpåverkan hos den naturliga byggtekniken cob i jämförelse med den konventionella tekniken betong. Studien genomfördes med hjälp av en fallstudie av två hus i Matagalpa, Nicaragua. Resultatet visar att cob-tekniken har billiga material som stöder den lokala ekonomin, men kräver mycket arbetskraft och tid jämfört med betongtekniken. Cob-tekniken låter även byggaren att göra huset personligt anpassat, med möbler och finesser efter ägarnas behov. Den potentiella livstiden hos cob är lång, med ett lågt underhållsbehov i jämförelse med betong. Betong har också en större lokal miljöpåverkan, mer CO2-utsläpp och högre externa kostnader. Slutsatsen är således att cob är en mer hållbar teknik att använda för att bygga bostadshus i Matagalpa. / Cob puede servir como un material de construcción alternativo al concreto en Nicaragua. Cob es una técnica de construcción a base de tierra sin quemar con bajo potencial de calentamiento global que se adapta al clima húmedo en Nicaragua. Puede ser construido a mano por personas sin experiencia utilizando materiales tales como; arcilla, paja, arena y agua. La técnica de cob es relativamente poco estudiada y el coste exacto no está claro. El objetivo de esta tesis ha sido por lo tanto proporcionar nueva información que ayudará a evaluar la sostenibilidad económica y el impacto ambiental de los recursos naturales de la técnica de construcción cob en comparación con la técnica convencional de concreto. La tesis fue realizada por un estudio de caso de dos casas en Matagalpa, Nicaragua.  Los resultados muestran que la técnica de cob tiene materiales baratos que apoyan la economía local de Nicaragua, pero requiere de mucha fuerza y ​​tiempo de trabajo en comparación con el concreto. La técnica de cob también permite al constructor hacer la casa de manera más personal adaptándola con muebles y detalles, ajustada a las necesidades de los propietarios. El cob tiene también un gran potencial de larga vida con pocas necesidades de mantenimiento en comparación con el concreto. Concreto también tiene un mayor impacto ambiental local, más emisiones de CO2 y el aumento de los costos externos. La conclusión es de este estudio es que la técnica de cob es más sostenible para la construcción de viviendas residenciales en Matagalpa.

A participação nos Jogos Olímpicos é condicionada à atuação de um comitê olímpico nacional. A criação dos referidos comitês é um fator controverso no Movimento Olímpico, uma vez que está subordinada à escolha de um representante nacional no Comitê Olímpico Internacional e que tal escolha não é democrática. Verificando a formação do esporte moderno e as características sociais que influenciaram a formação do Movimento Olímpico nacional e internacional, este trabalho visa identificar as razões que levaram o Brasil a fundar dois Comitês Olímpicos Brasileiros, e as implicações da história das entidades esportivas brasileiras nos dias de hoje. Para a realização do estudo foram consultados periódicos como o Jornal do Brasil, Jornal dos Sports, O Estado de São Paulo e Diário de São Paulo das décadas de 1910, 1920 e 1930 e também atas do Club Athletico Paulistano de 1912 a 1936, bem como o acervo da instituição. A agitação brasileira para ingresso no Movimento Olímpico inicia-se em 1912 e é influenciada pelo Comitê Olímpico Português e pelo caráter oligárquico do COI. A fundação do segundo COB em 1935 é marcada pela institucionalização das entidades esportivas e a conseqüente disputa pela representação das modalidades / The participation in the Olympic Games is conditioned to the existence of a National Olympic Committee. The creation of these committees is a controversial aspect in the Olympic Movement since it is subjected to the choice of a national delegate for the International Olympic Committee, and that this choice is not democratic. Investigating the modern sport formation and the social characteristics that have influenced national and international Olympic Movement foundations, this research aims to identify the reasons that led Brazil to create two Brazilian Olympic Committees, and the implications of the brazilian sportive organization history in the present days. The references for the study were newspapers such as \"Jornal do Brasil\", \"Jornal dos Sports\", \"O Estado de São Paulo\" and \"Diário de São Paulo\" from the 1910\'s, 1920\'s and 1930\'s, and the files and manager board acts from Club Athletico Paulistano. The brazilian progress trough the Olympic Movement starts in 1912 and received a major Portuguese influence by its Olympic members, and also by the oligarchic nature of the IOC. The second BOC foundation in 1935 is marked by brazilian sports institutionalization and the resulting disputes for different sports representation

A participação nos Jogos Olímpicos é condicionada à atuação de um comitê olímpico nacional. A criação dos referidos comitês é um fator controverso no Movimento Olímpico, uma vez que está subordinada à escolha de um representante nacional no Comitê Olímpico Internacional e que tal escolha não é democrática. Verificando a formação do esporte moderno e as características sociais que influenciaram a formação do Movimento Olímpico nacional e internacional, este trabalho visa identificar as razões que levaram o Brasil a fundar dois Comitês Olímpicos Brasileiros, e as implicações da história das entidades esportivas brasileiras nos dias de hoje. Para a realização do estudo foram consultados periódicos como o Jornal do Brasil, Jornal dos Sports, O Estado de São Paulo e Diário de São Paulo das décadas de 1910, 1920 e 1930 e também atas do Club Athletico Paulistano de 1912 a 1936, bem como o acervo da instituição. A agitação brasileira para ingresso no Movimento Olímpico inicia-se em 1912 e é influenciada pelo Comitê Olímpico Português e pelo caráter oligárquico do COI. A fundação do segundo COB em 1935 é marcada pela institucionalização das entidades esportivas e a conseqüente disputa pela representação das modalidades / The participation in the Olympic Games is conditioned to the existence of a National Olympic Committee. The creation of these committees is a controversial aspect in the Olympic Movement since it is subjected to the choice of a national delegate for the International Olympic Committee, and that this choice is not democratic. Investigating the modern sport formation and the social characteristics that have influenced national and international Olympic Movement foundations, this research aims to identify the reasons that led Brazil to create two Brazilian Olympic Committees, and the implications of the brazilian sportive organization history in the present days. The references for the study were newspapers such as \"Jornal do Brasil\", \"Jornal dos Sports\", \"O Estado de São Paulo\" and \"Diário de São Paulo\" from the 1910\'s, 1920\'s and 1930\'s, and the files and manager board acts from Club Athletico Paulistano. The brazilian progress trough the Olympic Movement starts in 1912 and received a major Portuguese influence by its Olympic members, and also by the oligarchic nature of the IOC. The second BOC foundation in 1935 is marked by brazilian sports institutionalization and the resulting disputes for different sports representation

No description available.