For a better understanding of relevant issues, in the introduction of the thesis contains a brief historical excursus to that topic, and there are explained the general features of the process of legalization of proceeds from crime, including putting illustrative examples from the area of the criminal law, as well as in the area of financial law. As examples have been selected major bank cases which were related to AML/CFT, but also had much wider impact. The diploma thesis deals with measures against the legalization of proceeds from crime in area of banking and credit institutions and focuses primarily on the measures arising from major law Act no. 253/2008 Coll., on certain measures against the legalization of proceeds from crime and terrorist financing. Consequently, the thesis deals partly with law of the European Communities, which was reflected into national legislation by the Act no. 253/2008 Coll. Following this, the diploma thesis also mentions other sources that have been adopted not only at national level but also in the context of international law. In addition the diploma thesis also identified some selected authorities which are involved in AML/CFT, where attention is aimed to the Financial Analytical Unit, which holds a key position in this specific field. Money laundering is a...

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Motivating employees is one of the management top priorities nowadays. Motivated employees are less likely to leave the company, which leads to lower turnover rate which in turn can lead to lower costs for the company. The purpose of this study is to illustrate how organizations can increase employees’ motivation and lower employee turnover by using reward packages.

Den senaste finanskrisen har visat att det finns ett behov av ökad övervakning av aktörerna på den finansiella marknaden. Ett sätt att förbättra övervakningen är genom att öka förståelsen för företagens affärsmodeller. Syftet med detta examensarbete är att hitta likheter i affärsmodellerna hos svenska kreditinstitut och hos svenska filialer av utländska banker. Mer specifikt syftar denna studie till att hitta grupper av företag, i denna rapport kallat kluster, med liknande affärsmodell och till att identifiera existerande affärsmodeller på den svenska bankmarknaden. Informationen som användes i studien är från årsredovisningar som rapporterades till Finansinspektionen för åren 2000, 2005, 2010 och 2013.  För att möjliggöra en jämförelse mellan olika aktörers data har kvoter skapats utifrån deras balans- och resultaträkningar. För att reducera mängden data och för att få ett fåtal okorrelerade variabler användes principalkomponentanalys. Metoden som användes för att hitta klustren är en hierarkisk agglomerativ metod kallad Wards metod. Antalet kluster bestämdes genom att använda Calinski- Harabasz-index. Bootstrapping användes för att testa stabiliteten hos de identifierade klustren.  Denna studie visar att mönster existerar på den svenska bankmarknaden och att det är möjligt att hitta kluster av företag med liknande affärsmodell. Svenska filialer av utländska banker och svenska kreditinstitut har studerats separat. För svenska kreditinstitut hittades sex kluster och för att beskriva affärsmodellerna kallas de: Universalbanker, Sparbanker, Leasingföretag, Icke inlåningsfinansierade kreditinstitut, Servicefokuserade kreditinstitut och Övriga kreditinstitut. De mest stabila klustren, det vill säga de med högst likhet, är Sparbanker och Leasingföretag. Klustret med lägst likhet är Universalbanker och detta bör ses som ett mönster i använd data snarare än ett kluster. För de svenska filialerna av utländska banker hittades tre kluster och dessa kallas: Banker, Servicefokuserade kreditinstitut och Övriga kreditinstitut. Dessa kluster är stabila. / The recent financial crisis has emphasized the need for improved supervision of the actors on the financial market. One way to improve supervision is through better understanding of business models. The aim with this thesis is to find similarities in business models for Swedish credit institutions and for Swedish branches of foreign banks. More specific this study aims to find groups of companies, in this paper called clusters, with similar business models and identify existing business models in the banking market. The data used in this study are financial statements reported to the Swedish Financial Supervisory Authority for the years 2000, 2005, 2010 and 2013. In order to compare the companies’ data, ratios from the income statements and balance sheets have been created. To reduce the amount of data and arrive at a smaller set of uncorrelated variables, principal component analysis was used. The method used for finding the clusters was a hierarchical agglomerative clustering method called Ward’s method. The number of clusters was determined using Calinski-Harabasz index. Bootstrapping was used in order to test cluster stability. This study shows that patterns in the Swedish banking sector exist and that it is possible to find clusters of companies with similar business models. Swedish branches of foreign banks have been treated separately from Swedish credit institutions. For Swedish credit institutions a division into six clusters was found to be most suitable and in order to describe the business model the clusters are named: Universal banks, Savings banks, Leasing companies, Non-deposit funded credit institutions, Service-focused credit institutions and Other credit institutions. The most stable clusters, that are the clusters with highest similarity, are Savings banks and Leasing companies. The cluster with lowest stability is Universal banks and it could be considered as a pattern in the data rather than a cluster. For Swedish branches of foreign banks, three clusters were found to be most suitable and the clusters are named: Banks, Service-focused credit institutions and Other credit institutions. These clusters are stable.

