[pt] Otimização de portfólio é uma técnica largamente utilizada para seleção de investimentos na área econômico-financeira. A primeira proposição neste sentido foi o modelo média- variância de Harry Markowitz, que utiliza, respectivamente, a média e a variância dos retornos do portfólio como medidas de retorno e de risco. Desde Markowitz muitas outras abordagens, que adotam medidas de risco alternativas, têm sido propostas, como por exemplo o modelo MiniMax, o modelo de desvio absoluto médio, a programação objetiva, o Value-at-Risk (VaR), o Conditional Value-at- Risk (CVaR) etc. Neste trabalho a idéia de otimização de portfólio é aplicada à área de comercialização de energia. O objetivo é apresentar abordagens para otimização de portfólio de contratos de energia, de modo a se definir a estratégia de comercialização de energia que maximize o valor esperado dos valores presentes das remunerações líquidas de uma empresa geradora, sujeito ao controle de sua exposição ao risco. São propostas três abordagens: a primeira adota a variância dos valores presentes das remunerações líquidas como medida de risco, a segunda adota o mínimo da distribuição como medida de risco e a terceira adota o CVaR como medida de risco. Em duas das três abordagens propostas, assume-se que os contratos candidatos a compor o portfólio são divididos em dois grupos: contratos de decisão imediata e possibilidades futuras de contratação. Com isto, a formulação do problema resulta em um modelo de otimização estocástica de dois estágios, que é resolvido via programação dinâmica dual estocástica. Resultados numéricos para o sistema elétrico brasileiro são apresentados e discutidos. / [en] Portfolio optimization has been widely used to select investments in the financial area. The first proposal in this topic was the Markowitz mean-variance approach, which uses, respectively, the mean and the variance as measures of portfolio return and risk. Since Markowitz many other approaches, which adopt alternative risk measures, have been proposed, e.g. the MiniMax model, the Mean Absolute Deviation model, the Goal Programming, the Value-at-Risk (VaR) and the Conditional Value-at-Risk (CVaR) etc. In this work the idea of portfolio optimization is applied to the energy commercialization area. The objective is to present approaches to portfolio optimization of energy contracts in order to determine the energy commercialization strategy that maximizes the expected present value of the cash flow of a generating company subject to the control of its risk exposure. Three approaches are proposed: the first adopts the variance of the present values as risk measure, the second adopts the minimum present value as risk measure and the third adopts the CVaR as risk measure. In the second and in the third approaches are assumed that the candidate contracts are divided into two sets: those of immediate decision and those that can be contracted in the future. This modeling leads to a large-scale two-stage stochastic programming problem that is solved by stochastic dual dynamic programming. Numerical results for the Brazilian power system are presented and discussed.

The diploma thesis "The future of human exoplanet settlement from the present point of view" is focused on the analysis of the development of the urban compo-sition of the city for the purpose of finding the most suitable concept of the set-tlement. Its foundation is hypothetically put on some of the planets outside the solar system, where could be comparable conditions as on Earth. Installation in these extreme conditions is chosen deliberately so that the essential aspects of the urban layout come to the fore. In this way it is possible at the same time to verify the presumption of stability of the basic assumptions of a functional city and ap-ply the final conclusions in the current conditions as well.

