L’anémie est fréquente chez les patients pédiatriques en postopératoire de chirurgie cardiaque. Malgré le nombre important de patients transfusés, le taux d’hémoglobine (Hb) pour lequel les bénéfices surpassent les risques est inconnu chez ces patients. Récemment, Lacroix et al. ont démontré qu’une stratégie transfusionnelle restrictive n’était pas inférieure à une stratégie libérale en ce qui concerne le développement ou la progression du syndrome de défaillance multiviscérale (SDMV) et la mortalité chez les patients de soins intensifs pédiatriques (SIP).Devant le manque d’évidence, une analyse de sous-groupes des patients en postopératoire de chirurgie cardiaque de l’étude Transfusion Requirements in Pediatric Intensive Care (TRIPICU) a été réalisée. L’objectif de cette étude était de déterminer l’impact d’une stratégie transfusionnelle restrictive comparée à une stratégie libérale sur l’acquisition ou l’aggravation du syndrome de défaillance multiviscérale (SDMV) chez les enfants en postopératoire de chirurgie cardiaque. Cette étude n’a pas démontré de différences statistiquement, ni cliniquement significatives du nombre de patients ayant acquis ou aggravés un SDMV, ni des issues secondaires entre les stratégies transfusionnelles restrictive et libérale. L’analyse de sous-groupes permet de générer une hypothèse de recherche et les résultats devraient être confirmés par un essai randomisé contrôlé. / Anemia is frequent in pediatric patients following cardiac surgery. Despite frequent transfusions, the optimal hemoglobin threshold where benefits surpass risks is still unknown for these patients. Recently, Lacroix et al. showed that a restrictive transfusion strategy was not inferior to a liberal strategy concerning the development or progression of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) and mortality in pediatric intensive care patients. In the absence of evidence, the aim of this study was to determine the impact of a restrictive versus a liberal transfusion strategy on new or progressive multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) in children following cardiac surgery. We conducted a subgroup analysis of the postoperative cardiac surgery patients of the Transfusion Requirements in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (TRIPICU) study. Our study showed no statistically and clinically significant differences in the number of patients who acquired or worsened MODS, nor secondary outcomes between a restrictive and a liberal transfusion strategy. This subgroup analysis generates a research hypothesis that should be confirmed by a randomized controlled trial.

La prestation de soins critiques et d'orthophonie en milieu pédiatrique nécessite beaucoup de travail pour atteindre le niveau de soins souhaité. Plusieurs facteurs contribuent à ce problème, parmi lesquels la pénurie de ressources, les besoins pressants et l’augmentation du nombre d’enfants malades. Parmi les solutions proposées, beaucoup pensent que la télémédecine synchrone peut être utile en donnant un accès virtuel immédiat aux compétences à distance. Ainsi, l'expertise pourrait être instantanément disponible via une plateforme permettant une communication efficace et capable de soutenir les soins pédiatriques. La télémédecine s’est beaucoup développée dans la prestation des soins critiques et de réadaptation pédiatriques, et ce aux plans diagnostique et thérapeutique. Pourtant, peu d’études ont examiné la faisabilité et évalué l’impact de la télémédecine sur la qualité des soins critiques et de réadaptation pédiatrique. L'objectif principal de cette thèse était d'évaluer la faisabilité de la télémédecine synchrone dans deux contextes pédiatriques, critique et réadaptation, et d'évaluer son influence sur le processus de prestation de soins pédiatriques. Le premier article présente les résultats d'une revue systématique qui synthétisait des études évaluant l'impact des modèles de télémédecine synchrone sur les résultats cliniques dans les établissements de soins de courte durée en pédiatrie. Les résultats ont révélé que l’utilisation de la télémédecine synchrone avait pour effet d’améliorer la qualité des soins, de diminuer le taux de transfert, de réduire de la durée du séjour, de modifier ou renforcer le plan de soins médicaux, de réduire les complications et la gravité de la maladie, et de diminuer le taux de mortalité hospitalière et standardisé. Cependant, la revue de l’état de connaissances a révélé que la qualité des études incluses était faible et que des preuves de haute qualité étaient nécessaires. Le deuxième article, fondé sur un devis pré/post, évalue la faisabilité de la télémédecine à domicile en orthophonie et son impact sur la satisfaction des enfants et orthophonistes, le coût économique, et les performances vocales. Cette étude a montré que la télémédecine en orthophonie était faisable et que les enfants et les orthophonistes étaient satisfaits du service. En outre, l'utilisation de la télémédecine en orthophonie