Information Security (InfoSec) is a broad term used to describe the study of how to protect sensitive data from unauthorized access, modification, or deletion. InfoSec is commonly used within companies and organisations to facilitate the secure use of digital systems, taking its shape in the form of technical solutions as well as rules and guidelines defined in a so-called Information Security Policy (ISP). Subsequently, ISPs, which aim to mitigate the risks posed by the generally agreed upon weakest link, the human factor, is considered a crucial asset to maintaining security. The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic further solidifying its worth as an increase in attacks targeting humans, especially within the healthcare sector, can be seen. Research directed at ISPs is a much debated area which scientists from many different fields of study continuously lend their efforts. However, to the best of the authors' knowledge no recent studies can been seen that examines ISP Compliance (ISPC), with a focus on InfoSec awareness, from a Swedish regional healthcare employees’ perspective. Hence, this study seeks to provide an insight into this area, with the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in mind. The research is based on a web-questionnaire survey created using information gained throughout several interviews with people working in the field of InfoSec. It seeks to examine healthcare employees' InfoSec awareness following the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak with regard  teleworking. It can be seen from the results that healthcare sector employees' were well aware of the InfoSec risks related to the changing work conditions following the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic.

This study aims to identify leading competencies for an economic crisis. Moreover, the studyprovides insights into how those competencies can be developed and deployed in differentstages of a crisis.  Ten pre-recorded interviews with various CEOs from the Financial Crisis 2008/09 andCovid-19 pandemic have been collected to conduct the research. The collection was basedon criteria in accordance with the research question. The interviews have been used to testand modify James and Wooten's (2010) framework. Using an abductive approach and analyzing the data based on the thematic analysis, the studyconcluded that the leading competencies for an economic crisis are communication, trust,creativity, and expertise. This study complements James and Wooten's (2010) model byclaiming that the four mentioned competencies are the building blocks in detecting earlywarning signals of crises; preparing an organization for a crisis; reducing the bad publicityamid a crisis; and returning the business to normal operations while focusing on revenuestream. Furthermore, the study acknowledges the importance of personal health, empathy,and the growing need for reskilling leaders and managers in using their competencies in aremote work environment. The study serves as a guideline for leaders who want to improve their leadershipeffectiveness. The data analysis summary presents the sub-competencies needed to enhancecommunication, trust, creativity, and expertise. Moreover, the framework highlights whichcompetencies are valuable in different stages of the crisis.

The progress of the pandemic has affected many people in the outside world and digitalization has therefore reached new levels. Previous research and reports have shown that teachers in mathematics rarely use digital learning resources when teaching in the classroom. With the help of a questionnaire study, the use and knowledge of digital learning resources for primary and middle school teachers and whether the pandemic has had any impact on this is investigated. The analysis of the results will take place in the TPACK in situ framework. This shows that teachers´ use of digital learning resources have increased in connection with the Covid- 19 pandemic. The teachers´ digital competence has to a large extent been developed when the pandemic set new demands and challenges. The study suggests that the effects of the pandemic have led to higher collegial collaboration in the search for and use of digital learning resources. / Pandemins framfart har påverkat många i omvärlden och digitaliseringen har nått nya nivåer. Tidigare forskning och rapporter har visat på att lärare i matematikundervisningen sällan använder digitala lärresurser. Med hjälp av en enkätstudie undersöks låg- och mellanstadielärares användning och kunskap kring digitala lärresurser samt om pandemin har haft någon påverkan på detta. Analysen av resultatet kommer ske med hjälp av ramverket TPACK in situ. Detta visar att lärares användning av digitala lärresurser har ökat i samband med Covid-19 pandemin. Lärarnas digitala kompetens har i hög utsträckning utvecklats när pandemin ställt nya krav och utmaningar. Studien antyder att pandemins effekter har givit ett högre kollegialt samarbete vid sökande och användande av digitala lärresurser.

