Uppsatsen bygger på en pilotstudie med experimentell design. Det randomiserade urvalet istudien är gjord på två olika skolor där fyra klasser screenades. De elever som sedan ingick istudien slumpades till att ingå i antingen interventionsgrupp eller kontrollgrupp. Studienbygger på en intervention i tier 2 inom ramverket för RtI. Syftet med studien var att ta reda påvilken effekt en intervention, som använde sig av CRA-modellen samt explicitaundervisningsinslag, gav på elevers kunskaper inom grundläggande taluppfattning, talområdet0 - 10. Interventionen utfördes i årkurs 1 och 2 i den svenska skolan och pågick under fyraveckor med tre lektioner per vecka. Varje lektion var 30 minuter lång och innehöllundervisning inom CRA- metoden samt undervisning enligt explicit instruktion med "I do","We do", "You do". Eleverna screenades med hjälp av Diamant diagnos (Skolverket, 2021)och utförde två förtest (baslinje) och ett eftertest. Resultatet analyserades sedan genom mixedANOVA med enkla kontraster. Resultatet visar på en statistiskt signifikant skillnad av effekti jämförelsen mellan interventionsgrupp och kontrollgrupp. Detta visar på att strukturen medRtI, samt undervisning med CRA och explicit undervisning kan ge positiv effekt påmatematikkunskaperna för elever i behov av stöd.

Esta pesquisa estudou o método de realcalinização química (RAQ), através da absorção e difusão de soluções alcalinas na superfície do concreto carbonatado. Neste estudo foram utilizadas três espécies químicas para obtenção das soluções alcalinas: carbonato de sódio, hidróxido de potássio, e hidróxido de cálcio. Para avaliar a eficácia desta nova técnica de reabilitação, foram realizadas medidas de profundidade de carbonatação e de realcalinização, medidas eletroquímicas de potencial de corrosão e de espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica (EIE) para a verificação do estado da armadura, ensaios de imersão, absorção e ascensão capilar em concretos de referência, carbonatados e realcalinizados. Em razão da falta de conhecimento sobre a eficácia da técnica de realcalinização eletroquímica (RAE) em relação à repassivação da armadura, em paralelo foi realizado o estudo da repassivação das armaduras na RAE. Em relação à durabilidade da técnica, foi avaliada a resistência do concreto recuperado quando submetido a um novo ciclo de carbonatação acelerada, analisando as novas profundidades de carbonatação para cada solução alcalina estudada. Na repassivação da armadura com a técnica de RAE, a solução de carbonato de sódio proporcionou valores de potencial de corrosão mais eletropositivos do que a solução de KOH, e gráficos de EIE similares aos obtidos com a solução de KOH. Na RAQ, a solução de KOH foi mais eficiente, sendo os resultados de potencial de corrosão similares aos obtidos com a solução de carbonato de sódio, no entanto, com valores de impedância e ângulo de fase superiores aos obtidos com carbonato de sódio. A solução de hidróxido de cálcio foi a que obteve os melhores valores de potencial de corrosão, proporcionando às barras valores mais eletropositivos do que antes da carbonatação. No entanto, a RAQ utilizando a solução de hidróxido de cálcio não propiciou a realcalinização do cobrimento do concreto, devendo então ser melhor estudada e, até que sua eficácia seja melhor entendida, sua aplicação deve ser vista com ressalvas. Ao final dos experimentos foi possível verificar que a RAQ aumentou bastante a durabilidade do cobrimento do concreto quando submetido a um novo ciclo de carbonatação acelerada. Enquanto os corpos-de-prova de referência ao final dos 45 dias de ensaio de carbonatação acelerada foram quase que totalmente carbonatados, os corpos-de-prova realcalinizados com as soluções de carbonato de sódio e hidróxido de potássio não apresentavam qualquer indício de carbonatação. / This research studied the method of chemical realkalisation (CRA), through the absorption and diffusion of alkalis in the carbonated concrete surface, as a new technique of rehabilitation. The experimental program was conducted in three set of concrete specimens: reference, carbonated and CRA treated. The CRA method was studied with three types of alkaline solutions: sodium carbonate, potassium hydroxide and calcium hydroxide. To evaluate the effectiveness of CRA treatment was carried out measures of depths of carbonation and realkalisation; electrochemical measurements of potential and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to verify the condition of steel bars; immersion, absorption and capillary tests. Besides these tests, the study of repassivation in corroded steel bars when applied the technique of electrochemical realkalisation (ERA) was also performed in parallel, since their effectiveness is considered unclear in various studies regarding the durability of the technique. The concrete treated with CRA method was submitted to a new accelerated carbonation cycle, and new measurements of carbonation depth were made for each alkaline solution applied. The repassivates reinforcements with ERA technique showed that the sodium carbonate solution provided corrosion potential values more electropositive than the KOH solution, and EIS graphics are similar those obtained with the KOH solution. In CRA technique, the KOH solution was more efficient, and the results of corrosion potential are similar those obtained with the sodium carbonate solution, however, with the results of impedance and phase angle higher than for sodium carbonate solution. The calcium hydroxide solution showed the best results of corrosion potential, providing bars more electropositive than before carbonation. However, the calcium hydroxide solution not provided the concrete realkalisation, and this alkaline solution should be more studied. Their implementation must be viewed with exceptions until its effectiveness has been proved. At the end of durability experiments was possible to verify that the CRA greatly increased the concrete durability when subjected to a new accelerated carbonation cycle. After 45 days of testing, the reference concrete specimens were almost totally carbonated. Therefore, the concrete specimens realkalised with sodium carbonate and potassium hydroxide solutions were no carbonation indication.