a permis d'améliorer la voix et de faire économiser de l'argent aux parents. Le troisième article évalue la faisabilité de la mise en place d’une plate-forme de télémédecine synchrone dans l’unité des soins intensifs pédiatriques (USIP). Pour qu'une solution de télémédecine synchrone à l’USIP soit faisable, elle nécessite une bonne préparation préalable à la mise en œuvre de la plate-forme de télémédecine synchrone pour être réellement utile. Avec des médecins résidents compétents et autonomes, l’utilité d’une plate-forme de télémédecine synchrone reliant les intensivistes pédiatriques hors site et les médecins résidents sur site à l’USIP est faible. Cette étude a ajouté qu'un tel service pourrait être plus bénéfique que le modèle traditionnel des soins (face à face) pour les communications avec d'autres établissements de soins de santé éloignés, où le besoin d'expertise d'un intensiviste en soins intensifs pédiatriques est plus important. Ces trois études permettent de conclure que la télémédecine synchrone est réalisable et peut avoir un impact sur la qualité des soins intensifs et de réadaptation pédiatrique. On peut déduire de cette thèse qu'il est important de prendre en compte le contexte dans lequel la technologie sera mise en œuvre. Traiter le contexte de l’USIP et celui de réadaptation de la même manière n'aboutit pas aux mêmes résultats et une innovation technologique pourrait réussir dans un contexte et échouer dans un autre. / Delivering critical and speech-language pathology care in pediatric settings requires much hard work to reach the desired level of care for children. Several factors contribute to this problem, including resources shortage, pressing needs, and the growing number of ill children. Among the proposed solutions, many believe that synchronous telemedicine can play a role by providing virtual and immediate access to remote skills, with expertise could be made instantly available through a platform that allows efficient communication and is able to support pediatric care. Telemedicine has developed significantly in the provision of critical care and pediatric rehabilitation in terms of diagnosis and therapy. Yet, few studies have examined the feasibility and evaluated the impact of telemedicine on the quality of pediatric critical care and rehabilitation. The main objective of this dissertation was to assess the feasibility of synchronous telemedicine in two pediatric settings—critical care and rehabilitation—and to evaluate its influence on the process of providing pediatric care. The first article presented the results of a systematic review that synthesized studies evaluating the impacts of synchronous telemedicine models on clinical outcomes in pediatric acute care settings. The findings revealed that the use of synchronous telemedicine improved quality of care and resulted in a lower transfer rate, a shorter length of stay, a change in or reinforcement of the medical care plan, a reduction in complications and illness severity, and a low hospital standardized mortality rate. However, the review of the state of knowledge revealed that the quality of the included studies was weak, so more high-quality evidences is needed. The second article, which used a pre/post design, assesses the feasibility assessed the feasibility of home-based telepractice in speech-language pathology (TSLP) and its impact on satisfaction among the children and speech-language pathologists, economic cost, and voice performance. This study showed that TSLP is feasible and that both the children and the speech-language pathologists were satisfied with the service. In addition, the use of TSLP demonstrated more voice improvement at less cost to the parents. The third article evaluated the feasibility of implementing a synchronous telemedicine platform in a pediatric intensive care unit (STEP-PICU). For a STEP-PICU to be feasible and truly helpful, it needs good preparation for the implementation of the telemedicine solution. With competent and autonomous fellows (a fellow is a physician who has completed their residency and elects to complete further training in a subspecialty), the usefulness of an synchronous telemedicine (STM) platform linking off-site pediatric intensivists and on-site fellows in a PICU is limited. This study added that such a service could be more beneficial than the traditional model of care (face to face) for communications with other remote healthcare facilities, where there is a greater need for the expertise of a pediatric critical care intensivist. These three studies allow us to conclude that STM is feasible and can have an impact on the quality of pediatric intensive care and rehabilitation. This thesis underscores the importance of taking into consideration the context in which the technology will be implemented. Treating the PICU and the rehabilitation contexts in the same way does not lead to the same results, and a technological innovation that succeeds in one setting may fail in another.

