De par leur petite taille et suivant leur nature, les micro et nanoparticules colloïdales présentent de nouvelles propriétés physiques, tout particulièrement dans le domaine de l'optique (guidage et focalisation sub-longueur d'onde, propagation de plasmons, émission monochromatique...). Toutefois la synthèse chimique de ces micro/nano-objets étant principalement réalisée en phase aqueuse, il devient nécessaire de développer des technologies pour surpasser leur mouvement aléatoire dans le liquide et permettre leur positionnement et leur organisation sur une surface de façon déterministe. Les méthodes d'assemblage par forces de capillarité, consistant à contrôler l'évaporation d'une goutte de suspension colloïdale sur un substrat lithographié, font partie des outils les plus prometteurs. Depuis plusieurs années notre équipe a développée un banc expérimental basé sur l'assemblage thermodynamique par forces de capillarité en milieu confiné. Cette technique a permis la réalisation de structures planaires à base de nano et microparticules diélectriques ou métalliques pour mener des études optiques (couplage plasmonique, nanojet photonique...). Néanmoins, un des défis reste la maitrise de cette technologie pour l'élaboration de structures tri-dimensionnelles diélectriques ou métalliques.C'est dans cette perspective que nous avons développé une technologie permettant la réalisation et le transfert d'architecture 3D de taille et de forme variées, à base de nanoparticules. Deux types d'architectures ont été réalisés : des architectures métalliques constituées de nanoparticules d'or (de diamètre 100 nm), et des structures diélectriques à l'aide d'un mélange de particules de polystyrène fluorescentes (diametre 100 nm).Les propriétés plasmoniques des architectures métalliques ont été étudiées en champ lointain par spectroscopie de diffusion et par luminescence à deux photons. L'influence des caractéristiques structurales des objets sur leur réponse optique ont ainsi pu être évaluées. L'effet du à la structuration en trois dimensions a également été observé sur la réponse en champ proche optique.Les architectures diélectriques présentent quant à elles un potentiel en tant qu'émetteurs polychromatiques dans la gamme spectrale du visible. Une étude spectroscopique de mélanges de particules de trois couleurs différentes (bleu, vert et rouge) a été réalisée afin de déterminer les propriétés spectrales et chromatiques de tels objets, et ainsi donner naissance à une émission polychromatique blanche localisée sur un substrat de silicium.Finalement une approche tout à fait originale a été abordée afin d'utiliser la technique d'assemblage par forces de capillarité en tant que méthode de détection ultra-sensible. Une preuve de concept a alors été obtenue à l'aide de suspensions colloïdales de nanoparticules d'or. / By their small size and according to their nature, colloidal micro and nano-particles exhibit novel physical properties, especially in the field of optics (subwavelength guiding and focusing, plasmon propagation, monochromatic emission...). However, the chemical synthesis of these micro/nano-objects being mainly carried out in aqueous phase, makes it necessary to develop technologies to overcome their random motion in the liquid phase and allow their deterministic positioning and organization on a surface. The capillary assembly methods, consisting in controlling the evaporation of a colloidal droplet on a lithographied substrate, are among the most promising tools. For several years our team has developed a test bench based on the thermodynamic capillary force assembly in a confined environment. This technique has allowed the realization of planar structures based on dielectric or metallic nano and microparticles to conduct optical studies (plasmonic coupling, photonic nanojet...). Nevertheless, one of the remaining challenges is the development of three-dimensional dielectric or metallic structures with the capillary force assembly technique.In this context we have developed a technology for the realization and the transfer of 3D nanoparticles architectures of various sizes and shapes. Two types of architectures have been created : metallic architectures made of gold nanoparticles (100 nm in diameter), and dielectric structures of fluorescent polystyrene particles (100 nm in diameter).The plasmonic properties of the metallic architectures have been studied in far field by scattering spectroscopy and two-photon luminescence. The influence of the structural characteristics of these objects on their optical response could thus be assessed. The effect of the three-dimensional structure has also been observed on the near field optical response.The dielectric architectures present a potential as polychromatic emitters in the visible spectral range. A spectroscopic study of particle mixtures of three different colors (blue, green and red) was performed to determine the spectral and chromatic properties of such objects, and thus give rise to a white polychromatic emission localized on a silicon substrate.Finally, a completely original approach to use the technique of capillary force assembly as an ultra- sensitive detection method was discussed. A proof of concept was then obtained using colloidal suspensions of gold nanoparticles.