Η χρήση των Πληροφοριακών Συστημάτων συνεχώς αυξάνεται. Πλέον οι περισσότεροι οργανισμοί βασίζονται στην λειτουργία τους. Αχίλλειος πτέρνα αυτών είναι η ασφάλεια τους. Στη παρούσα μελέτη παρουσιάζονται τα βασικά θέματα που αφορούν την διαχείριση προσωπικών δεδομένων αναλύοντας την πολιτική ασφαλείας μιας εταιρείας του ελληνικού τραπεζικού τομέα . Αρχικά εντάσσεται η έννοια των Πληροφοριακών Συστημάτων. Ακολουθεί η έννοια της Πολιτικής Ασφάλειας στον ευρύτερο τομέα της Διαχείρισης της Ασφάλειας των Πληροφοριακών Συστημάτων καθώς και οι κατηγοριοποιήσεις των κινδύνων και των ζημιογόνων γεγονότων. Έπειτα προσδιορίζονται οι βασικές αρχές για την ανάπτυξη Πολιτικών Ασφάλειας των Πληροφοριακών Συστημάτων, διευκρινίζοντας το νομικό πλαίσιο προστασίας τραπεζικών δεδομένων και το απόρρητο τους. Η επόμενη ενότητα αφορά την εφαρμογή των Πολιτικών Ασφάλειας στο πλαίσιο της εταιρείας και καταγράφει τα απαραίτητα μέτρα για την επιτυχή και αποτελεσματική εφαρμογή τους. Ακολουθούν τα αποτελέσματα της μελέτης και οι προτάσεις για την βελτιστοποίηση της παρούσας κατάστασης και την αποφυγή μελλοντικών κινδύνων. / The use of Information Systems is constantly increasing. Now most of the organizations rely on them for their operation. Their vulnerable spot is their security. This study presents the main issues related to the management of personal data by analyzing the security policy of a company of Greek banking sector. Firstly, the concept of Information Systems is presented.Then a part of the concept of security policy in the broader field of Safety Management Information Systems and classifications of risks and loss events is presented. Afterwards identifying the key principles for the development of Rules of Security of Information Systems, specifying the legal framework for the protection of bank data and their privacy. The next section involves the implementation of security policies within the company and record the necessary steps for the successful and effective implementation. Then are the results of the study presented and recommendations for optimization of this situation and avoiding future risks.

La crise économique et financière de 2008 a été un moment révélateur pour les collectivités locales et les établissements de crédit dans l’utilisation des produits financiers structurés devenus « toxiques ». Depuis de nombreuses années, ces deux acteurs ont établi des relations contractuelles basées sur la combinaison de produits financiers classiques et de produits financiers dérivés devenus de plus en plus sophistiqués. Or, le contexte dans lequel ces relations s’exercent devient complexe et nécessite une prise de décision immédiate et durable pour encadrer leur avenir. Que ce soit le juge par sa jurisprudence ou l’État et le législateur qui ont mis en place un fonds de soutien, des lois, des circulaires et une charte, chacun a tenté de trouver des solutions aux problèmes rencontrés par les collectivités locales et leurs partenaires financiers.L’objet de notre thèse sera d’expliquer les raisons et les conséquences de l’utilisation, par les collectivités locales, de ces produits d’un nouveau genre proposés par les établissements de crédit. En suivant la chronologie des évènements que les acteurs en présence ont vécu, des réflexions juridiques seront menées autour de ces relations contractuelles passées, présentes et futures. / The 2008 economic crisis was a revealing event for local and regional authorities and credit institutions regarding the use of structured finance products, which had become « toxic ». For many years, both of them have been establishing contractual relationships based on the association of standard structured finance products and increasingly sophisticated derived finance products. However, as the context in which such relationships are taking place is becoming complex, an immediate and a sustainable decision-making is necessary to provide a framework to their future. Whether it is the judge through case laws or the State and the legislator through the development of a support fund, various laws, circular notes and a charter, each of them has tried to find solutions to the problems faced by the local and regional authorities and their financial partners.The object of the thesis is to explain why local and regional authorities used this new type of finance products provided by credit institutions and what the resulting consequences were. Following the chronology of the events experienced by all of these stakeholders, legal considerations on these past, current and future contractual relationships will be presented.

La recrudescence des crises bancaires et financières place la problématique de la sécurité financière au centre des grands enjeux des politiques de régulation économique. En effet, la crise dite des Subprimes et les crises budgétaires y consécutives, puis la crise chypriote avec le sentiment de défiance du public qui en a résulté, amènent à penser que seule la sécurité financière permet de sauvegarder l’industrie financière malgré elle. Cet enjeu, plus pragmatique du reste, semble davantage trouver un écho en droit, contrairement à celui de stabilité financière qui apparait plutôt subjective, voire incantatoire.En Afrique centrale, comme dans les systèmes juridiques de tradition romano-latine, la question de la sécurité financière procède d’abord du statut juridique des déposants bancaires, de leur place dans l’ordre légal de désintéressement des créanciers, en cas défaillance. Mais la question de la sécurité d’un système bancaire intéresse aussi les établissements de crédit eux-mêmes, non simplement en raison de la nature risquée de leurs activités de transformation, mais surtout en raison de l’existence d’un risque systémique exacerbé par l’ingénierie financière. La question de la sécurité se pose dès lors non simplement en terme de protection des acteurs pris individuellement, mais davantage en terme de préservation voire de sauvegarde de l’outil économique qu’est le système bancaire et/ou financier. / The resurgence of banking and financial crises up the issue of financial security at the center of major policy issues of economic regulation. Indeed, the so-called subprime crisis and subsequent fiscal crises there, and the Cyprus crisis with a sense of public defiance that resulted, one may suggest that financial security will save the financial industry in spite of herself. This issue, more pragmatic moreover, seems to resonate more in law, unlike that of financial stability that appears rather subjective or incantatory. In Central Africa, as in the legal systems of Roman- Latin tradition, the question of financial security shall first the legal status of bank depositors, their place in the legal order of payment of creditors in the event of failure. But the question of the security of the banking system as interest credit institutions themselves, not simply because of the risky nature of their processing activities, but mainly because of the existence of systemic risk exacerbated by financial engineering. The question of safety arises therefore not simply in terms of protection of individual players , but more in terms of preservation or backup tool called economic banking and / or financial .