Sepsis is the leading cause of death among critically ill patients and the 10th most common cause of death overall in the United States. The mortality rates increase with severity of the disease, ranging from 15% for sepsis to 60% for septic shock. Patient with sepsis can present varied clinical symptoms depending on the personal predisposition, causal microorganism, organ system involved, and disease severity. To facilitate sepsis diagnosis, the first sepsis consensus definitions was published in 1991 and then updated in 2001. Early recognition of a sepsis patient followed with timely and appropriate treatment and management strategies have been shown to significantly reduce sepsis-related mortality, and allows care to be provided at lower costs. Despite the rapid progress in the knowledge of pathophysiological mechanisms of sepsis and its treatment in the last two decades, identifying patient with sepsis and therapeutic approaches to sepsis and its complications remains challenging to critical care clinicians. Hence, the objectives of this thesis were to 1) evaluate the test characteristics of the two sepsis consensus definitions and delineate the differences in patient profile among patients meeting or not meeting sepsis definitions; 2) determine the relationship between the changes in several physiological parameters before sepsis onset and sepsis, and to determine whether these parameters could be used to identify sepsis in critically ill adults; 3) evaluate the effect of corticosteroids therapy on patient mortality. Data used in this thesis were prospectively collected from an electronic medical record system for all the adult patients admitted into the seven critical care units (ICUs) in a tertiary medical center. Besides analyzing data at the ICU stay level, we investigated patient information in various time frames, including 24-hour, 12-hour, and 6-hour time windows. In the first study of this thesis, the 1991 sepsis definition was found to have a high sensitivity of 94.6%, but a low specificity of 61.0%. The 2001 sepsis definition had a slightly increased sensitivity but a decreased specificity, which was 96.9% and 58.3%, respectively. The areas under the ROC curve for the two consensus definitions were similar, but less than optimal. The sensitivity and area under the ROC curve of both definitions were lower at the 24-hour time window level than those of the unit stay level, though the specificity increased slightly. At the time window level, the 1991 definitions performed slightly better than the 2001 definition. In the second study, minimum systolic blood pressure performed the best, followed by maximum respiratory rate in discriminating sepsis patients from SIRS patients. Maximum heart rate and maximum respiratory rate can differentiate sepsis patients from non-SIRS patients fairly well. The area under ROC of the combination of five physiological parameters was 0.74 and 0.90 for comparing sepsis to non-infectious SIRS patients and comparing sepsis to non-SIRS patients, respectively. Parameters typically performed better in 24-hour windows compared to 6-hour or 12-hour windows. In the third study, significantly increased hospital mortality and ICU mortality were observed in the group treated with low-dose corticosteroids than the control group based on the propensity score matched comparisons, and multivariate logistic regression analyses after adjustment for propensity score alone, covariates, or propensity score (in deciles) and covariates. This thesis advances the existing knowledge by systemically evaluating the test characteristics for the 1991 and 2001 sepsis consensus definitions, delineating physiological signs and symptoms of deterioration in the preceding 24 hours prior to sepsis onset, assessing the prediction performances of single or combined physiological parameters, and examining the use of corticosteroids treatment and survival among septic shock patients. In addition, this thesis sets an innovative example on how to use data from electronic medical records as these surveillance systems are becoming increasingly popular. The results of these studies suggest that a more parsimonious set of definitional criteria for sepsis diagnosis are needed to improve sepsis case identification. In addition, continuously monitored physiological parameters could help to identify patients who show signs of deterioration prior to developing sepsis. Last but not least, caution should be used when considering a recommendation on the use of low dose corticosteroids in clinical practice guidelines for the management of sepsis.

No description available.

No description available.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Gastric residual volume (GRV) is a clinical assessment to evaluate gastric emptying and enteral feeding tolerance. Factors such as the tube size, tube material, tube port configuration, placement of the tube in the gastric fluid, the amount of fluid and person completing the assessment may influence the accuracy of residual volume assessment. Little attention has been paid to assessing the accuracy of GRV measurement when the actual volume being aspirated is known, and no studies have compared the accuracy in obtaining RV using the three different techniques reported in the literature that are used to obtain aspirate in practice (syringe, suction, and gravity drainage). This in vitro study evaluated three different methods for aspirating feeding formula through two different tube sizes (10 Fr [small] and 18 Fr [large]), tube materials (polyvinyl chloride and polyurethane), using four levels of nursing experience (student, novice, experienced and expert) blinded to the five fixed fluid volumes of feeding formula in a simulated stomach, to determine if the RV can be accurately obtained. The study design consisted of a 3x2x2x4x5 completely randomized factorial ANOVA (with a total of 240 cells) and 479 RV assessments were made by the four nurse participants. All three methods (syringe, suction and gravity) used to aspirate RV did not perform substantially well in aspirating fluid, and on average, the methods were able to aspirate about 50% of the volume available. The syringe and suction techniques were comparable and produced higher proportions of RVs, although the interrater reliability of RV assessment was better with the syringe method. The gravity technique generally performed poorly. Overall, the polyvinyl chloride material and smaller tubes were associated with higher RV assessments. RV assessment is a variable assessment and the three methods did not perform well in this in vitro study. These findings should be further explored and confirmed using larger samples. This knowledge will be important in establishing the best technique for assessing RV to maximize EN delivery in practice and will contribute to future research to test strategies to optimize EN intake in critically ill patients.