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:53:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 2270439 bytes, checksum: f1f5ac7a173bd54b51ef49f193fb1448 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Lanthanum is one of the 17 chemical elements known as rare earths. The increasing use of these metals by industries and impacts of mining have contributed to their mobility in the environment, creating possible environmental hazards and health effects. In this study, we evaluated the La removal from aqueous solution through the synthesis of iron and aluminum colloids via precipitation and the retention of this contaminant in the solid phases formed. Solutions of ferrous sulfate, aluminum sulfate and lanthanum sulfate were mixed in different proportions, in polyethylene containers, so as to obtain ten Fe: Al: La molar ratios(500:125:0, 500:125:1, 500: 125:5, 500:125:25, 500:125:125, 500:250:0, 500:250:1, 500:250:5, 500:250:25 and 500:250:125). The experimental period was 90 days. Supernatant aliquots were collected to determine lanthanum concentration weekly. The precipitated material was characterized by color determination by the Munsell system, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS). Potential remobilization of lanthanum in the solid phases formed was evaluated by comparing the amounts extractable by acetic acid 0.11 mol L-1 with the total contents, both determined by ICP OES. High efficiencies in lanthanum removal from aqueous phase were obtained. The precipitate colors tended to redden with the increments in lanthanum amount. The XRD detected the formation of Al-goethite in most treatments and other phases such as Al-lepidocrocite and Al-magnetite, in specific cases. Microanalysis revealed the lanthanum association to iron and aluminum colloids in the solid phase and the occurrence of segregation where the element was more abundant. The extractions with acetic acid showed high potential remobilization of lanthanum to most treatments. The method is suitable for removing the contaminant from water, but further studies are necessary to optimize retention in the solid phase. / O Lantânio é um dos 17 elementos químicos conhecidos como terras raras. A intensificação do uso desses metais pelas indústrias e impactos decorrentes da mineração têm contribuído para uma maior mobilidade desses elementos no ambiente, gerando riscos ecológicos e à saúde humana. Neste trabalho, avaliou-se a remoção de La de solução aquosa por meio da síntese de coloides de ferro e alumínio via precipitação e a retenção do contaminante nas fases sólidas formadas. Soluções de sulfato ferroso, sulfato de alumínio e sulfato de lantânio foram misturadas em diferentes proporções, em recipientes de polietileno, de modo a obter dez relações molares Fe:Al:La (500:125:0, 500:125:1, 500:125:5, 500:125:25, 500:125:125, 500:250:0, 500:250:1, 500:250:5, 500:250:25 e 500:250:125). O período experimental foi de 90 dias. Semanalmente foram coletadas alíquotas do sobrenadante para determinação da concentração de lantânio. O material precipitado foi caracterizado por meio de determinação de cor pelo sistema Munsell, difratometria de raios X (DRX), microscopia eletrônica de varredura e espectroscopia de energia dispersiva (MEV/EDS). O potencial de remobilização de lantânio nas fases sólidas formadas foi avaliado por comparação dos teores extraíveis por ácido acético 0,11 mol L-1 com os teores totais, ambos determinados em ICP OES. Elevadas eficiências na remoção de lantânio da fase aquosa foram obtidas. A coloração dos precipitados tendeu a avermelhar-se com os incrementos na quantidade de lantânio. A DRX detectou a formação de Al-goethita na maioria dos tratamentos e outras fases, como Al-lepidocrocita e Al-magnetita, em casos específicos. A microanálise evidenciou a associação do lantânio aos coloides de ferro e alumínio nas fases sólidas e a ocorrência de segregação onde o elemento era mais abundante. As extrações com ácido acético revelaram alto potencial de remobilização de lantânio para a maioria dos tratamentos. O método seria adequado para a remoção do contaminante da solução aquosa, porém ainda são necessários estudos para otimizar a retenção na fase sólida.