Bank managers have transacted six trillion dollars of new loans in low and moderate income (LMI) communities because of the Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) mandate. CRA originated mortgages accounted for over 42% of the defaulted loans because of limited risk strategies. Based on the Aguilera conceptual framework, the purpose of this exploratory single case study was to explore the strategies CSR bank managers used to reduce the risks associated with lending in LMI communities. Data were collected and analyzed from semistructured interviews of five bank managers working in one financial organization located within the U.S. Northeast. Data also included the use of recorded field notes and review of public documents, such as CSR committee minutes and CSR policies and procedures from the organization's website for methodology triangulation purposes. Data analysis included using deductive and open coding techniques. Three themes emerged from the collection of data, which were to reduce risks, follow government guidelines, and training and develop data analytics. Several strategies developed that showed how LMI lending is competitively profitable notwithstanding banks conventional lending strategies. Approaches were using subsidies, marketing through community events that encourage Veterans to use the program, offering education programs for loan officers, regulators, and homebuyers, and measuring the organization's compliance with CRA regulations. The implications for positive social change include adopting effective strategies that could reduce the risks and make lending more available. The success of this study came through risk reduction, corporate and community alliances, and new ideas involved in changing the negative perception of lending.

<p><strong><em>Background</em></strong>: Chemotherapy and radiation resistance are major causes of failure in cancer treatment. The response to treatment in cancer cells depends on several mechanisms and pathways such as Janus kinases-signal transducers and activators of transcription JAK/STAT pathway. STAT1 was the first described transcription factor in the STAT family. STAT1 is activated by stimulation of signaling proteins such as type II interferon (IFN- γ) and the activated STAT1 translocates from cytoplasm to nucleus. The translocation of STAT1 would result in transcription and changes in the cell activity in terms of apoptosis, proliferation and angiogenesis. Overexpression of STAT1 is suggested to be involved in the development of resistance to chemotherapy and radiation. In this study, we were interested in finding an inhibitor of the STAT1 translocation. <strong><em>Material and methods</em></strong>: The cervix carcinoma cell line, HeLa, was exposed to test compounds for 2h and were then stimulated with IFN-γ to induce the translocation of STAT1. To detect STAT1-protein and the nucleus, the cells were stained with fluorescent antibodies and Hoescht 33324, respectively, using a STAT1 activator assay. The difference in fluorescence intensity between cytoplasm and nucleus was measured using a high-content microscope, ArrayScan^®. <strong><em>Results</em></strong>: β-lapachone and CRA-1 were found to be inhibitors of STAT1 translocation.</p>