The purpose of this thesis is to explore factors, actors and processes which condition innovative commercialization of bamboo in Ethiopia. The thesis particularly focuses on how traditional technologies and entrepreneurial innovations can be a source of knowledge and foundation for bamboo commercialization in Ethiopia. In tandem with technology development, it also attempts to shed light on how variations in value chains and market availability result in differential levels of commercialization. The research is designed based on the system of innovation and value chain approaches as main theoretical lenses. Data is collected from three districts and cities. The main data collection method was surveys of key value chain actors, complemented by expert interviews, case studies, group discussions and analysis of secondary data sources. Both qualitative and quantitative techniques including inferential statistics are used for analysis. The results demonstrate that traditional knowledge and technical skills are key sources of innovation for bamboo commercialization. These technical skills are gradually transferred from rural to urban and from traditional to semi-modern via recreational houses and furniture production. The research found that the major factors which significantly explain the differences in technical skills are bamboo income, use knowledge, market distance and management regimes. The study further reveals that there are diversity of enterprises which have a major role both in generation of innovation and production of value added products. Innovation performance is influenced by level of technology, financial access and business experience while economic performance is influenced by the age of the enterprise owner, their innovativeness, level of technology and location (urban functions). Institutional actors play an intermediary role at the production and processing levels in promoting bamboo sector development through training provision, policy development and linking actors along the value chain. Similarly, consumers are also key actors in the value chain and are the major drivers of bamboo commercialization. Rates of commercialization are found different among regions where areas with a better access to consumer markets reportedly engage more in commercial extraction and earn a correspondingly higher income from bamboo than regions far from centers of consumption. In summary, the empirical analysis depicts that innovative commercialization is the result of a combination of technological capability, entrepreneurial competency and market accessibility. Thus, future policy for bamboo resource commercialization and development should be geared towards establishing and nurturing a bamboo sector innovation system which in turn supports the development of technology-led resource commercialization and facilitates entry into the global value chain. / Diese Dissertation hat zum Ziel, Faktoren, Akteure und Prozesse zu erforschen, welche die innovative Kommerzialisierung von Bambus in Äthiopien bedingen. Insbesondere wird in dieser Arbeit darauf eingegangen, inwiefern traditionelle Technologien und unternehmerische Innovationen eine Wissensquelle und ein Fundament für die Bambuskommerzialisierung in Äthiopien sein können. Zusammen mit der Technologieentwicklung wird auch dargestellt, wie Variationen in der Wertekette und der Marktverfügbarkeit zu unterschiedlichen Graden der Kommerzialisierung führen. Die Forschung basiert auf dem System von Innovations- und Wertekettenverfahren als grundlegende theoretische Aspekte. Die Datenerhebung erfolgte in drei Distrikten und Städten. Die Haupterfassungsmethode war die Befragung von Schlüsselakteuren in den Werteketten, ergänzt durch Experteninterviews, Fallstudien, Gruppendiskussionen sowie Analysen von sekundären Datenquellen. Sowohl qualitative als auch quantitative Verfahren einschließlich der Interferenzstatistik dienen der Analyse. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass traditionelles Wissen und technische Fertigkeiten Schlüsselquellen für Innovationen in der Bambuskommerzialisierung sind. Diese technischen Fertigkeiten werden nach und nach vom Ländlichen zum Städtischen sowie vom Traditionellen zur Semimoderne überführt, was sich hauptsächlich durch den Erholungssektor sowie durch die Möbelherstellung zeigt. Die Forschung fand heraus, dass die Hauptfaktoren der Unterschiede in den technischen Fertigkeiten das durch Bambus erzielte Einkommen, das Wissen über dessen Verwendung, die Distanz zum Markt sowie Managementregime sind. Ferner zeigten die Untersuchungen, dass es eine Vielfalt von Betrieben gibt, welche eine Hauptrolle sowohl bei Innovationen als auch bei der Herstellung höherwertiger Produkte spielen. Die Innovationsleistung wird beeinflusst durch den Stand der Technik, durch finanziellen Zugang sowie Businesserfahrungen, während die ökonomische Leistung beeinflusst wird durch das Alter der Betriebsbesitzer, deren Innovation, den Stand der Technik, sowie durch die Lage (urbane Funktionen). Institutionelle Akteure spielen eine Zwischenrolle auf Produktions- und Verarbeitungsebene bei der Förderung der Entwicklung des Bambussektors durch Bereitstellung von Ausbildung, der Entwicklung von Methoden und verbindenden Akteuren entlang der Wertekette. Ähnlich sind auch die Konsumenten Schlüsselfaktoren in der Wertekette sowie Hauptantrieb für die Bambuskommerzialisierung. Die Kommerzialisierungsraten in den einzelnen Regionen sind unterschiedlich, wobei Gebiete mit besserem Marktzugang eine größere Kommerzialisierung bewirken und ein besseres Bambus-basiertes Einkommen erzeugen als Regionen, die sich fernab von den Zentren der Konsumption befinden. Zusammenfassend kann ausgeführt werden, dass die empirische Analyse zu dem Schluss kommt, dass innovative Kommerzialisierung das Ergebnis einer Kombination technischer Fähigkeit, unternehmerischer Kompetenz sowie der Marktzugänglichkeit ist. Folglich ist die zukunftsorientierte bambusbasierte Kommerzialisierung und Entwicklung so zu lenken, dass das Innovationssystem auf dem Bambussektor etabliert und gestärkt wird, wodurch auch die Entwicklung technologiegeführter Ressourcenkommerzialisierung gefördert sowie der Zugang zur globalen Wertekette begünstigt wird.

