O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar como se manifestam as características definidoras (CD) dos diagnósticos de enfermagem (DE) Padrão Respiratório Ineficaz (PRI) e Ventilação Espontânea Prejudicada (VEP) e as CD identificadas na literatura para o conceito “ventilação” em pacientes adultos hospitalizados em unidade de terapia intensiva com uso de oxigenoterapia. Tratou-se de um estudo de validação clínica diagnóstica realizado com 626 pacientes. Foram utilizadas as técnicas estatísticas de Análise de Correspondências Múltiplas para realizar o diagnóstico diferencial e Análise de Classe Latente para determinar três níveis de gravidade a partir das CD de PRI, VEP e do conceito “ventilação”, relacionando-os com o modo ventilatório empregado: a) pacientes com menor gravidade em uso de oxigenoterapia através de ventilação espontânea (VE); b) pacientes com gravidade intermediária em uso de oxigenoterapia através de ventilação mecânica não invasiva (VMNI) e; c) pacientes com maior gravidade em uso de oxigenoterapia através de ventilação mecânica invasiva (VMI). As CD que apresentaram maiores valores de sensibilidade para a subamostra em VE foram “fadiga”, “alterações no volume corrente”, “pressão inspiratória diminuída” e “pressão expiratória diminuída”. As CD que apresentaram maiores valores de sensibilidade para a subamostra em VMNI foram “alterações na frequência respiratória”, “alterações no volume corrente”, “relação ventilação/perfusão alterada”, “gases sanguíneos arteriais alterados” e “pressão expiratória diminuída”. As CD que apresentaram maiores valores de sensibilidade para a subamostra em VMI foram “cooperação diminuída”, “inquietação aumentada”, “alterações na frequência respiratória”, “gases sanguíneos arteriais alterados” e “hipóxia”. A partir destes achados, sugere-se que o DE VEP seja excluído da NANDA-I e que sejam incorporadas as CD de VEP que constituíram parte do modelo de classe latente com melhor ajuste ao DE PRI. / The objective of this study was to analyze the behavior of the defining characteristics (DC) of Nursing diagnosis (ND) Ineffective Breathing Pattern (IBP) and Impaired Spontaneous Ventilation (ISV) and DC found in the literature for "ventilation" concept in adult patients hospitalized in intensive care unit in oxygen therapy. The study was a diagnostic clinical validation conducted with 626 patientes. Multiple Correspondence Analysis was used to perform a differential diagnosis and Latent Class Analysis was used to determine three severity levels from the DC of PRI, VEP and of the concept “ventilation", relating them to the ventilation mode used: a) patients with minor oxygen therapy through spontaneous ventilation (SV); b) patients with intermediate severity oxygen therapy through noninvasive mechanical ventilation (NIMV) and; c) patients with severe oxygen therapy through invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). The DC that showed higher sensitivity for the class in SV were "fatigue", "changes in tidal volume", "decreased inspiratory pressure" and "decreased expiratory pressure”. The DC that showed higher sensitivity for the class in NIMV were "changes in respiratory rate", "changes in tidal volume", "altered ventilation/perfusion ratio", "altered arterial blood gases" and "decreased expiratory pressure". The DC that showed higher sensitivity for the class in IMV were “decreased cooperation", "increased restlessness", "changes in respiratory rate", "altered arterial blood gases" and "hypoxia." Finally, it is suggested that the VEP diagnosis be excluded from the NANDA-I and its DC which formed part of the latent class model with best adjustment be incorporate as DC to ND PRI. / Esta investigación tiene como objetivo analizar cómo se manifiestan las características definidoras (CD) de los diagnósticos de enfermería (DE) Patrón Respiratorio Ineficaz (PRI) y Deterioro de la Ventilación Espontánea (DVE) y las CD identificadas en la literatura para el concepto "ventilación" en pacientes