Este trabalho tem base na demanda de pesquisas e desenvolvimento de tecnologias de redes de comunicação (fieldbus) que visam à integração de sistemas de automação e controle para aplicações em sistemas agrícolas. Sistemas agrícolas relacionados com as práticas da agricultura de precisão, com sistemas embarcados em máquinas e implementos agrícolas e com sistemas de controle de estufas e criadouros. É fundamentado também pelos esforços conjuntos no sentido de promover padronização e implementação da norma ISO11783, baseada no CAN, que dê suporte às práticas agrícolas relacionadas com a aquisição e transmissão de grande quantidade de dados. Um dos principais desafios associados ao projeto e utilização de redes de comunicação como o CAN, está relacionado à dificuldade de definição dos parâmetros de configuração para um bom desempenho da rede. O dimensionamento desses parâmetros exerce forte influência no desempenho da rede analisada. Sob o contexto destas necessidades relacionadas, este trabalho apresenta a pesquisa e o desenvolvimento de uma ferramenta de análise de desempenho de redes fieldbus baseada no protocolo CAN para integração de dispositivos em aplicações em sistemas agrícolas. As etapas desse desenvolvimento consistem na sistematização e validação de um modelo matemático do enlace de dados da rede, na proposta de uma metodologia de análise de parâmetros de configurações relacionados com a rede e na implementação computacional dessa metodologia. Espera-se que a metodologia implementada seja uma ferramenta que facilite tarefas de análise e obtenção de dados referentes às aplicações. O resultado deste trabalho busca auxiliar no dimensionamento de parâmetros de configuração e na otimização de redes CAN, além de fornecer dados que ajudam no desenvolvimento de soluções baseadas no protocolo CAN e na norma ISO11783. / This work has base in the demand of research and development of data communication networks (fieldbus) to support the integration of control and automation devices for applications in agricultural systems. Agricultural systems related with the precision agriculture practices, with the embedded systems in agricultural machinery and with the greenhouses control and livestock systems. It is also guided by the efforts on the implementation of ISO11783 standard. The ISO11783 (also called ISOBUS) standard communication link is a common tendency to integrated different devices on agricultural machinery through an embedded control network. The ISOBUS use the controller area network (CAN) as a data link protocol to perform the data communication. The correct definition of the data link configuration parameters represents one of the main challenges related to the design of CAN-based networks. The definition of these parameters has influence in the performance of the analyzed network. This work presents the research and the development of a performance analysis tool of CAN-based networks for applications in agricultural systems. This development consists of the systematization and validation of a CAN mathematical model. An analysis methodology is proposed to use the mathematical model. A simulation software was built and implements the methodology. It is expected that the implemented methodology facilitates the analysis tasks of the configuration parameters of the applications. The result obtained may assist in the performance evaluation and in the definition of an optimized configuration for the network based on CAN protocol and ISO11783 standard.