Universidade Federal do Cearà / O atual estÃgio de desenvolvimento de tÃcnicas experimentais permite a sÃntese de partÃculas coloidais complexas, cuja superfÃcie pode ser precisamente "decorada" com propriedades fÃsicas e/ou quÃmicas diferentes. Tais coloides sÃo usualmente definidos como partÃculas patchy. Como resultado da modificaÃÃo de partes da superfÃcie de tais partÃculas, a interaÃÃo entre as mesmas à geralmente caracterizada por um potencial anisotrÃpico. Estudar e compreender o processo de auto-organizaÃÃo desse sistema particular à de grande interesse tanto do ponto de vista cientÃfico como tecnolÃgico devido sua utilizaÃÃo em materiais funcionais. Nessa dissertaÃÃo, estuda-se o comportamento de um sistema bidimensional de partÃculas patchy carregadas, nas quais a superfÃcie à decorada pontualmente com uma carga de sinal contrÃrio do centro da mesma de modo que cada coloide possua uma carga total C responsÃvel pelo potencial de interaÃÃo. Neste trabalho foi utilizada a tÃcnica de simulaÃÃo DinÃmica Molecular para estudar o processo de auto-organizaÃÃo dessas partÃculas para diversas densidades e temperaturas. Contudo, antes de apresentar resultados numÃricos apresenta-se o modelo de partÃcula patchy e verifica-se o comportamento da energia de interaÃÃo com dependÃncia na carga efetiva da partÃcula e com o nÃmero de sÃtios ativos (p) que decoram as superfÃcies dos coloides, chamados de patches. Nota-se que o estudo de tais parÃmetros à fundamental na previsÃo de estruturas que o sistema se estabiliza. Apresentam-se as estruturas de mÃnima energia estÃveis, de um sistema com p=2 e carga total neutra, em um diagrama de fases com dependÃncia na temperatura e densidade para p=2. Esse diagrama apresenta claramente duas fases bem definidas que foram distinguidas atravÃs de cÃlculos de propriedades termodinÃmicas durante a simulaÃÃo. Resultados para diferente p e carga total tambÃm sÃo apresentados a fim de mostrar a influencia do nÃmero de patches, e da carga total, na configuraÃÃo do sistema. Em geral, observa-se que para altos valores da carga total e/ou nÃmero de patches de cada partÃcula, o potencial repulsivo prevalece fazendo com que o sistema se estabilize em uma configuraÃÃo cristalina. Por outro lado, um sistema composto de partÃculas com baixo valor de carga total ou numero de patches as partÃculas apresentam um potencial atrativo induzindo diferentes tipos de configuraÃÃes no sistema, como, por exemplo, estruturas na forma de anÃis e linhas de partÃculas. / The current stage of development of experimental techniques allow the synthesis of particles complex colloidal, whose surface can be precisely "decorated" with physical properties and/or chemical combinations. Such colloids are usually defined as patchy particles. As result of the modification of parts of the surface of such particles, the interaction between them is generally characterized by an anisotropic potential. Study and understand the process of self-organization of this particular system is of great interest both from the scientific point of view as technology, because of its use in functional materials. In this dissertation, we study. The behavior of a two-dimensional system patchy charged particles, in which the surface is decorated with a timely charge sign opposite that located in the particle center. Thus, patchy each particle has a net charge C, which is result of the difference between the point charges on the surface and that in the particle center patchy. This study uses the technique of computer simulation of molecular dynamics to study the process of self-organization of particles patchy depending on the density and temperature. Initially, we present the model of patchy particles studied here and there is the behavior of the interaction energy between two particles and its dependence on load effective particle (liquid charge) and the number of active sites (p) that decorate the surfaces of colloids, called patches . The study of these parameters is important for understanding the self-organized structures obtained. Presents the stable structures of minimum energy a system with p=2 and C=0 as a function of temperature and density. In general, we observe two well defined phases were distinguished by calculation of thermodynamic properties during the simulation. Results for different values of p and C are also presented order to show the influence of this parameter in the system configuration. In general, it is observed that for large values of the charge and/or number of patches, the repulsive potential prevails causing the system to stabilize in a crystalline configuration. On the other hand, for a system composed of particles with a low value of charge and/or the number od patches interaction potential is attractive inducing predominantly resulting composite structures in the form of clusters of ring and lines particles.