This thesis consists of a single subject multiple baseline study of a math intervention for students with behavioral challenges. Students with behavioral challenges were given instruction using a concrete, representational, abstract (CRA) sequence in Algebra problems requiring transformations on both sides of the equation. This study examined maintenance of those skills. Results indicate that while accuracy decreased from the post-intervention to maintenance phases, scores remained well-above baseline levels indicating that the students retained understanding of the concepts taught. In a social validity survey, participants indicated that they liked the intervention, found it beneficial, and sometimes use it in their classes. / text

Background: Chemotherapy and radiation resistance are major causes of failure in cancer treatment. The response to treatment in cancer cells depends on several mechanisms and pathways such as Janus kinases-signal transducers and activators of transcription JAK/STAT pathway. STAT1 was the first described transcription factor in the STAT family. STAT1 is activated by stimulation of signaling proteins such as type II interferon (IFN- γ) and the activated STAT1 translocates from cytoplasm to nucleus. The translocation of STAT1 would result in transcription and changes in the cell activity in terms of apoptosis, proliferation and angiogenesis. Overexpression of STAT1 is suggested to be involved in the development of resistance to chemotherapy and radiation. In this study, we were interested in finding an inhibitor of the STAT1 translocation. Material and methods: The cervix carcinoma cell line, HeLa, was exposed to test compounds for 2h and were then stimulated with IFN-γ to induce the translocation of STAT1. To detect STAT1-protein and the nucleus, the cells were stained with fluorescent antibodies and Hoescht 33324, respectively, using a STAT1 activator assay. The difference in fluorescence intensity between cytoplasm and nucleus was measured using a high-content microscope, ArrayScan®. Results: β-lapachone and CRA-1 were found to be inhibitors of STAT1 translocation.