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2016-12-23T11:33:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Angélico Corte_.pdf: 3793672 bytes, checksum: 4f2c36a99d97bd11708bd259e853a7fb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T11:33:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Angélico Corte_.pdf: 3793672 bytes, checksum: 4f2c36a99d97bd11708bd259e853a7fb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-19 / Nenhuma / O termociclador é um equipamento utilizado para realizar uma técnica de biologia molecular chamada PCR (Polymerase ChainReaction – Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase), que objetiva isolar e amplificar fragmentos alvo de DNA e é amplamente utilizada em pesquisas nas áreas das ciências biológicas, saúde, agropecuária, em diagnósticos animal, vegetal e humano, bem como na medicina forense.O funcionamento do equipamento consiste em realizar ciclos de temperatura variáveis, sendo que o sucesso da reação depende basicamente de três fatores: (1) a velocidade das rampas de subida e descida de temperatura; (2) a precisão e estabilidade da temperatura estipulada no programa; (3) oovershoot reduzido ao final das rampas de temperatura. Esta pesquisa foi desenvolvida como a primeira fase de um projeto de nacionalização de tecnologia. Osobjetivosforam descobrir qual o controlador que melhor atua para o controle de temperatura em termocicladores e montar um protótipo deste equipamento.Os controladores testados foram os tipos PID (Genérico, ISA, Paralelo e com Síntese de Dahlin) e GMV.Esses controladores foram simulados usando Matlab e posteriormente implementados em um sistema de hardware. Foram implementadas no controlador PID de Dahlin, durante esse trabalho, a inserção de duas variáveis de ganho na componente proporcional, uma componente proporcional extra, um saturador e um filtro para acelerar a rampa de descida.Essas melhorias permitiram a resolução dos problemas apresentados pelos controladores, já que nenhum dos testados apresentou resultados satisfatórios em sua forma original.O protótipo foi montado e testado no laboratório de biologia molecular da Unisinos. O mesmo apresentou resultados equivalentes aos do equipamento importado em uso no laboratório. / The thermocycler is an equipment used to perform a molecular biology technique called PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction), which aims at amplifying target DNA fragments. It is widely used in biology, health and agriculture sciences, animal, plant and human diagnostics, as well as in forensics. The equipment completes variable temperature cycles, and the success of the technique relies on three factors: (1) increasing and decreasing ramp rates; (2) temperature accuracy and stability of the temperatures set in the program; (3) a reduced overshoot at the end of each temperature ramp. This research was developed as the first phase of a Technology Nationalization Project. The aim was to identify the best controller to regulate temperature in thermal cycles and assemble a prototype of such equipment. The controllers tested were PID(Generic, ISA, Parallel and Dahlin Synthesis) andGMV. These controllers were simulated using Matlab and then, implemented in a hardware system. The following improvements were implemented in the Dahlin PID Controller during this work: addition of two gain variables in the proportional component, an extra proportional component, one saturator and a filter to accelerate the decreasing ramp. Such improvements allowed us to solve the problems of the controllers, as none of them presented acceptable results in its original form. The prototype was assembled and tested in the Molecular Biology Laboratory of Unisinos. The PCR results obtained with the prototype were equivalent as those obtained from the imported equipment used regularly in the laboratory.

Orientador: Edvaldo Assunção / Resumo: Neste trabalho são propostos resultados para a estabilidade de sistemas lineares sujeitos a parâmetros variantes no tempo (do inglês, Linear Parameter Varying - LPV) e incertezas paramétricas. De início, apresenta-se um método para o projeto de um controlador robusto e gain scheduled via desigualdades matriciais lineares (do inglês, Linear Matrix Inequalitities - LMIs), com base na teoria de estabilidade segundo Lyapunov, com parâmetro variante no tempo e empregando a realimentação derivativa. Propõe-se um método para projetar o controlador gain scheduled usando realimentação derivativa, considerando também incertezas paramétricas. Esta nova formulação foi obtida utilizando o Lema de Finsler, o que permitiu determinar o ganho do controlador sem a necessidade de inverter uma matriz literal. Condições menos conservadoras foram projetadas para um controlador gain scheduled considerando a realimentação dos estados do sistemas. Simulações computacionais com exemplos numéricos mostram que os teoremas propostos neste trabalho são menos conservadores do que os existentes na literatura. A metodologia apresentada foi implementada no sistema de suspensão ativa. / Abstract: In this work, results for the stability of linear parameter-varying (LPV) systems and parametric uncertainties are poposed. At first, a method for desining a gain scheduled and robust controller is described via linear matrix inequalities (Linear Matrix Inequalitities - LMIs), based on the stability theory of Lyapunov, with time-variant parameters and using state derivative feedback. A method to design a gain scheduling controller using state derivative feedback and also considering parametric uncertains is proposed. This new formulation was manipulated using the Finsler’s Lemma, and allowed to determine the control law without having to invert a symbolic matrix. Less conservative conditions were designed for a gain scheduled controller considering system state feedback. Computational simulations with numerical examples show that the theorems proposed in this work are less conservative than those in the literature. The presented methodology was implemented in the active suspension system. / Doutor

In this thesis, control and guidance algorithms for unmanned sea surface vehicles are studied. To design control algorithms of different complexity, first a mathematical model for an unmanned sea surface vehicle is derived. The dynamical and kinematical equations for a sea surface vehicle are obtained, and they are adapted to real life conditions with necessary additions and simplifications. The forces and torques effecting on the vehicle are investigated in detail. Control algorithms for under-actuated six degrees-of-freedom model are designed. PID and LQR controllers are implemented to attain desired surge speed and yaw position. The autopilots are designed and their performances are compared. Based on the autopilots, a guidance algorithm is implemented to achieve desired motions of the vehicle. An obstacle avoidance algorithm is proposed for safe motion among the obstacles. A next-point generation algorithm is designed to direct the vehicle to the most appropriate next way-point if the one ahead is missed. The effects of disturbances on the motion of the vehicle are studied thoroughly on simulation results. PID controller for an unmanned sea surface vehicle is implemented on ArduPilot Mega v1.4 cart controlling a Traxxas Spartan model boat. The performance of the controller is validated. Simulations and experimental results are provided.