adultos hospitalizados en unidad de cuidados intensivos con oxigenoterapia. Fue un estudio de validación clínica de diagnósticos de enfermería. Compusieron la muestra 626 pacientes. Se utilizaron técnicas estadísticas de Análisis de Correspondencias Múltiple para hacer el diagnóstico diferencial y Análisis de Clase Latente para determinar tres niveles de gravedad desde las CD de PRI, DVE y del concepto "ventilación", relacionándolos con el modo de ventilación empleado: a) pacientes con menos gravedad en uso de oxigenoterapia a través de ventilación espontánea (VE); b) pacientes con gravedad intermedia en uso de oxigenoterapia a través de ventilación mecánica no invasiva (VMNI) y, c) pacientes con mayor gravedad en uso de oxigenoterapia a través de ventilación mecánica invasiva (VMI). Las CD que mostraron mayor sensibilidad para la clase en VE fueron “fatiga”, “cambios en el volumen tidal”, “disminución de la presión inspiratoria” y “disminución de la presión espiratoria”. Las CD que mostraron mayor sensibilidad para la clase en VMNI fueron “cambios en la frecuencia respiratoria”, “cambios en el volumen tidal”, “relación ventilación/ perfusion cambiada”, “gases en sangre arterial cambiados” y “disminución de la presión espiratoria”. Las CD que mostraron mayor sensibilidad para la clase en VMI fueron “cooperación disminuida”, “inquietación demasiada”, “cambios en la frecuencia respiratoria”, “gases en sangre arterial cambiados” y “hipoxia”. A partir de estos resultados, se sugiere que el DE DVE se suprimido de la NANDA-I y que las CD del DE DVE que constituían parte del modelo de clase latente con mejor ajuste se incorporan al DE PRI.

INTRODUÇÃO: A combinação de sepse e insuficiência renal com necessidade de diálise é bastante comum nas Unidades de Terapia Intensiva e esta situação tem elevada mortalidade. Um desafio neste cenário é prescrever a dose correta dos antimicrobianos para o tratamento destas infecções. Em pacientes críticos e hemodinamicamente instáveis que necessitam de terapia renal substitutiva, um dos métodos mais utilizados é a diálise contínua, entretanto, recentemente, tem-se utilizado a diálise de baixa eficiência - conhecida como SLED, da abreviação do inglês \"sustained low-efficiency dialysis\". Esta modalidade de terapia renal substitutiva combina características da hemodiálise contínua com a intermitente, utilizando o equipamento da diálise intermitente, com menores fluxos sanguíneos e de dialisato, e com vantagem de menor custo. Apesar do fluxo mais baixo, por ser utilizado tempo mais prolongado, a SLED frequentemente resulta em maior clearance e especula-se que a remoção dos fármacos seria maior. Há escassez de estudos que avaliaram a farmacocinética e farmacodinâmica de antimicrobianos em pacientes submetidos à SLED.OBJETIVOS: Avaliar adequação farmacodinâmica de meropenem e vancomicina em pacientes submetidos a diálise estendida de baixa eficiência. Avaliar a depuração paramêtros farmacocinéticos durante a sessão de SLED. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado estudo prospectivo descritivo observacional com coleta de material biológico julho de 2012 a julho de 2014 HC-FMUSP. Foram incluídos pacientes submetidos à SLED em uso de vancomicina e/ou meropenem. Foram coletadas amostras de sangue seriadas (tempos: imediatamente antes do início da sessão de diálise, 0,5h, 1h, 2h, 4h após o início do tratamento e ao final da sessão). A quantificação dos antimicrobianos foi realizada através dos métodos analíticos de quantificação em Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência (CLAE). Os parâmetros farmacocinéticos foram calculados apenas durante a sessão de diálise utilizando-se o software WinNonlin. A área sob a curva foi determinada para a vancomicina. Para o meropenem, calculou-se o tempo acima da MIC. Resultados: Foram incluídos 24 pacientes tratados com vancomicina e 21 com meropenem eforam obtidas 170 amostras de plasma. As concentrações médias de vancomicina sérica e meropenem: antes