In my Master's degree thesis I'm dealing with the phenomenon of role-playing games in the Czech republic in the first half of the 1990s. Role-playing games came to the Czech republic in the form of a game called "Draci doupe" with an active community of players being established immediately. The main aims of this study are analysis and contextualisation of subculture of these players in the first half of the nineties and also publisher "Altar", who released "Draci doupe" at the end of the year 1990. "Draci doupe" and commercialization were inherently bound together. In my thesis I'm dealing with the description of development of publisher "Altar" with regard to his commercial strategy and influence on the subculture of role-playing game players. The rest of the study is dedicated to the community of players with the focus on development, form and spreading through fanzines (non-professional and non- official publication produced by community of players), magazines and community conventions (called "cons"). Struggles in the community of players regarding commercionalization of this leisure activity are analysed further in the study. These struggles led to degradation of the whole community of players. The view of public is added to the thesis to complete the whole picture of analysis of subculture...

The diploma thesis deals with the issue of commercialization of civil society organizations, specifically the relationship between the social mission and the requirements of the market economy, which organizations encounter in the implementation of their own commercial activities. The research part of the work is a case study, which was carried out in the social enterprise Přestupní stanice as a hybrid form of civil society organization operating on the border of the non-profit sector and the market sector. Through a case study, the work seeks to understand the experience that managers have with situations where there is a confrontation between the social mission and the requirements of the market economy, whether they perceive this confrontation as conflict or not, and how to resolve a potential conflict. The research findings show that in the researched organization, commercialization in the form of the introduction of commercial activities serves to support goals and social mission, and both of these elements (fulfillment of social mission and implementation of commercial activities) complement each other, constantly balance and cannot be separated for functioning.

In recent years, pressures for making society more sustainable have been on a constant increase, and many of the new green technology solutions which will facilitate this change are likely to originate from small high-tech firms. However, young technology-based firms often fail to successfully bring their products to the market – a process known as commercialization. The purpose of this study was to from a managerial perspective contribute to narrowing the gap between practice and academia in the largely unexplored area of commercializing green tech. A qualitative study using an abductive research approach was conducted based on semi-structured interviews carried out at five Swedish green tech companies, followed by an analysis based on grounded theory. From this, four main challenges of green tech commercialization in Sweden were identified, including the reliance of green tech firms on external actors, challenges related to attracting employees and partners, the risk of green tech markets not materializing, and difficulties related to securing financing. Additionally, four underlying themes connected to these challenges were discussed, including issues related to the apparent interrelatedness of green tech markets, the importance of policy support to green tech viability, the importance of investor support, and issues related to gaining trust.