Many problems in tracking control have been identified over the years, such as the availability of systems states, the presence of noise and system uncertainties, and speed of response, just to name a few. This thesis is concerned with developing novel integrated control and estimation algorithms to overcome some of these problems in order to achieve an efficient tracking performance. Since there are some significant advantages associated with Sliding Mode Control (SMC) or Variable Structure Control (VSC), (fast regulation rate and robustness to uncertainties), this research reviews and extends new filtering concepts for state estimation, referred to as the Variable Structure Filter (VSF)and Smooth Variable Structure Filter (SVSF). These are based on the philosophy of Sliding Mode Control.<p>The VSF filter is designed to estimate some of the states of a plant when noise and uncertainties are presented. This is accomplished by refining an estimate of the states in an iterative fashion using two filter gains, one based on a noiseless system with no uncertainties and the second gain which reflects these uncertainties. The VSF is combined seamlessly with the Sliding Mode Controller to produce an integrated controller called a Sliding Mode Controller and Filter (SMCF). This new controller is shown to be a robust and effective integrated control strategy for linear systems. For nonlinear systems, a novel integrated control strategy called the Smooth Sliding Mode Controller and Filter (SSMCF), fuses the SMC and SVSF in a particular form to address nonlinearities. The gain term in the SVSF is redefined to form a new algorithm called the SVSF with revised gain in order to obtain a better estimation performance. Its performance is compared to that of the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) when applied to a particular nonlinear plant.<p>The SMCF and SSMCF are applied to the experimental prototype of a precision positioning hydraulic system called an ElectroHydraulic Actuator (EHA) system. The EHA system is known to display nonlinear characteristics but can approximate linear behavior under certain operating conditions, making it ideal to test the robustness of the proposed controllers.<p>The main conclusion drawn in this research was that the SMCF and SSMCF as developed and implemented, do exhibit robust and high performance state estimation and trajectory tracking control given modeling uncertainties and noise. The controllers were applied to a prototype EHA which demonstrated the use of the controllers in a real world application. It was also concluded that the application of the concepts of VSC for the controller can alleviate a challenging mechanical problem caused by a slip-stick characteristic in friction. Another conclusion is that the revised form of the SVSF could obtain robust and fast state estimation for nonlinear systems.<p>The original contributions of the research include: i) proposing the SMCF and SSMCF, ii) applying the Sliding Mode Controller to suppress cross-over oscillations caused by the slip-stick characteristics in friction which often occur in mechanical systems, iii) the first application of the SVSF for state estimation and iv) a comparative study of the SVSF and Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) to the EHA demonstrating the superiority of the SVSF for state estimation performance under both steady-state and transient conditions for the application considered.<p>The dissertation is written in a paper format unlike the traditional Ph.D thesis manuscript. The content of the thesis discourse is based on five manuscripts which are appended at the end of the thesis. Fundamental principles and concepts associated with SMC, VSF, SVSF and the fused controllers are introduced. For each paper, the objectives, approaches, typical results, conclusions and major contributions are presented. Major conclusions are summarized and original contributions reiterated.