da sessão de SLED foram 24,5 e 28,0 ?g / ml, respectivamente; e após SLED 14 e 6 ?g / ml, respectivamente. A depuração média foi de 41% para a vancomicina e 78% para o meropenem. Para vancomicina, 22 (96%), 19 (83%) e 16 (70%) pacientes teriam atingido o alvo (AUC0-24 > 400) considerando-se MIC 0,5; <= 1mg/l e <= 2 mg/l respectivamente. Para meropenem, 19 (95%), 18 (90%) e 11 (55%) pacientes teriam atingido a meta (70% de tempo acima da CIM) se infectados com isolados com MIC <= 1, <= 4 e <= 8 mg/l, respectivamente. Conclusões: Em pacientes críticos, meropenem evancomicina foram removidas durante o SLED. Entretando, a maioria dos pacientes alcançaria alvo PK-PD, excepto para CIMs mais altas. Sugerimos doses de manutenção de 1g a cada 12 ou 8 horaspara meropenem. Para a vancomicina, deve-se utilizar abordagem mais individualizada com monitorização sérica, uma vez que ensaios comerciais são disponíveis / Background: Antibiotic dosing is a challenge in critically ill patients undergoing renal replacement therapy. Our aim was to evaluate pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of meropenem and vancomycin in patients undergoing SLED.Methods: ICU patients undergoing SLED, receiving meropenem and/or vancomycin, were prospectively evaluated. Blood samples were collected at the start of SLED and 0.5; 1; 2; 4 and 6 hours later. Antimicrobial levels were determined by HPLC. Noncompartimental pharmacokinetic analysis was performed. Area under the curve was determined for vancomycin. For meropenem, time above MIC was calculated. Results: 24 patients receiving vancomycin and 21 receiving meropenem were included; 170 plasma samples were obtained. Median serum vancomycin and meropenem concentrations: before SLED were 24.5 and 28.0 ?g/ml, respectively; and after SLED 14 and 6 ?g/ml, respectively. Mean removal was 41% for vancomycin and 78% for meropenem. For vancomycin, 22 (96%), 19(83%) and 16(70%) patients would have achieved the target (AUC0-24>400) considering MIC 0.5; <= 1mg/l and <= 2 mg/l, respectively. For meropenem, 19 (95%), 18 (90%) and 11(55%) patients would have achieved the target (70% of time above MIC) if infected with isolates with MIC <= 1, <= 4 and <= 8mg/l, respectively. Conclusions: In critically ill patients, meropenem and vancomycin were removed during SLED. Despite this, overall high PK/PD target attainment was obtained, except for higher MICs. We suggest maintenance doses of 1g tid or bid for meropenem. For vancomycin, more individualized approach using therapeutic drug monitoring should be used, as commercial assays are available

Introdução: Triagem para admissão em unidades de terapia intensiva (UTIs) é realizada rotineiramente e é comumente baseada somente no julgamento clínico, o que pode mascarar vieses e preconceitos. Neste estudo, foram avaliadas a reprodutibilidade e validade de um algoritmo de apoio a decisões de triagem em UTI. Também foi avaliado o efeito da implementação de um instrumento de auxílio à tomada de decisão para a priorização de vagas de UTI nas decisões de admissão em UTI. Foi avaliada, ainda, a acurácia da predição prognóstica dos médicos na população de pacientes em deterioração clínica aguda. Métodos: Para o primeiro objetivo do estudo, um algoritmo computadorizado para auxiliar as decisões de priorização de vagas em UTI foi desenvolvido para classificar pacientes nas categorias do sistema de priorização da \"Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM)\". Nove médicos experientes (experts) avaliaram quarenta vinhetas clínicas baseadas em pacientes reais. A referência foi definida como as prioridades classificadas por dois investigadores com acesso ao prontuário completo dos pacientes. As concordâncias entre as prioridades do algoritmo com as prioridades da referência e com as prioridades dos experts foram avaliadas. As correlações entre a prioridade do algoritmo e o julgamento clínico de adequação da admissão na UTI em contexto com e sem escassez de vagas também foram avaliadas. A