L’obstruction de la chambre de chasse du ventricule droit (OCCVD) chez les adultes subissant une chirurgie cardiaque est un diagnostic rarement décrit dans la littérature. Dans le cadre de cette maîtrise, plusieurs études ont été réalisées afin de répondre aux questions suivantes qui sont importantes cliniquement : Quelle est la prévalence de l’OCCVD en chirurgie cardiaque adulte? Et quelle est sa prévalence dans une population adulte de chirurgie cardiaque sous surveillance hémodynamique constante avec un cathéter pulmonaire capable de mesure le gradient de pression de la chambre de chasse du ventricule droit? D’abord, une revue de littérature sur l’OCCVD a été réalisée en faisant une recherche systématique avec des mots-clés dans la base de données MEDLINE dans PubMed. À partir de toutes les études décrivant l’OCCVD en chirurgie cardiaque adulte, une prévalence de 4 % a été calculée. L’étiologie la plus courante de ce phénomène était mécanique et associée à une compression extrinsèque. Par la suite, une étude rétrospective sur une base de données du centre hospitalier affilié au programme a démontré une corrélation positive entre la survenue d’une OCCVD et une détérioration clinique postopératoire. Un total de 295 patients de 67.2 ± 9.26 ans (79% male) avec des mesures d’OCCVD pré et post-circulation extracorporelle (CEC) ont été analysés. Une OCCVD avec un gradient ≥ 6 mmHg a été observée avant la CEC chez 89 patients [30,2 % (25,1 % - 35,6 %)] et après la CEC chez 129 patients [43,7 % (38,2 % - 49,4 %)]. Nous avons déterminé que l’OCCVD est une complication rare mais importante à étudier et à suspecter puisqu’elle peut être ciblée par des traitements selon son étiologie. / Right ventricular outflow tract obstruction (RVOTO) is a diagnosis rarely described in adult patients undergoing cardiac surgery. In order to write this Master’s thesis, studies were conducted to determine the prevalence of RVOTO in adult cardiac surgery patients, as well as the prevalence in a similar population with continuous monitoring of pressure gradient data across the right ventricular outflow tract using a pulmonary artery catheter. First, we reviewed the literature on RVOTO by performing a systematic keyword search in the MEDLINE database via PubMed. A prevalence of 4% was calculated by extrapolating the results of all the studies describing RVOTO in adult cardiac surgery. The most common etiology for this phenomenon was mechanical and subsequent to an extrinsic compression. Second, a retrospective study on a database from the university-affiliated hospital center showed a positive correlation between the development of RVOTO and a postoperative clinical decline. A total of 295 patients aged 67.2 ± 9.26 years old (79% male) with RVOTO data from before and after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) were analysed. A RVOTO with a gradient ≥ 6 mmHg was observed before CPB in 89 patients [30.2% (25.1% - 35.6%)] et after CPB in 129 patients [43.7 % (38.2 % - 49.4 %)]. We determined that RVOTO is a rare but important complication because it can be targeted with therapies according to its etiology.