Many problems in tracking control have been identified over the years, such as the availability of systems states, the presence of noise and system uncertainties, and speed of response, just to name a few. This thesis is concerned with developing novel integrated control and estimation algorithms to overcome some of these problems in order to achieve an efficient tracking performance. Since there are some significant advantages associated with Sliding Mode Control (SMC) or Variable Structure Control (VSC), (fast regulation rate and robustness to uncertainties), this research reviews and extends new filtering concepts for state estimation, referred to as the Variable Structure Filter (VSF)and Smooth Variable Structure Filter (SVSF). These are based on the philosophy of Sliding Mode Control.<p>The VSF filter is designed to estimate some of the states of a plant when noise and uncertainties are presented. This is accomplished by refining an estimate of the states in an iterative fashion using two filter gains, one based on a noiseless system with no uncertainties and the second gain which reflects these uncertainties. The VSF is combined seamlessly with the Sliding Mode Controller to produce an integrated controller called a Sliding Mode Controller and Filter (SMCF). This new controller is shown to be a robust and effective integrated control strategy for linear systems. For nonlinear systems, a novel integrated control strategy called the Smooth Sliding Mode Controller and Filter (SSMCF), fuses the SMC and SVSF in a particular form to address nonlinearities. The gain term in the SVSF is redefined to form a new algorithm called the SVSF with revised gain in order to obtain a better estimation performance. Its performance is compared to that of the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) when applied to a particular nonlinear plant.<p>The SMCF and SSMCF are applied to the experimental prototype of a precision positioning hydraulic system called an ElectroHydraulic Actuator (EHA) system. The EHA system is known to display nonlinear characteristics but can approximate linear behavior under certain operating conditions, making it ideal to test the robustness of the proposed controllers.<p>The main conclusion drawn in this research was that the SMCF and SSMCF as developed and implemented, do exhibit robust and high performance state estimation and trajectory tracking control given modeling uncertainties and noise. The controllers were applied to a prototype EHA which demonstrated the use of the controllers in a real world application. It was also concluded that the application of the concepts of VSC for the controller can alleviate a challenging mechanical problem caused by a slip-stick characteristic in friction. Another conclusion is that the revised form of the SVSF could obtain robust and fast state estimation for nonlinear systems.<p>The original contributions of the research include: i) proposing the SMCF and SSMCF, ii) applying the Sliding Mode Controller to suppress cross-over oscillations caused by the slip-stick characteristics in friction which often occur in mechanical systems, iii) the first application of the SVSF for state estimation and iv) a comparative study of the SVSF and Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) to the EHA demonstrating the superiority of the SVSF for state estimation performance under both steady-state and transient conditions for the application considered.<p>The dissertation is written in a paper format unlike the traditional Ph.D thesis manuscript. The content of the thesis discourse is based on five manuscripts which are appended at the end of the thesis. Fundamental principles and concepts associated with SMC, VSF, SVSF and the fused controllers are introduced. For each paper, the objectives, approaches, typical results, conclusions and major contributions are presented. Major conclusions are summarized and original contributions reiterated.

In this thesis different control methods are applied to the beam and ball system. Test setup for the previous thesis is handled, circuit assemblies and hardware redesigned. As the system is controlled by the control law partitioning method by a computer, discrete time system model is created. The controllability and the observability of the system are analyzed and a nonlinear controller by using control law partitioning in other words computed torque is designed. State feedback control algorithm previously designed is repeated. In case of calculating the non measurable state variables two different reduced order observers are designed for these two different controllers, one for control law partitioning controller and the other for state-feedback controller. Two controller methods designed for the thesis study are tested in the computer environment using modeling and simulation tools (Also a different controller by using sliding mode controller is designed and tested in the computer environment using simulation tools). A controller software program is written for the designed controller algorithms and this software is tested on the test setup. It is observed that the system is stable when we apply either of the control algorithms.

Despite its simple construction, robustness and low manufacturing cost, the application areas of SR motors are remained limited due to the high level of acoustic noise and torque ripple. In this thesis work, two different type of controllers are designed and implemented in order to minimize the acoustic noise and torque ripple which are considered as the major problems of SR motors. In this scope, first the possible acoustic noise sources are investigated. A sliding mode controller is designed and implemented to reduce the shaft torque ripple which is considered as a major source of acoustic noise. The performance of the controller is experimentally tested and it is observed that especially in low speed region reduction of torque ripple is significant. The torque ripple minimization performance of the controller is also tested at different speeds and the acoustic noise levels are recorded simultaneously. Comparing the noise mitigation with the noise reduction the correlation between the acoustic noise and shaft torque ripple is investigated. The results obtained from this investigation indicated that the torque ripple is not a major source of acoustic noise in SR motors. After this finding, radial force which is the other possible acoustic noise source of SRM is taken into consideration. The effects of control parameters on radial force and the motor efficiency are investigated via simulations. With the intuition obtained from this analysis, a switching angle neuro-controller is designed to minimize the peak level of radial forces. The performance of the mentioned controller is verified through noise records under steady state conditions. Regarding to the radial force simulations and the acoustic noise measurements, it is deduced that the radial force is the major source of acoustic noise. On the other hand, another controller is designed and implemented which increases the average torque per ampere value in order to increase the efficiency of the motor. It is seen that this controller has a good effect on increasing the efficiency but does not guarantee to operate at maximum efficiency.