Hur resonerar allsvenska klubbar om medialiseringens inflytelse och vilken roll har covid-19spelat i den utvecklingen? Ur ett konstruktivistiskt perspektiv har jag utfört kvalitativa intervjuermed kommunikationsansvariga från sju olika allsvenska klubbar. Med ett institutionellt teoretisktperspektiv söker studien belysa medialiseringens inflytelse på svensk elitfotboll i en covid-19kontext. Intervjupersonernas upplevelser visar att mediernas relevans ökar inom allvenskan.Pandemin har accelererat medialiseringsprocessen, där klubbarnas kommunikation tillsupportrar, sponsorer och intressenter idag är genomsyrad av medier. Jag argumenterar även föratt klubbarnas karaktär, funktion och struktur har ändrats som en konsekvens av covid-19.Klubbarna agerar idag både som underhållningsbolag, vinstdrivande företag och idrottsförening.Studien belyser allsvenska klubbars speciella situation i den moderna fotbollen. Där de dels slåssmed internationella giganter och samtidigt drivs av lokala arbetskrafter. / How does football clubs in Sweden's highest league reason about mediatizations influence andwhat role has covid-19 played in this development? I have conducted qualitative interviews froma constructivist perspective with communication managers from seven clubs. With aninstitutional theoretical perspective, this study has the ambition to show mediatization's influenceon Swedish elite football in a covid-19 context. The interviewees experience that the relevance ofmedia has increased. Which is a consequence of change in the society on one hand and covid-19on the other hand. The pandemic has accelerated the mediatization process, where the club'scommunication with supporters, sponsors and other stakeholders have been influenced by themedia. I argue that the clubs have changed character, function and structure as a consequence ofcovid-19. Today they act both as an entertainment company, commercialized company and alsoa sports association. The study demonstrates swedish football clubs' special situation in relationto modern football. Where they partly compete with international gigants while still being drivenby a local workforce.

The title of the study is: How long am I prepared to go for my text to get some readers? A qualitative interview-based study about Swedish sports journalism. The aim of this study is to figure out what underlying factors which affects the journalisms news values and selection on news based on which sports that get editorial space. The paper approaches the subject with a specific viewpoint from the sport floorball, which is the largest indoor-sport in Sweden. Though it’s relative size, the sport seems to have an issue: it does not reach out. It gets a lot less coverage and media attention compared with other similar sports, such as ice hockey for example. The development of the sport has been discussed through the years, and a part of that has been an less flattering image as a hobby, not a sport. A part of the discussion has also circulated around the argument that the sport doesn´t get the media coverage it needs. Some essays have been written on the subjects on journalism and media from the point of news value although very little has been done with a combined view on sports, which is why I argue that there is a gap in the research field which this study will partly fill. This work looks at what the sports media in Sweden are focusing on in terms of coverage and what the sport floorball can do to get more coverage. Since the 2020/21 season, the Swedish newspaper SportExpressen streams every game in the top league for both women and men. The theoretical framework in this study is based on the theory of gate-keeping and the commercialization of the media industry which has been put forward by Stromback and Jonsson. The chosen method of the work is a qualitative interview study which consists of an semi-structured interview with four news editors on four Swedish news papers.  The results of the study shows that the news editors believe that floorball get as much coverage as they deserve. There are several factors that affect contemporary sports journalism. One reason is that today´s journalism is well driven by digital metrics. This development in news values and news selection seems to derive from the technological development in the profession, as well as the commercialization.