Objetivo: estudar os efeitos hemodinâmicos da solução salina hipertônica/dextran, comparada com solução salina normal, em pacientes com sepse grave. Modelo: ensaio clínico randomizado, prospectivo, duplo-cego, controlado. Local: Unidade de Terapia Intensiva de um hospital universitário. Pacientes: 29 pacientes com sepse grave, admitidos na UTI com pressão de oclusão da artéria pulmonar (POAP) menor que 12 mmHg. Intervenções: os pacientes foram randomizados para receber 250 ml da solução salina normal [NaCl 0,9%] (Grupo SS, n=16) ou solução salina hipertônica [NaCl 7,5%]/dextran 70 8% ( Grupo SSH, n=13). Medidas e resultados: para cada grupo foram coletadas medidas hemodinâmicas, gasometrias (arterial e venosa), lactato e sódio séricos nos tempos 0, 30 minutos, 60 minutos, 120 minutos e 180 minutos. Durante o período do estudo não foi permitida qualquer alteração na infusão tanto de fluidos quanto das drogas vasopressoras. A POAP foi maior no grupo SSH, com a diferença sendo maior em 30 minutos (10,7±3,2 mmHg vs. 6,8±3,2 mmHg) e 60 minutos (10,3±3 mmHg vs. 7,4±2,9 mmHg); p<0,05. O índice cardíaco aumentou apenas no grupo SSH, sendo que as diferenças foram maiores em 30 minutos (6,5±4,7 l min-1 m-2 vs. 3,8±3,4 l min-1 m-2), em 60 minutos (4,9±4,5 l min-1 m-2 vs. 3,7±3,3 l min-1 m-2) e em 120 minutos (5,0±4,3 l min-1 m-2 vs. 4,1±3,4 l min-1 m-2); p<0,05. O índice sistólico seguiu o mesmo padrão e foi maior em 30 minutos (53,6[39,2-62,8] ml m-2 vs. 35,6[31,2-49,2] ml m-2) e em 60 minutos (46,8[39,7-56,6] ml m-2 vs. 33,9[32,2-47,7] ml m-2); p<0,05. A resistência vascular sistêmica diminuiu no grupo SSH e foi menor nos tempos 30 minutos (824±277 dyne s-1 cm-5 m-2 vs. 1139±245 dyne s-1 cm-5 m-2), em 60 minutos (921±256 dyne s-1 cm-5 m-2 vs. 1246±308 dyne s-1 cm-5 m-2) e em 120 minutos (925±226 dyne s-1 cm-5 m-2 vs. 1269±494 dyne s-1 cm-5 m-2); p<0,05. O sódio sérico aumentou no grupo SSH e foi maior do que o grupo SS em 30 minutos (145±3 mEq l-1 vs. 137±7 mEq l-1), em 60 minutos (143±4 mEq l-1 vs. 136±77 mEq l-1), em 120 minutos (142±5 mEq l-1vs. 136±7 mEq l-1) e em 180 minutos (142±5 mEq l-1 vs. 136±87 mEq l-1); p<0,05. Conclusão: Solução salina hipertônica/dextran pode melhorar a performance cardiovascular na ressuscitação de pacientes com sepse grave. Os efeitos hemodinâmicos parecem estar relacionados tanto ao efeito no volume quanto a melhora da função cardíaca. A SSH/dextran podem ajudar a restaurar rapidamente a estabilidade hemodinâmica em pacientes sépticos, hipovolêmicos, sem apresentar efeitos indesejáveis significativos. / Objective: to study the hemodynamic effects of a hypertonic saline/dextran solution compared with a normal saline solution in severe septic patients. Design: prospective double blind and control-randomised study. Setting: Adult intensive care unit in a university hospital Patients: Twenty nine severe septic patients admitted to the intensive care unit with a pulmonary artery occlusion pressure (PAOP) lower than 12 mmHg. Interventions: Patients were randomised to receive 250 ml of blinded solutions of either normal saline (SS group, n=16) or hypertonic saline (NaCl 7,5%)/dextran 70 8% (HSS group, n=13) solutions. Measurements and Results: Hemodynamic, blood gases, blood lactate and sodium data were collected for each group at the following time points: baseline, 30 min, 60 min, 120 min and 180 min. During the study period, it was not allowed further fluid or vasoactive infusion rate modifications. PAOP was higher in the HSS group with the differences being greater at 30 (10.7±3.2 mmHg vs. 6.8±3.2 mmHg) and 60 min (10.3±3 mmHg vs. 7.4±2.9 mmHg); p<0.05. The cardiac index increased only in the