Covid-19 pandemic has affected lives in negative ways globally and these impacts on unaccompanied minors who are already disadvantaged and marginalized, are positioningthem at high risk in the society. This study aimed to examine the professionals and practitioners’ perception on the impact of Covid-19 pandemic and related challenges on unaccompanied minors in Sweden. A qualitative inductive research approach wasfollowed, conducting semi-structured interviews with professionals/practitioners such as teachers, foster parent, legal guardian and social worker focusing on the individual meanings and importance of reporting the complexity of the situation. The empirical data was analyzed using caringscapes/carescapes framework and intersectionality theory to understand how time, place and space affect different sets of identities of individuals experience of pandemic. The findings indicate the school space/place plays a very important role in overall wellbeing of unaccompanied minors. Furthermore, the challenges faced under the new law on upper secondary level studies and the negativeimpacts during pandemic

This study deals with the critical analysis of sustainable investments and, therefore, ESG practices on financial performance during the year 2020, when the Covid-19 pandemic hit the financial market. The analysis examines sustainable investments in terms of their actual sustainability, risk, and earnings potential. For an improved tangibility of the findings, the overall market of the developed countries is represented by the two sample indices MSCI World and its sustainable benchmark MSCI World SRI. The analysis focuses on performance, volatility, and gross returns. Additionally, the knowledge of three financial experts supplements the analysis and connects the findings with their professional experience. The interview questions focused on the transparency and traceability of a sustainable investment product, the movement from shareholder-value to the stakeholder approach, the risk of sustainable investments, and the return analysis. The analysis shows that the Covid-19 pandemic has influenced the behavior of investors through the increasing importance of social and environmental topics. The analysis determines that intransparency and greenwashing of sustainable investments pose a danger to investors and are favored by a lack of legal framework conditions. Furthermore, the results reveal that ESG engagement reduces the agency problem and can be considered a stakeholder issue. An examination of market data shows that sustainable investments have a lower extreme risk and are thus subject to lower fluctuations in value during the year of the pandemic. In addition, sustainable investments show an abovemarket average development of value growth and gross returns. The conclusion is that sustainable investments are still in the development stage and need quickly binding legal regulations. Nevertheless, the lower risk, the above-market average performance, and the increasing demand point to a long-term establishment of sustainable investments in the market.

Churches have been prompted to rethink the format of preaching and the content of sermons since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic and the consequent restrictions on church gatherings. What does preaching look like, or what may it look like in times of crisis? These questions arose, specifically considering the content of sermons in the week before and after the national lockdown was announced in South Africa. Using Grounded Theory, the content of sermons delivered during this period was examined in order to identify an emerging theory regarding the homiletical content. From these findings, a homiletic praxis theory is formulated for preaching in times like these. The tension between proximity and distance that is experienced by hearers and proclaimed by preachers is explored. Habits of faith and discernment emerge as core concepts in mitigating this tension and in navigating the thin spaces that are created by liminal times such as these.

The fourth volume of the International Journal of Homiletics opens with an article from South Africa presenting first results of an empirical research on preaching in times of the pandemic. Marileen Steyn, Cas Wepener and Hennie Pieterse, all three from Stellenbosch University, conducted a grounded theory exploration on Preaching During the COVID-19 Pandemic in South Africa analyzing 24 sermons preached on March 22 and March 29 2020- during the time of the South African lockdown. They convincingly show that in an experience of ‘distance’ (to God and the others) sermons primarily try to present a God who is ‘near.’ The authors explore the ‘hinges’ preachers use to help people on the threshold between near and far. They also point to the role liturgy plays together with the words of the sermon and suggest Holy Saturday/Silent Saturday as a metaphor for the homiletical endeavor of preaching in times of crisis. The article is presented in our volume in an English and an Afrikaans version.