validade foi ainda avaliada através da aplicação do algoritmo, retrospectivamente em uma coorte de 603 pacientes com solicitação de vagas de UTI, para correlação com desfechos clínicos. Para o segundo objetivo do estudo, um estudo prospectivo, quaseexperimental foi conduzido, antes (maio/2014 a novembro/2014, fase 1) e após (novembro/2014 a maio/2015, fase 2) a implementação de um instrumento de auxílio à tomada de decisão, que foi baseado no algoritmo descrito acima. Foi avaliado o impacto da implementação do instrumento de auxílio à tomada de decisão na ocorrência de admissões potencialmente inapropriadas na UTI em uma coorte de pacientes com solicitações urgentes de vaga de UTI. O desfecho primário foi a proporção de solicitações de vaga potencialmente inapropriadas que foram admitidas na UTI em até 48 horas após a solicitação. Solicitações de vaga potencialmente inapropriadas foram definidas como pacientes prioridade 4B, conforme diretrizes da SCCM de 1999, ou prioridade 5, conforme diretrizes da SCCM de 2016. Foram realizadas análises multivariadas com teste de interação entre fase e prioridades para avaliação dos efeitos diferenciados em cada estrato de prioridade. Para o terceiro objetivo do estudo, a predição prognóstica realizada pelo médico solicitante foi registrada no momento da solicitação de vaga de UTI. Resultados: No primeiro objetivo do estudo, a concordância entre as prioridades do algoritmo e as prioridades da referência foi substancial, com uma mediana de kappa de 0,72 (IQR 0,52-0,77). As prioridades do algoritmo evidenciaram uma maior reprodutibilidade entre os pares [kappa = 0,61 (IC95% 0,57-0,65) e mediana de percentagem de concordância = 0,64 (IQR 0,59-0,70)], quando comparada à reprodutibilidade entre os pares das prioridades dos experts [kappa = 0,51 (IC95% 0,47-0,55) e mediana de percentagem de concordância = 0,49 (IQR 0,44-0,56)], p=0,001. As prioridades do algoritmo também foram associadas ao julgamento clínico de adequação da admissão na UTI (vinhetas com prioridades 1, 2, 3 e 4 seriam admitidas no último leito de UTI em 83,7%, 61,2%, 45,2% e 16,8% dos cenários, respectivamente, p < 0,001) e com desfechos clínicos reais na coorte retrospectiva, como admissão na UTI, consultas com equipe de cuidados paliativos e mortalidade hospitalar. No segundo objetivo do estudo, 2374 solicitações urgentes de vaga de UTI foram avaliadas, das quais 1184 (53,8%) pacientes foram admitidos na UTI. A implementação do instrumento de auxílio à tomada de decisão foi associada com uma redução de admissões potencialmente inapropriadas na UTI, tanto utilizando a classificação de 1999 [adjOR (IC95%) = 0,36 (0,13-0,97), p = 0,043], quanto utilizando a classificação de 2016 [adjOR (IC95%) = 0,35 (0,13-0,96, p = 0,041)]. Não houve diferença em mortalidade entre as fases 1 e 2 do estudo. No terceiro objetivo do estudo, a predição prognóstica do médico solicitante foi associada com mortalidade. Ocorreram 593 (34,4%), 215 (66,4%) e 51 (94,4%) óbitos nos grupos com prognóstico de sobrevivência sem sequelas graves, sobrevivência com sequelas graves e nãosobrevivência, respectivamente (p < 0,001). Sensibilidade foi 31%, especificidade foi 91% e a área sob a curva ROC foi de 0,61 para predição de mortalidade hospitalar. Após análise multivariada, a gravidade da doença aguda, funcionalidade prévia e admissão na UTI foram associadas com uma maior chance de erro prognóstico, enquanto que uma predição de pior prognóstico foi associada a uma menor chance de erro prognóstico. O grau de expertise do médico solicitante não teve efeito na predição prognóstica. Discussão/Conclusão: Neste estudo, um algoritmo de apoio a decisões de triagem em UTI demonstrou boa reprodutibilidade e validade. Além disso, a implementação de um instrumento de auxílio à tomada de decisões para priorização de vagas de UTI foi associada a uma redução de admissões potencialmente inapropriadas na UTI. Também foi encontrado que a predição prognóstica dos médicos solicitantes foi associada