Esta pesquisa estudou o método de realcalinização química (RAQ), através da absorção e difusão de soluções alcalinas na superfície do concreto carbonatado. Neste estudo foram utilizadas três espécies químicas para obtenção das soluções alcalinas: carbonato de sódio, hidróxido de potássio, e hidróxido de cálcio. Para avaliar a eficácia desta nova técnica de reabilitação, foram realizadas medidas de profundidade de carbonatação e de realcalinização, medidas eletroquímicas de potencial de corrosão e de espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica (EIE) para a verificação do estado da armadura, ensaios de imersão, absorção e ascensão capilar em concretos de referência, carbonatados e realcalinizados. Em razão da falta de conhecimento sobre a eficácia da técnica de realcalinização eletroquímica (RAE) em relação à repassivação da armadura, em paralelo foi realizado o estudo da repassivação das armaduras na RAE. Em relação à durabilidade da técnica, foi avaliada a resistência do concreto recuperado quando submetido a um novo ciclo de carbonatação acelerada, analisando as novas profundidades de carbonatação para cada solução alcalina estudada. Na repassivação da armadura com a técnica de RAE, a solução de carbonato de sódio proporcionou valores de potencial de corrosão mais eletropositivos do que a solução de KOH, e gráficos de EIE similares aos obtidos com a solução de KOH. Na RAQ, a solução de KOH foi mais eficiente, sendo os resultados de potencial de corrosão similares aos obtidos com a solução de carbonato de sódio, no entanto, com valores de impedância e ângulo de fase superiores aos obtidos com carbonato de sódio. A solução de hidróxido de cálcio foi a que obteve os melhores valores de potencial de corrosão, proporcionando às barras valores mais eletropositivos do que antes da carbonatação. No entanto, a RAQ utilizando a solução de hidróxido de cálcio não propiciou a realcalinização do cobrimento do concreto, devendo então ser melhor estudada e, até que sua eficácia seja melhor entendida, sua aplicação deve ser vista com ressalvas. Ao final dos experimentos foi possível verificar que a RAQ aumentou bastante a durabilidade do cobrimento do concreto quando submetido a um novo ciclo de carbonatação acelerada. Enquanto os corpos-de-prova de referência ao final dos 45 dias de ensaio de carbonatação acelerada foram quase que totalmente carbonatados, os corpos-de-prova realcalinizados com as soluções de carbonato de sódio e hidróxido de potássio não apresentavam qualquer indício de carbonatação. / This research studied the method of chemical realkalisation (CRA), through the absorption and diffusion of alkalis in the carbonated concrete surface, as a new technique of rehabilitation. The experimental program was conducted in three set of concrete specimens: reference, carbonated and CRA treated. The CRA method was studied with three types of alkaline solutions: sodium carbonate, potassium hydroxide and calcium hydroxide. To evaluate the effectiveness of CRA treatment was carried out measures of depths of carbonation and realkalisation; electrochemical measurements of potential and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to verify the condition of steel bars; immersion, absorption and capillary tests. Besides these tests, the study of repassivation in corroded steel bars when applied the technique of electrochemical realkalisation (ERA) was also performed in parallel, since their effectiveness is considered unclear in various studies regarding the durability of the technique. The concrete treated with CRA method was submitted to a new accelerated carbonation cycle, and new measurements of carbonation depth were made for each alkaline solution applied. The repassivates reinforcements with ERA technique showed that the sodium carbonate solution provided corrosion potential values more electropositive than the KOH solution, and EIS graphics are similar those obtained with the KOH solution. In CRA technique, the KOH solution was more efficient, and the results of corrosion potential are similar those obtained with the sodium carbonate solution, however, with the results of impedance and phase angle higher than for sodium carbonate solution. The calcium hydroxide solution showed the best results of corrosion potential, providing bars more electropositive than before carbonation. However, the calcium hydroxide solution not provided the concrete realkalisation, and this alkaline solution should be more studied. Their implementation must be viewed with exceptions until its effectiveness has been proved. At the end of durability experiments was possible to verify that the CRA greatly increased the concrete durability when subjected to a new accelerated carbonation cycle. After 45 days of testing, the reference concrete specimens were almost totally carbonated. Therefore, the concrete specimens realkalised with sodium carbonate and potassium hydroxide solutions were no carbonation indication.

The need to inject treated seawater to enhance reservoir pressure and secondary oil recovery is increasing in the oil field, so also is the reservoir souring potential caused by the activities of Sulphate Reducing Bacteria (SRB) generating H2S in the reservoir. The total cost of SRB mediated corrosion in the United States alone is estimated to be 1-2 billion US dollars per year. In the last few years, a number of potential souring mitigation and prevention tools have been studied. These include: sulphate-reduction using membranes, biocide injection and nitrate injection. Out of all the various methods used for the mitigation and prevention of reservoir souring, the use of nitrate injection in conjunction with waterflood projects is becoming more popular because of its economic benefits and least environmental impact. However, nitrate injection is still widely considered as an emergent technology because there are still many unknowns. One of the major unknowns, of great concern is the susceptibility of subsea hardware components to nitrite, which is a by-product of nitrate anti-souring treatment. Any detrimental effect can compromise the technical integrity of subsea installations. The objective of this research is to study the corrosion susceptibility of CRA (13Cr- Martensitic, 22Cr, and 25Cr super duplex stainless steel) to pitting and stress corrosion cracking in the presence of nitrite. Research hitherto, has investigated corrosion susceptibility of carbon steel to nitrite and found out that nitrite causes pitting in carbon steel. This research work built on previous studies and extensively investigated the effect of nitrite on CRA materials in terms of pitting and stress corrosion cracking. Using electrochemistry techniques in conjunction with C-ring test and slow strain rate test, with variables such as temperature, and nitrite concentration all under anaerobic conditions. Metallographic examination and further evaluation using scanning electron microscopy confirmed pitting and intergranular stress corrosion cracking of 13Cr-L80 and 25Cr due to presence of nitrite.Test data confirmed that sodium nitrite is an anodic inhibitor; it shifts the corrosion potentials to more noble potential and also shifts the anodic curve to lower current, given a net reduction in corrosion rate. A critical concentration of 400ppm is required for inhibition to be effective on 13Cr-L80 and 25Cr. However, below the critical concentration, nitrite significantly increases the corrosion rate. The experimental data generated from this research work provides very valuable information that will tremendously assist the materials selection process for subsea and subsurface hardware components and also serve as a guide in the corrosion management process in existing systems.