HSS group with differences being greater at 30 (6.5±4.7 l min-1 m-2 vs. 3.8±3.4 l min-1 m-2), 60 (4.9±4.5 l min-1 m-2 vs. 3.7±3.3 l min-1 m-2) and 120 min (5.0±4.3 l min-1 m-2 vs. 4.1±3.4 l min-1 m-2); p<0.05. The stroke volume index followed a comparable course and it was higher at 30 (53.6[39.2-62.8] ml m-2 vs. 35.6[31.2-49.2] ml m-2) and 60 min (46.8[39.7-56.6] ml m-2 vs. 33.9[32.2-47.7] ml m-2); p<0.05. Systemic vascular resistance decreased in the HSS group and became lower at 30 (824±277 dyne s-1 cm-5 m-2 vs. 1139±245 dyne s-1 cm-5 m-2), 60 (921±256 dyne s-1 cm-5 m-2 vs. 1246±308 dyne s-1 cm-5 m-2) and 120 min (925±226 dyne s-1 cm-5 m-2 vs. 1269±494 dyne s-1 cm-5 m-2); p<0.05. The serum sodium levels increased in the HSS group and were higher than in the SS group at 30 (145±3 mEq l-1 vs. 137±7 mEq l-1), 60 (143±4 mEq l-1 vs. 136±77 mEq l-1), 120 (142±5 mEq l-1vs. 136±7 mEq l-1) and 180 min (142±5 mEq l-1 vs. 136±87 mEq l-1 ); p<0.05. Conclusion: Hypertonic saline/dextran solution can improve cardiovascular performance in the resuscitation of severe septic patients. The hemodynamic effect appears related both to a volume effect and an improvement in cardiac function. Hypertonic saline/colloid solutions may help to rapidly restore hemodynamic stability in hypovolemic septic patients without significant side effects.

Inorganic colloids are ubiquitous in environmental waters and are thought to be potential transporters of radionuclides and other toxic metals. Colloids present large surface areas to pollutants and contaminants present in waters and are therefore capable of sorbing and transporting them via groundwater and surface water movement. Much research has been and is currently being undertaken to understand more fully the stability of colloids in different water chemistries, factors which affect metal sorption onto colloids, and the processes which affect metal-colloid transport. This thesis first investigates ground water and surface water sampling and characterisation techniques for the investigation of the colloids present in and around a low-level waste repository. Samples were collected anaerobically using micro-purge low-flow methodology (MPLF) and then subjected to sequential ultrafiltration, again anaerobically. After separation into size fractions the solids were analysed for radiochemical content, colloid population and morphology. It was found that colloids were present in large numbers in the groundwaters extracted from the trench waste burial area (anaerobic environment), but in the surface drain waters (aerobic environment) colloid population was comparable t6 levels found in waters extracted from' above the trenches. There was evidence that the non-tritium activity was associated with the colloids and particulates in the trenches, but outside of the trenches the evidence was not conclusive because the activity and colloid concentrations were low. Secondly this thesis investigates the stability of inorganic colloids, mainly haematite, in the presence of humic acid, varying pH and electrolyte concentrations. The applicability of the Schulze-Hardy rule to haematite and haematitelhumic acid mixtures was investigated using photon correlation spectroscopy to measure the rate of fast and slow coagulation after the addition of mono, di and trivalent ions. It was found that humic coated colloids follow the Schulze-Hardy rule for mono and divalent cations, with the exception of copper ions. Trivalent ions do not follow the Schulze-Hardy rule because of their relatively strong complexation with humates. It was also found that the size of the ion has an effect on destabilisation, irrespective of charge.