University research being adopted by, or transferred to, industry has enabled many of the things we now take for granted. The road from a breakthrough at a university to societal consequences is however a long and winding road full of dead ends and surprising turns. To guide researchers attempting to transfer their discoveries into industry applications there are many support systems, for example the Technology Transfer Offices (TTO) tied to each Swedish university. After patenting and contracting with a TTO, a first step often consists of finding a company which can utilize the new technology or, similarly, finding an application for the new technology which can benefit a collection of companies. At this stage there are frequently many ideas for applications but a lack of knowledge about how the technology will perform if implemented and how the relevant companies are evaluating investments into new technology. To solve this, market researchers often divide the intended market into segments and explore the properties of these segments as they relate to the new technology. While there is much research into how this market segmentation and segment exploration is to be done there are no clear and general guidelines. This problem is complex and the answer is contingent on the specifics of the relevant technology, prompting researchers to call for more case studies. This report reviews, comments on and adds to research on market segmentation methodology when trying to transfer new technology to complex Business to Business markets from the outside. It ends with a model suggestion derived from B2B market segmentation research as well as the start-up literature and field experience. This is done alongside a case study of a start-up based on the VIPS-technology, which is a protocol used in microprocessors. The report also provides a decision basis for VIPS on which to base a future marketing strategy. / The benefits, as well as the costs, of supporting technology transfer from universities to industry have been well studied and both have been found to be very high. One of the initial stages of many such transfers, B2B market segmentation, have seen much research but has not yet produced any comprehensive guidelines. The complexity of this problem has led some researchers to call for action or case based research. This report reviews, comments on and adds to research on market segmentation methodology for start-ups based on new technology in complex B2B markets through a case study in the microprocessor industry. It ends with a model suggestion derived from B2B market segmentation literature as well as the start-up literature and field experience. This is done alongside providing a decision basis and general advice for a start-up based on the VIPS-technology, which is a protocol created for use in microprocessors.  The main contributions of this report are considered to be: Suggestions on how a start-up based on new technology should discover, investigate and segment potential markets. Suggestions on how market segments should be evaluated, chosen and targeted. Segmentation of the VIPS market into segments that have similar drivers and would require a similar strategy of approach. Evaluation and disqualification of three of the markets that were envisioned by the inventors - HPCs using standardized CPUs, APUs and mobile. Identification of a key customer, as well as the formulation of a strategy for how to approach them. Identification of the potential for VIPS to simplify chip verification and that there is a market demand for such simplification. Highlighting the importance of developing VIPS as a product for needs specific to key markets.

The purpose of this report was to investigate how the innovation process impact commercialization of innovations with funding. This was accomplished by conducting qualitative interviews, an extensive literature review and a review of corporate documents. The empirical data was that was used to address the purpose was gathered from the program VINN-verifiering at Vinnova, Sweden’s innovation agency. The program was expected to help business concepts to become commercialized, or come closer to commercialization. The intention of the report was to highlight the importance of funding for business concepts by analyzing the program VINN-verifiering. It was also intended to provide insight into how the funding impacts innovations. The most important findings were that the public funding during the innovation process overall had a positive impact on the commercialization. The funding was not enough to reach commercialization in any case. However, this was expected as the funding was limited. The public funding during the innovation process did, however, shorten the time to commercialization. It made it also possible for them to reach as far as they did, without funding more projects would still be in a scientific research phase. / Syftet med denna rapport var att undersöka hur innovationsprocessen påverkar kommersialisering av innovationer med finansiering. Detta uppnåddes genom att genomföra kvalitativa intervjuer, en omfattande litteraturöversikt och en granskning av företagsdokument. Det empiriska materialet som användes för att besvara med syftet var insamlat från programmet VINN-verifiering hos Vinnova, Sveriges innovationsbyrå. Programmet förväntades hjälpa företagskoncept att bli eller komma närmare kommersialisering. Avsikten med rapporten var att lyfta fram vikten av att finansiering för företagskoncept genom att analysera programmet VINN-verifiering. Det var också avsett att ge insikt om hur finansieringen påverkar innovationer. De viktigaste resultaten var att den offentliga finansieringen under innovationsprocessen generellt hade en positiv inverkan på kommersialiseringen. Finansieringen var inte tillräckligt för att nå kommersialisering i något fall. Detta var dock förväntat eftersom finansieringen var begränsad. Den offentliga finansieringen under innovationsprocessen förkortade dock tiden för kommersialisering. Det gjorde det också möjligt för dem att nå så långt som de gjorde, utan finansiering skulle fler projekt fastna som vetenskaplig forskning.