Grundläggande kunskaper i aritmetik är centralt inom matematiken och effektiva strategier samt kontinuerlig övning gynnar alla elever. Arbetet syftade till att utforma och pröva om en helklassintervention, RtI nivå ett, inom grundläggande aritmetik gav effekt. Interventionen genomfördes under tre veckor i två årskurs sexklasser som fick undervisning i korta pass tre gånger per vecka. Undervisningen strukturerades utifrån explicit undervisning och CRA-metoden där undervisningen börjar på konkret nivå övergår i representativ och slutligen i abstrakt nivå. Eleverna fick undervisning i olika strategier för huvudräkning inom subtraktion samt möjlighet att öva huvudräkning inom subtraktion i talområdet 0 - 20. Studien var ett kvasiexperiment med förtest och eftertest i både interventionsgrupperna och kontrollgrupperna. En statistisk signifikant effekt kunde mätas då interventionsgruppens medelvärde förbättrades mer än kontrollgruppens inom huvudräkningstestet. Ingen transeffekt uppmättes för algoritmräkning inom subtraktion.

Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur en intervention, på Tier 2, genom explicit intensivundervisning påverkar elever i årskurs 4 kunskaper inom grundläggande taluppfattning och aritmetik inom talområdet 0 – 20 och om eventuell effekt kvarstår över tid. För att kunna besvara syftet genomfördes en experimentell studie. Elever från två skolor, screenades för att synliggöra vilka elever som var i behov av intervention. Utifrån screening, förtest, gjordes ett urval av 32 elever i behov av intervention och dessa randomiserades in i interventionsgrupp respektive kontrollgrupp. En evidensbaserad systematisk och strukturerad intervention utformades, som byggde på CRA där undervisningen går från det konkreta (C) via det representativa (R) till det abstrakta (A). Eleverna tränade på talkombinationer och aritmetik genom arbetssättet I do, We do och You do, där läraren inledningsvis demonstrerar för att sedan guida och slutligen låter eleverna arbeta självständigt. Interventionen pågick under 3 veckor med 5 lektioner per vecka á 20 minuter. Resultatet baseras på, medelvärden från, förtest, eftertest och eftertest efter 3 respektive 9 veckor och analyserades genom Mixed ANOVA. Analysen visar på en statistiskt signifikant effekt i jämförelse mellan interventionsgrupp och kontrollgrupp och att effekten för interventionsgruppen kvarstår över tid. Kontrollgruppen genomför interventionen under studiens färdigställande och deras resultat visar på en statistiskt signifikant effekt. Genom den goda effekt som interventionsgruppen visade och även kontrollgruppen efter genomförd intervention, visar att RTI som organisationsstruktur för specialpedagogisk verksamhet och explicit intensivundervisning kan vara effektiva för att ge stöd till elever i matematiksvårigheter inom grundläggande taluppfattning.