L'objectif principal de ce travail de thèse est l'étude de la formation de matériaux hybrides polysaccharides – oxydes métalliques par assemblage colloïdal. Il concerne à la fois la compréhension des mécanismes et l'obtention de nouveaux matériaux et textures. Pour ce faire, nous avons étudié dans un premier temps les suspensions formées par les précurseurs colloïdaux (nano-bâtonnets de chitine, oligomères siloxane). Grâce à la détermination des diagrammes de phases, nous avons montré que ces co-suspensions dans l'éthanol présentent, comme en milieu aqueux, des propriétés d'auto-assemblage conduisant à la formation de mésophases nématiques chirales. Par ailleurs, l'étude rhéologique de ces fluides complexes a montré une forte influence des proportions relatives des deux précurseurs sur la viscosité, mettant en évidence le rôle déterminant des interactions entre colloïdes. Au-delà, la caractérisation par microscopie électronique nous a permis de confirmer la formation de colloïdes hybrides au sein des co-suspensions. Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons élaboré de nouveaux matériaux composites soit en modifiant le précurseur polysaccharide (cellulose vs. chitine), soit en introduisant de nouveaux précurseurs de phases inorganiques (Al2O3, TiO2, ZnS). La caractérisation de ces matériaux nous a permis d'évaluer le rôle de la chimie de surface, de la nature et de la taille des précurseurs sur les interactions colloïdales et les propriétés texturales finales. Enfin, nous avons étudié l'effet des procédés de mise en forme – microsphères par atomisation-séchage, fibres par électro-filage, films minces – et de l'application de champs externes – champ électrique, cisaillement – sur les caractéristiques des matériaux. A partir de ces nouveaux résultats, nous proposons un mécanisme de formation qui permet d'envisager la synthèse de matériaux fonctionnels dont les propriétés seraient ajustées selon les applications visées (catalyse, propriétés mécaniques…). / The major aim of this PhD thesis has been to study the formation of polysaccharides metal oxides hybrid materials through colloidal assembly. It concerns both the understanding of the mechanisms and the obtention of new materials and textures. To that purpose, we first studied suspensions of the colloidal precursors (chitin nanorods and siloxane oligomers). By mapping out the phase diagrams, we demonstrated that co-suspensions in ethanol exhibit self-assembly properties, similar to those obtained with chitin in aqueous medium, leading to the formation of chiral nematic mesophases. Besides, the rheological study of these complex fluids showed a great influence of the relative proportions of the precursors upon viscosity, hence revealing the major role played by colloidal interactions. Moreover, electron microscopy observations allowed us to confirm the formation of hybrid nanorods colloids made of chitin and silica within the co-suspensions. Then, we elaborated new composite materials either by changing the polysaccharide precursor (cellulose vs. chitin) or by introducing new precursors of inorganic phases (Al2O3, TiO2, ZnS). The characterization of these materials allowed us to estimate the impact of precursors' characteristics (surface chemistry, nature and size) on colloidal interactions and final textural properties. Lastly, we investigated the influence of the materials morphology and processing method – microspheres by spray-drying, fibers by electrospinning, thin films – and application of external fields – electric field, shearing – on the obtained materials characteristics. Based on these new results, we propose a mechanism of formation which enables us to envision the synthesis of functional materials with properties adjusted to intended applications (catalysis, mechanical properties…).

No description available.

Ces travaux de thèse ont pour but d'étudier l'état de dispersion de particules colloïdales dans des cristaux liquides nématiques lyotropes. Ces solvants organisés sont constitués de micelles nanométriques anisotropes. Dans un premier temps, nous montrons qu'il est possible de réaliser des suspensions cinétiquement stables en jouant notamment sur la forme des inclusions micrométriques. Un modèle, développé dans le cadre de cette étude, permet de rendre compte de nos observations. Dans un second temps, nous nous intéressons à l'influence de la diminution de taille de particules sur l'état de dispersion du système. A l'échelle nanométrique, le mouvement brownien, anisotrope dans ce type de milieu, semble gouverner les phénomènes observés. / The present PhD work aims at studying the dispersion state of colloidal particles in lyotropic nematic liquid crystals. These organized solvents are made of anisotropic nanometric micelles. Firstly, we show that kinetically stable suspensions may be achieved by playing on the shape of micrometric inclusions in particular. A model, which is developed for this study, can catch well our observations. Secondly, we are interested in the influence of a diminution of the particle size on the dispersion state of the system. At the nanometric scale, the Brownian motion, which is anisotropic in such media, seems to govern the observed phenomena.