From 2010 to 2030, the number of instrument flight rules aircraft operations handled by Federal Aviation Administration en route traffic centers is predicted to increase from approximately 39 million flights to 64 million flights. The projected growth in air transportation demand is likely to result in traffic levels that exceed the abilities of the unaided air traffic controller in managing, separating, and providing services to aircraft. Consequently, the Federal Aviation Administration, and other air navigation service providers around the world, are making several efforts to improve the capacity and throughput of existing airspaces. Ultimately, the stated goal of the Federal Aviation Administration is to triple the available capacity of the National Airspace System by 2025. In an effort to satisfy air traffic demand through the increase of airspace capacity, air navigation service providers are considering the inclusion of advisory conflict-detection and resolution systems. In a human-in-the-loop framework, advisory conflict-detection and resolution decision-support tools identify potential conflicts and propose resolution commands for the air traffic controller to verify and issue to aircraft. A number of researchers and air navigation service providers hypothesize that the inclusion of combined conflict-detection and resolution tools into air traffic control systems will reduce or transform controller workload and enable the required increases in airspace capacity. In an effort to understand the potential workload implications of introducing advisory conflict-detection and resolution tools, this thesis provides a detailed study of the conflict event process and the implementation of conflict-detection and resolution algorithms. Specifically, the research presented here examines a metric of controller taskload: how many resolution commands an air traffic controller issues under the guidance of a conflict-detection and resolution decision-support tool. The goal of the research is to understand how the formulation, capabilities, and implementation of conflict-detection and resolution tools affect the controller taskload (system demands) associated with the conflict-resolution process, and implicitly the controller workload (physical and psychological demands). Furthermore this thesis seeks to establish best practices for the design of future conflict-detection and resolution systems. To generalize conclusions on the conflict-resolution taskload and best design practices of conflict-detection and resolution systems, this thesis focuses on abstracting and parameterizing the behaviors and capabilities of the advisory tools. Ideally, this abstraction of advisory decision-support tools serves as an alternative to exhaustively designing tools, implementing them in high-fidelity simulations, and analyzing their conflict-resolution taskload. Such an approach of simulating specific conflict-detection and resolution systems limits the type of conclusions that can be drawn concerning the design of more generic algorithms. In the process of understanding conflict-detection and resolution systems, evidence in the thesis reveals that the most effective approach to reducing conflict-resolution taskload is to improve conflict-detection systems. Furthermore, studies in the this thesis indicate that there is significant flexibility in the design of conflict-resolution algorithms.

<p> </p><p>This abstract describes the bachelor degree thesis in computer technology at Växjö University. The company BSR in Växjö has requested an application that can measure a cars performance, with attributes like acceleration times and engine power estimation. The communication between car and computer is via the USB port on the computer and the OBD-II socket on the car with the network protocol CAN, controller area network. Cars from VAG have been the primary focus group and the application has been tested on a Volkswagen Passat CC from 2009. The system is developed in the programming language C# in the environment Visual Studio with the framework .NET. This report describes the network protocol CAN, which is an essential part in understanding how thecommunication works. Also approach, analyze and implementation is described.</p><p> </p> / <p> </p><p>Denna rapport beskriver ett examensarbete för högskoleingenjörsexamen i datorteknik vid Växjö universitet. Företaget BSR i Växjö har önskat ett program som kan mäta en bils prestanda, med attribut som accelerationstider och effektuppskattning. Kommunikationen mellan bil och dator sker via USB-port på datorn och OBD-II-uttag på bilen med protokollet CAN, controller area network. Bilar från VAG har i första hand varit målgruppen och programmet har testats på en Volkswagen Passat CC från 2009. Systemet har utvecklats i programspråket C# och i utvecklingsmiljön Visual Studio med ramverket .NET. Rapporten beskriver nätverksprotokollet CAN, vilket är en väsentlig del i att förstå hur kommunikationen går till. Även tillvägagångssätt, analys och implementering beskrivs.</p><p> </p>