Studien undersöker hur olika personlighetsdrag samvarierar med andelen stress vi upplever under Covid-19 pandemin, samt hur dessa personlighetsdrag samvarierar med copingstrategier och hur väl restriktionerna efterföljs. Urvalet bestod av 105 vuxna svenska personer. Formuläret bestod av Ten Item Personality Inventory, Perceived stress scale 10, sex frågor hämtade från Brief cope samt fyra frågor gällande deltagarnas compliance gällande Covid-19 pandemin som konstruerades utifrån Asselmann et al. (2020).Multipla regressioner utfördes för att undersöka det dubbelriktade sambandet mellan personlighetsdrag, stress och coping. Även de demografiska faktorerna ålder, kön, samt boendesituation undersöktes. Analyser av compliance resulterade i takeffekter, vilket gjorde att variabeln uteslöts från multipla regressioner. Resultaten av variabeln compliance var genomgående höga, vilket indikerar att samtliga deltagare, oavsett personlighetsdrag anser sig följa restriktionerna i hög utsträckning. Resultaten från de multipla regressionerna visade ett moderat negativt samband mellan PSS-10 och emotionell stabilitet (β=.53). Även ett svagt positivt samband mellan agreeableness och coping hittades (β=.24). Ett ytterligare fynd var ett svagt positivt samband mellan coping och boendesituation (β=.21), vilket indikerar att personer som bor ihop med andra använder sig av en mer funktionell coping, samt tillämpar dysfunktionella copingstrategier i lägre grad. Fortsatt forskning inom området behövs för att undersöka kopplingar mellan personlighetsdrag, stress, compliance och copingstrategier i relation till Covid-19 pandemin. / The present study investigates the relationship between personality traits, the amount of stress we experience due to the Covid-19 pandemic and how different personality traits covariates with coping strategies as well as compliance to the announced restrictions. The sample consisted of 105 Swedish participants over the age of 18. The questionnaire consisted of Ten Item Personality Inventory, Perceived stress scale 10, six questions were taken from Brief cope and four questions regarding the participants compliance concerning the Covid-19 pandemic which was constructed based on Asselmann et al. (2020). Multiple regressions were performed to investigate the bidirectional relationship between personality traits and stress, and coping. The demographic variables age, gender and housing situations were examined. The analyses of compliance resulted in roof effects, which excluded the variable from multiple regressions. The results of the variable compliance were consistently high, which indicates that all participants, regardless of personality traits, considered themselves to follow the restrictions to a large extent. The results from the multiple regressions showed a moderate negative relationship between PSS-10 and emotional stability (β=.53). A weak positive relationship between agreeableness and coping was also found (β=.24). A further finding was a weak positive relationship between coping and housing situations (β=.21), which implies that people in shared households have more functional coping and tend to use dysfunctional coping to a lower degree. Further research in this area is needed to investigate links between personality traits, stress, compliance and coping strategies in relation to the Covid-19 pandemic.

Titel: CSR i tider av Covid-19-pandemin - En kvantitativ studie om Covid19-pandemins påverkan på svenska börsbolags CSR-aktiviteter Författare: Ellinor Gustafsson och Joel Mattsson Handledare: Torbjörn Tagesson Nyckelord: Corporate Social Responsibility, CSR, Covid-19-pandemin,innehållsanalys Bakgrund: Covid-19-pandemin hade sin startpunkt år 2020 och är en kris som påverkat enskilda individer, samhällen och företag. I tidigare studierges ingen entydig indikation om hur företags CSR-aktiviteter påverkasav oförutsedda, ej företagsspecifika kriser. Syfte: Studiens syfte är att undersöka om och hur omfattningen av svenskabörsbolags CSR-aktiviteter har förändrats under den pågående Covid19-pandemin; således mellan åren 2019–2020. Forskningsfråga: Har svenska börsbolags omfattning av CSR-aktiviteter minskat/ökat eller inte påverkats under Covid-19-pandemi-året 2020 i jämförelsemed 2019? Metod: Studien har en kvantitativ forskningsstrategi och har en explorativoch explanativ forskningsansats med ett deduktivt angreppssätt. Studiens syfte uppfylls genom att utföra en innehållsanalys avsekundärdata i form av årsredovisningar och hållbarhetsrapporter från företag noterade på Stockholmsbörsen. Resultat: Studien visar att svenska börsbolags omfattning av CSR-aktiviteterdelvis ökat under Covid-19-pandemin. Omfattningen av CSRaktiviteter kopplade till den miljömässiga och den socialadimensionen av CSR visade sig öka under Covid-19-pandemin. Däremot visade sig omfattningen av totala CSR-aktiviteter samt CSRaktiviteter kopplade till den ekonomiska CSR-dimensionen varaopåverkade under Covid-19-pandemin. Kunskapsbidrag: Studien bidrar till ökad kunskap om hur Covid-19-pandemin påverkat omfattningen av svenska börsbolags CSR-aktiviteter. Detta kan ökaförståelsen för vilken effekt en oförutsedd, ej företagsspecifik krispåverkar företags arbete med CSR. / Title: CSR in times of the Covid-19 pandemic - A quantitative study of theimpact of the Covid-19 pandemic on CSR activities at companieslisted on the Stockholm Stock Exchange Authors: Ellinor Gustafsson och Joel Mattsson Supervisor Torbjörn Tagesson: Keywords: Corporate Social Responsibility, CSR, Covid-19-pandemic, contentanalysis Background: The Covid-19 pandemic had its starting point in 2020 and is a crisisthat has affected individuals, societies, and companies. There havebeen no one-sided indications of how companies' CSR activities areaffected by unpredictable and non-company-specific crises in earlierstudies. Purpose: The purpose of the study is to investigate whether and how the extentof Swedish listed companies' CSR activities has changed during theongoing Covid-19 pandemic; between the years 2019–2020. Research question: Has the extent of Swedish listed companies' CSR activities decreased /increased or not been affected during the Covid-19 pandemic year2020 in comparison with 2019? Method: The study has a quantitative research strategy and has an exploratoryand explanatory research method with a deductive approach. Thepurpose of the study is fulfilled by performing a content analysis ofsecondary data in the form of annual reports and sustainabilityreports from companies listed on the Stockholm Stock Exchange. Result: The study shows that Swedish listed companies' extent of CSRactivities partially increased during the Covid-19 pandemic. The studyfound CSR activities linked to CSR's environmental and socialdimension increased during the Covid-19 pandemic. However, theextent of total CSR activities, as well as CSR activities linked to theeconomic CSR dimension, were found to be unaffected during theCovid-19 pandemic. Contribution: The study contributes to increased knowledge of the effect that theCovid-19-pandemic has had on Swedish listed companies' CSRactivities. This study can increase the understanding of what impactan unpredictable, non-company-specific crisis may have oncompanies' work with CSR.