a mortalidade hospitalar, porém a acurácia foi pobre, principalmente devido a uma baixa sensibilidade para detectar risco de morte / Introduction: Intensive care unit (ICU) admission triage is performed routinely and is often based solely on clinical judgment, which could mask biases. In this study, we sought to evaluate the reliability and validity of an algorithm to aid ICU triage decisions. We also aimed to evaluate the effect of implementing a decision-aid tool for ICU triage on ICU admission decisions. We also evaluated the accuracy of physician\'s prediction of hospital mortality in in acutely deteriorating patients. Methods: For the first objective of the study, a computerized algorithm to aid ICU triage decisions was developed to classify patients into the Society of Critical Care Medicine\'s prioritization system. Nine senior physicians evaluated forty clinical vignettes based on real patients. Reference standard was defined as the priorities ascribed by two investigators with full access to patient\'s records. Agreement of algorithm-based priorities with the reference standard and with intuitive priorities provided by the physicians were evaluated. Correlations between algorithm prioritization and physician\'s judgment of appropriateness of ICU admission in scarcity and non-scarcity settings were also evaluated. Validity was further assessed by retrospectively applying this algorithm to 603 patients with requests for ICU admission for association with clinical outcomes. For the second objective of the study, a prospective, quasi-experimental study was conducted, before (May 2014 to November 2014, phase 1) and after (November 2014 to May 2015, phase 2) the implementation of a decision-aid tool for ICU admission triage, which was based on the aforementioned algorithm. We assessed the impact of the implementation of the decision-aid tool in potentially inappropriate ICU admissions in a cohort of patients referred for urgent ICU admission. Primary outcome was the proportion of potentially inappropriate ICU referrals that were admitted to the ICU in 48 hours following referral. Potentially inappropriate ICU referrals were defined as priority 4B patients, as described by the 1999 Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM) guidelines and as priority 5 patients, as described by the 2016 SCCM guidelines. We conducted multivariate analyses and evaluated the interaction between phase and triage priorities to assess for differential effects in each priority strata. For the third objective of the study, physicians\' prognosis and other variables were recorded at the moment of ICU referral. Results: On the first objective of the study, agreement between algorithm-based priorities and the reference standard was substantial, with a median kappa of 0.72 (IQR 0.52-0.77). Algorithm-based priorities demonstrated higher interrater reliability [overall kappa of 0.61 (95%CI 0.57-0.65) and median percent agreement of 0.64 (IQR 0.59-0.70)] than physician\'s intuitive prioritization [overall kappa of 0.51 (95%CI 0.47-0.55) and median percent agreement of 0.49 (IQR 0.44-0.56)], p=0.001. Algorithm-based priorities were also associated with physicians\' judgment of appropriateness of ICU admission (priorities 1, 2, 3 and 4 vignettes would be admitted to the last ICU bed in 83.7%, 61.2%, 45.2% and 16.8% of the scenarios, respectively, p < 0.001) and with actual ICU admission, palliative care consultation and hospital mortality in the retrospective cohort. On the second objective of the study, of 2374 urgent ICU referrals, 1184 (53.8%) patients were admitted to the ICU. Implementation of the decision-aid tool was associated with a reduction of potentially inappropriate ICU admissions using the 1999 [adjOR (95% CI) = 0.36 (0.13-0.97), p = 0.043] or 2016 [adjOR (95%CI) = 0.35 (0.13-0.96, p = 0.041)] definitions. There was no difference on mortality between phases 1 and 2. On the third objective of the study, physician\'s prognosis was associated to