Au cours ce travail, nous nous sommes intéressés au design de particules plasmoniques pour le contrôle de l’absorption et de l’émission de lumière. Notre stratégie a été de synthétiser des nanoparticules de type cœur@écorce composées d’un cœur d’or et d’une écorce diélectrique de silice contenant des molécules organiques fluorescentes. Nous avons fait varier la distance entre ces dernières et le cœur afin de moduler l’intensité de leur couplage avec les plasmons du métal et d’ainsi contrôler les propriétés optiques des nanoparticules. Nous nous sommes aussi intéressés à l’assemblage de ces nanoparticules sous la forme de supra-particules ou de réseaux bidimensionnels organisés. L’étude des propriétés optiques de ces nouveaux matériaux a permis de mettre en évidence une forte exaltation de l’intensité de fluorescence des particules cœur@écorce quand celles-ci sont confinées entre deux nappes métalliques, ce qui correspond à un mode de cavité fort. Nous avons également travaillé sur la synthèse de particules composées d’un cœur de silice et soit d’une écorce d’or présentant des patchs « vierges », soit d’une écorce de dioxyde de titane comportant des patchs recouverts de nanoparticules d’or. / During this work, we were interested in the design of plasmonic particles for the control of the absorption and the emission of light. Our strategy was to synthesize core@shell nanoparticles made of a gold core and a silica shell containing fluorescent organic molecules. We have varied the distance between the emitters and the core in order to tune their coupling with the plasmons of gold. We thus tuned the optical properties of the particles. We were also interested in the assembly of these nanoparticles to get supra-particles or organized two-dimensional networks. The study of optical properties of these new materials showed that the exaltation of the fluorescence is maximal when the core@shell particles are confined between two gold boundaries, this situation corresponding to a strong cavity mode. We also worked on the synthesis of particles consisting of a silica core and either a gold shell with bare patches or a titanium dioxide shell with patches covered with gold nanoparticles.

Ce travail expérimental porte sur l'étude du comportement colloïdale aux interfaces de nématiques. Dans un premier temps, nous détaillons la séquence de phase observée par des billes de silice à ancrage homéotrope fort piégés à l'interface air-nématique. En fonction de leur densité ainsi que l'épaisseur du film, les colloïdes forment différentes structures spontanément. A l'aide des pinces optiques, nous mesurons le potentiel de paire et nous discutons les rôles respectifs des forces capillaires et élastiques. Dans un second temps, nous étudions le comportement des colloïdes sur des interfaces nématiquesplus complexes. En contrôlant la géométrie des interfaces et la densité des particules piégées, à l'aide de la technique de microfluidique, nous étudions le comportement colloïdal à la surface des coques nématiques fines. La compétition entre les conditions d'ancrage aux interfaces, l'élasticité du CL, les défauts et les densités des fluides est à l'origine de la formation de nouvelles configurations topologiques. Dans cette partie, nous discutons le rôle des colloïdes dans la formation de ces structures. / The aim of this experimental work is to study the behavior of colloids at nematicinterfaces. Initially, we examine the behavior of spherical solid particles with stronghomeotropic anchoring at an air-nematic interface and we detail the phase behaviorof beads. Depending on their area density, the nematic thickness and the anchoring,colloids spontanously form various structures. Using optical tweezers, we determine thepair potential and we discuss the different roles of capillary and elastic forces. Second,we report the behavior of silica beads at more complex NLC interfaces. By controllingthe geometry of the interfaces and the colloids density, with microfluidic techniques,we study the colloidal behavior at the surface of a thin nematic shell. The competitionbetween anchoring conditions at interfaces, nematic elsticity, topological defects anddensities of fluids is responsable of the formation of new topological configurations. Inthis part we discuss the role of colloids in the formation of these structures.