Syftet med uppsatsen är att studera och bidra till ny kunskap kring om, och i så fall på vilket sätt Covid-19 pandemin har påverkat studenter på Karlstads universitets resvanor. Studien avser även att undersöka om det finns ett samband mellan studenters resvanor och behovet av att befinna sig på en viss plats för att genomföra en viss aktivitet. För att möjliggöra detta ska situationen under pandemin jämföras med situationen före pandemin, för att på det sättet upptäcka eventuella skillnader. För att uppnå syftet har två frågeställningar formulerats. Studiens frågeställningar är följande:  - Hur har Covid-19 pandemin påverkat studenterna på Karlstads universitets resvanor? - Hur har behovet av att befinna sig på en viss plats, för att genomföra en viss aktivitet, påverkats till följd av Covid-19 pandemin bland studenter på Karlstads universitet? Studien utgår från en kvantitativ metod i form av en enkät för att få studiens problemformuleringen samt frågeställningarna besvarade. Teorierna som studien utgår ifrån är tidsgeografi, aktivitetsansatsen samt den geografiska och virtuella rörligheten. Aktivitetsansatsen är en ansats som uppkommit ur tidsgeografin och båda dessa teorier ger möjlighet att analysera hur Covid-19 pandemin har påverkat studenter på Karlstads universitets resvanor. Den geografiska och virtuella rörligheten är en teori som förklarar att kommunikation med andra människor blir oberoende av avstånd i samband med att den virtuella rörligheten utvecklas. Sammanfattningsvis handlar det om att geografiska förflyttningar primärt grundar sig i människans behov att till exempel utföra ett visst ärende eller aktivitet samt möta människor på olika platser. Slutsatsen av studien är att respondenternas vardagsresande har minskat till följd av Covid-19 pandemin och att distansundervisningen har medfört att behovet av att befinna sig på lärosätet har minskat. / Our purpose with this essay is to study and contribute to new knowledge about the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic on students' traveling habits. The study also intends to investigate whether there is a link between students' mobility patterns and the need to be in a certain place to carry out an activity. To enable this, differences during the pandemic must be compared with prior to the pandemic. To achieve the purpose with this study, two question formulations have been formulated. The study's question formulations are the following: - How has the Covid-19 pandemic affected students at Karlstad University traveling habits? - How has the need to be in a certain place, to carry out a certain activity, been affected by the Covid-19 pandemic among students at Karlstad University? The study is based on a quantitative method where a survey was designed to get the study's problem formulation and the question formulations answered. The theories on which the study is based are time geography, the activity approach and the geographical and virtual mobility. The activity approach is an approach that has emerged from the time geography and both of these theories give the opportunity to analyze how the Covid-19 pandemic has affected students at Karlstad University's traveling habits. Geographical and virtual mobility is a theory that explains that communication with other people becomes independent of distance due to the development of virtual mobility. In summary, it is a matter of geographical movements primarily being based on the human need to, for example, carry out a certain task or activity and meet people in different places. The conclusion is that the respondents every day travelling has decreased as a result of the Covid-19 Pandemic and that the distance learning has reduced the need to be at the centre of learning.