Les personnes hospitalisées pour un problème cardiaque présentent un risque important d’insuffisance cardiaque aiguë (ICA). L’ICA qui n’est pas reconnue ou prise en charge rapidement par l’équipe de soins est associée à un important taux de mortalité. Le raisonnement clinique infirmier (RCI), soit le processus cognitif d’interprétation des données recueillies lors de l’évaluation de la santé d’une personne, est essentiel à la reconnaissance et la prise en charge de l’ICA. Les jeux sérieux sont des interventions de formation pouvant être offertes sur des supports numériques (p. ex., ordinateurs) et qui pourraient améliorer le RCI en offrant une expérience d’apprentissage engageante et intrinsèquement motivante. En s’appuyant sur le modèle de développement d’interventions de Czajkowski et al. (2015), cette thèse par articles présente une étude dont le but était de développer et d’apprécier l’apport d’un jeu sérieux (SIGN@L, en référence aux signes et symptômes d’ICA et au support numérique du jeu sérieux) afin de soutenir l’engagement, la motivation intrinsèque et le développement du RCI en contexte d’ICA d’étudiantes et d’étudiants en sciences infirmières. Le jeu sérieux SIGN@L a été développé par l’étudiant-chercheur d’après le modèle théorique d’apprentissage par le jeu d’Alexiou et Schippers (2018) et les résultats de deux revues systématiques (Maheu-Cadotte et al., 2021b; Maheu-Cadotte et al., 2021c). D’après le modèle théorique retenu, le jeu sérieux combine trois couches constitutives afin de soutenir l’engagement et la motivation intrinsèque lors de l’apprentissage : des mécaniques de jeu, une trame narrative et une esthétique. Les revues systématiques ont apporté des appuis empiriques au design de SIGN@L. Ce dernier est conçu pour être utilisé individuellement, avec un ordinateur personnel et pour environ 20 minutes. Nous avons apprécié l’apport de SIGN@L par un devis multiméthodes (Maheu-Cadotte et al., 2022). Le volet quantitatif était un essai croisé. Nous avons recruté 28 étudiantes et étudiants en sciences infirmières qui ont été répartis aléatoirement à deux séquences de prototypes du jeu sérieux : SIGN@L-A (version complète) suivi ou précédé de SIGN@L-B (comprenant seulement certaines mécaniques de jeu et une esthétique fonctionnelle). Les participantes et participants ont rempli des questionnaires en ligne après leur utilisation de chacun des prototypes et ont rapporté des niveaux d'engagement et de motivation intrinsèque plus élevés avec SIGN@L-A (r de Cohen de 0,83 et de 0,70, respectivement). Cependant, des différences négligeables dans les scores de RCI ont été constatées entre les deux prototypes (r de Cohen de 0,10). Pour le volet qualitatif, nous avons réalisé une entrevue individuelle semi-dirigée avec 10 participantes et participants afin d’apprécier l’apport des couches constitutives des prototypes du jeu sérieux sur leur expérience d’apprentissage. Ceux-ci ont décrit que la construction de réseaux logiques avait contribué à leur apprentissage. Ils ont également rapporté que d’incarner le rôle d’une infirmière ou d’un infirmier et de prendre soin de personnes hospitalisées leur conféraient un sens similaire des responsabilités à celui en pratique clinique. De plus, la division de SIGN@L-A en niveaux les aidait à situer leur progression. Alors que les deux prototypes ont été perçues comme faciles à utiliser, les réactions au rendu audiovisuel de SIGN@L-A ont varié de la détente à la distraction. Les résultats suggèrent qu’une intervention de formation qui intègre les éléments des couches constitutives d’un jeu sérieux favorise davantage l’engagement et la motivation intrinsèque d’étudiantes et d’étudiants en sciences infirmières qu’une intervention de formation qui présente une intégration limitée de ces éléments. / Individuals hospitalized in acute care units with a cardiac problem are at a significant risk of acute heart failure (AHF). If AHF is not recognized and managed early by the healthcare team, it is associated with significant mortality. Nurses’ clinical reasoning (CR), the cognitive process of interpreting data collected during the assessment of individuals, is essential to the recognition and management of AHF. Serious games are educational interventions that can be offered on digital devices (e.g., computers) and that have the potential to enhance CR by providing an engaging and intrinsically motivating learning experience. Based on the Czajkowski et al. (2015) model of intervention development, this article-based thesis presents a study that aimed to develop and study the contribution of a serious game (SIGN@L, in reference to the AHF signs and symptoms, and to the digital device on which is offered the serious game) to support nursing students’ engagement, intrinsic motivation, and CR development in the context of AHF. The serious game SIGN@L was developed by the student researcher based on the game-based learning theoretical model by Alexiou et Schippers (2018) and the results of two systematic reviews (Maheu-Cadotte et al., 2021b; Maheu-Cadotte et al., 2021c) . According to the theoretical model, a serious game combines three layers to support engagement and intrinsic motivation during learning: game mechanics, narrative and aesthetics. Systematic reviews provided empirical support for the design of SIGN@L. This serious game is used alone, on a personal computer, and its estimated duration of use is one 20-minute session. We assessed the contribution of SIGN@L-A through a multimethod design (Maheu-Cadotte et al., 2022). The quantitative component was a crossover trial. We recruited 28 nursing students who were randomly assigned to two sequences of serious game prototypes: SIGN@L-A (complete version) followed or preceded SIGN@L-B (including only some game mechanics and a functional aesthetic). Participants completed online questionnaires after using each of the prototype and reported higher levels of engagement and intrinsic motivation with SIGN@L-A (Cohen’s r: 0.83 and 0.70, respectively). However, negligible differences in CR scores were found between the two educational interventions (Cohen’s r: 0.10). For the qualitative component, we conducted semi-structured individual interviews with 10 participants to assess the contribution of the three layers of the serious game on their learning experience. They described how they perceived that the construction of logical networks had contributed to their learning. They also reported that playing the role of a nurse and caring for hospitalized individuals gave them a similar sense of responsibility to that found in clinical practice. In addition, the division of SIGN@L-A into levels greatly helped them to situate their progress. While both interventions were perceived as easy to use, reactions to the audiovisual rendering of SIGN@L-A ranged from feeling relaxed to feeling distracted. Results suggest that an educational intervention that integrates each of the elements of the constituent layers of a serious game is more supportive of nursing students' engagement and intrinsic motivation than an educational intervention that has limited integration of these elements.

