Submitted by Bruna Rodrigues (bruna92rodrigues@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-09-23T12:35:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissJMIM.pdf: 1160970 bytes, checksum: 5d770f3bd6013be1ec19d00de0a6da90 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-04T17:59:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissJMIM.pdf: 1160970 bytes, checksum: 5d770f3bd6013be1ec19d00de0a6da90 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-04T18:00:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissJMIM.pdf: 1160970 bytes, checksum: 5d770f3bd6013be1ec19d00de0a6da90 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-04T18:00:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissJMIM.pdf: 1160970 bytes, checksum: 5d770f3bd6013be1ec19d00de0a6da90 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-04 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Locus coeruleus (LC) is a pontine noradrenergic group that acts as a central chemoreceptor to CO2/pH and it is involved in the cognitive aspects of stress response and it is associated with a large number of physiological and behavioral processes, including sleepwake cycle, feeding, cardiovascular and respiratory control, nociception, thermoregulation and learning. The LC has also been implicated in the cognitive aspects of stress responses, in part through the action of corticotropin releasing factor (CRF), which when released in these situations increases the firing frequency of LC noradrenergic neurons. CRF is the largest stimulator of the pituitary secretion of ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) and their receptors (types 1 and 2) are widely distributed in the central nervous system, including the LC. Thus, we tested the involvement of CRF1 receptors (CRF1) located in the LC in the ventilatory and thermal responses induced by hypercapnia (7%CO2) in rats. To this end, we injected antalarmin (a CRF1 antagonist, 0.05 and 0,1 μg/0.1 μL) into the LC of male Wistar rats. Pulmonary ventilation (VE) and body temperature (Tb, dataloggers) were measured in air and followed by 7% CO2 in unanesthetized rats. There were no differences in body temperature between groups under normocapnia and hypercapnia. We observed an increased ventilation in normocapnia, at 5 to 15 minutes after microinjection of antalarmin (dose 0.1 μg / 0.1 μL) compared to the control, due to an increase in tidal volume. The hypercapnic response in antalarmine treated animals was higher compared to control groups. The dose of 0.05 μg / 0.1 μL caused an increase in ventilation 15 min after CO2 exposure and this response increased further with the dose of 0.1 μg / 0.1 μL at 30 minutes after hypercapnia, due to an increased tidal volume. Our results suggest that CRF1 receptors in the LC exert a tonic inhibitory role in the ventilation and the inhibitory modulation of the respiratory response to CO2. / O locus coeruleus (LC) é um grupamento noradrenérgico pontino que atua como um quimiorreceptor central a CO2/pH e está associado a um grande número de processos fisiológicos e comportamentais, entre eles, ciclo sono-vigília, alimentação, controle respiratório e cardiovascular, nocicepção, termorregulação e aprendizado. O LC tem sido também implicado nos aspectos cognitivos na resposta ao stress, em parte por meio da ação do fator liberador de corticotrofina (CRF) que, ao ser liberado nessas situações, aumenta a frequência de disparo dos neurônios noradrenérgicos do LC. O CRF é o maior estimulador da secreção hipofisária de ACTH (hormônio adrenocorticotrófico), sendo que seus receptores (tipos 1 e 2) estão difusamente distribuídos no sistema nervoso central (SNC), incluindo o LC. Neste contexto, nós testamos o envolvimento dos receptores CRF1 no LC na resposta respiratória ao CO2 em ratos adultos não anestesiados, por meio da microinjeção de antalarmina (antagonista de CRF1) no LC (0,05 e 0,1 μg / 0,1 μL). A ventilação pulmonar (VE) e a temperatura corporal (Tc, dataloggers) foram medidas no ar e seguido de 7% CO2 em ratos não anestesiados. Não houve alteração na Tc entre os grupos em normocapnia e hipercapnia. Observamos aumento da ventilação em normocapnia, nos tempos de 5 a 15 minutos após a microinjeção de antalarmina (dose 0,1 μg / 0,1 μL) em comparação ao controle, devido a um aumento do volume corrente. A resposta hipercápnica de animais tratados com o antagonista de CRF1 foi maior em ambas as doses administradas, a dose de 0,05 μg / 0,1 μL provocou um aumento da ventilação em 15 min após a exposição CO2, e essa resposta aumentou ainda mais na dose de 0,1 μg / 0,1 μL em 30 minutos após a exposição CO2 em comparação com animais tratados com veículos, devido a um aumento do volume corrente. Nossos resultados sugerem que os receptores CRF1 no LC exercem um papel inibitório tônico na ventilação e a modulação inibitória na resposta respiratória ao CO2.

Les travaux de cette thèse visent à étudier le role du système corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) dans les dysfonctions cognitives, les altérations du comportement social et la vulnérabilité au stress associées à l’addiction aux drogues. Les effets de la délétion génétique du récepteur CRF1 ou CRF2 sont examinés dans les tests de reconnaissance d’objet et de préférence sociale après une exposition chronique et pendant le sevrage à la cocaine. Le rôle du récepteur CRF2 dans la vulnérabilité au stress qui pourrait précipiter l’apparition de déficits cognitifs et sociaux pendant le sevrage prolongé à la cocaine est également étudié. / Stimulant-related disorders are characterized by emotional-like, cognitive and social dysfunction that may contribute to the maintenance of the disease. In addition, stimulant use and withdrawal may alter brain stress systems. The corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) system is a major stress coordinator hypothesized to contribute to substance-related disorders. CRF signalling is mediated by two receptor types, named CRF1 and CRF2. The specific role of each of the CRF receptors in negative affective-like, cognitive and social dysfunction associated with stimulant administration and withdrawal remains largely unknown. The present study demonstrates that the CRF1 receptor-deficiency increases the anxiety-like behaviour induced by intermittent administration of escalating doses of cocaine (5-20 mg/kg, i.p.), as assessed by the elevated plus maze. In addition, the same cocaine regimen induces novel object recognition (NOR) and sociability deficits, which are unaffected by CRF2 receptor-deficiency. However, CRF2 receptor-deficiency effectively shortens the duration of the NOR and sociability deficit induced by cocaine withdrawal. Furthermore, following the apparent recovery of NOR and sociability performances during relative long-term (42 days) cocaine withdrawal, CRF2 receptor-deficiency eliminates the stress-induced re-emergence of NOR and sociability deficit. Stressed cocaine-withdrawn mice show a genotype-independent higher c-fos mRNA expression in the perirhinal cortex, a brain region mediating NOR performance, than stressed drug-naïve mice. However, neither genotype nor drug withdrawal affects the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase in the ventral tegmentale area and the locus coeruleus, CRF in the amygdala and the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and dynorphin in the nucleus accumbens shell. The latter results suggest that stress vulnerability during long-term cocaine withdrawal is not due to alterations in stress-coping mechanisms. The present study provides initial evidence of a critical role for the CRF system in cognitive and sociability deficits and vulnerability induced by stimulant administration and withdrawal, suggesting new therapeutic strategies for substance-related disorders.