Purpose: The purpose of this integrative literature review is to explore the effectiveness of different training modalities on the acquisition and retention of CPR knowledge and psychomotor skill among undergraduate nursing students. Background: It is well known that standard CPR-training is ineffective at preparing nurses for the rigors of a cardiac arrest event. Survival rates for in-hospital cardiac arrests remain low and the proportion of neurobehavioral sequelae among survivors is very high. Methods: A review of relevant literature published between 2006 and 2016 was conducted using the CINAHL and MEDLINE databases. The following key terms were used in the search: ‘student*’, ‘nurs* student*’, ‘cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)’, ‘Basic Life Support (BLS)’, ‘Advanced Life Support (ALS)’, ‘Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS)’, and ‘Retention’. Results: The initial database search yielded a total of sixty-seven articles; of which, nine articles met the inclusion criteria and were utilized in the final analysis. The articles analyzed explored the effectiveness of different training modalities including: self-directed, CD-based, low-fidelity simulation, high-fidelity simulation, collaborative high-fidelity simulation, and deliberate practice. Conclusion: Current training is ineffective both in promoting long-term retention and in delaying the decay of previously learned information. The most effective training modality identified was high-fidelity simulation in conjunction with deliberate practice. The use of collaborative simulation through ‘mock codes’ maximizes the acquisition and retention of CPR knowledge and skill by providing the highest degree of fidelity. Deliberate practice was the only modality, which resulted in improvement of knowledge and skill over time. The absence of individualized feedback diminishes the effects of repeated practice. Practical experience is also susceptible to the detrimental effects exerted by the lack of feedback.

Introduction: Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections (CLABSIs) are a major cause of increased mortality, morbidity and healthcare costs in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) patients. Despite CDC's efforts to reduce infection rates, patients often suffer consequences. The objective of this study is to perform a systematic review of strategies utilized in the neonatal population and evaluate them with the current CDC's guidelines to assess the effectiveness of bundles in preventing CLABSI in NICUs. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted using CINAHL Plus with Text, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and MEDLINE from January 2008 up to 2018. There were multiple search terms used and these included "neonate OR newborn OR infant", "CLABSI OR central line-associated bloodstream infection", "intervention OR prevention" and "bundle". The search solely focused on the outcome of infant patients. Therefore studies were excluded for the following criteria: being non-peer reviewed, being published before 2008, and being a case in which CLABSI was assessed in patients outside the NICU. See Table 4 and 5 for further information. Results: Eight articles were eligible for inclusion all of which CDC's guidelines were implemented in their strategy of intervention. The systematic review showed that adherence to care bundles decreases infection rates drastically. All eight articles reported a significant decrease in CLABSI rates following the implementation of the bundle set by CDC with two studies achieving a CLABSI rate of zero. Author's Conclusion: Implementation of care bundles showed a success in reducing CLABSI rates in the NICUs; however none of the studies endorsed a specific bundle application utilized to achieve its intended goal. Some practices adopted CDC's guidelines more than others and those showed a greater decrease in infection rate. In addition, it is evident that nurses deliver the best care when preventing an infection. Further research is needed to assess the effectiveness of a specific bundle element.