hospital mortality. There were 593 (34.4%), 215 (66.4%) and 51 (94.4%) deaths in the groups ascribed a prognosis of survival without disabilities, survival with severe disabilities or no survival, respectively (p < 0.001). Sensitivity was 31%, specificity was 91% and the area under the ROC curve was 0.61 for prediction of mortality. After multivariable analysis, severity of illness, performance status and ICU admission were associated to an increased likelihood of incorrect classification, while worse predicted prognosis was associated to a lower chance of incorrect classification. Physician\'s level of expertise had no effect on predictive ability. Discussion/Conclusion: In this study, a ICU admission triage algorithm demonstrated good reliability and validity. Moreover, the implementation of a decision-aid tool for ICU triage was associated with a reduction of potentially inappropriate ICU admissions. It was also found that physician\'s prediction was associated to hospital mortality, but overall accuracy was poor, mainly due to low sensitivity to detect mortality risk

A pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica (PAVM) é uma infecção freqüente nas Unidades de Terapia Intensiva (UTI), acarretando aumento no período de hospitalização, nos índices de morbimortalidade e com repercussão significativa nos custos. A implementação de medidas específicas para a prevenção da PAVM é baseada em diretrizes para a prática clínica, elaboradas por órgãos governamentais e associações de especialistas. Nesse sentido, é importante destacar a necessidade de atualização permanente dos profissionais da saúde. Frente ao exposto, objetivouse avaliar e descrever as evidências científicas disponíveis sobre as práticas de prevenção da PAVM, em pacientes adultos, hospitalizados em UTI. A prática baseada em evidências representou o referencial teórico-metodológico. E, para a obtenção das evidências de Níveis I e II, publicadas posteriormente à diretriz do CDC, realizou-se a revisão integrativa da literatura nas bases de dados MEDLINE, LILACS, CINAHL e Biblioteca Cochrane. Totalizou-se 23 publicações, agrupadas nas categorias temáticas: 5 (22%) higienização bucal, 7 (30%) aspiração de secreções, 5 (22%) umidificação das vias aéreas, 3 (13%) posicionamento do paciente e 3 (13%) diretrizes para a prática clínica. O uso da clorexidina na higienização bucal de pacientes sob ventilação mecânica diminuiu a colonização da orofaringe, o que pode reduzir a incidência de PAVM. Em adição, a aspiração da secreção subglótica e a terapia cinética mostraram-se medidas eficazes na prevenção da PAVM. Por outro lado, o uso do sistema fechado para a aspiração endotraqueal, a umidificação das vias aéreas com o dispositivo HME (heat and moisture exchanger), o controle da pressão do balonete do tubo endotraqueal, bem como, o posicionamento semirecumbente do paciente não apresentaram impacto na prevenção da PAVM e configuram como questões controversas. Assim, outras pesquisas são necessárias, especialmente, para elucidar questionamentos e implementar novas tecnologias acerca das medidas de prevenção da PAVM, o que sem dúvida repercutirá na qualidade da assistência de pacientes submetidos à ventilação mecânica. / Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a common infection in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU), which leads to a longer period of hospitalization, higher rates of morbidmortality and a significant repercussion on the costs. The implementation of specific measures to prevent VAP is based on clinical practice guidelines elaborated by governmental organizations and expert committees. Thus, it is important to stand out the permanent actualization of health care professionals. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate and describe the available scientifical evidences on VAP prevention practices in adult patients hospitalized in the ICU. The evidence based practice represented the theoretical-methodological reference. And, to obtain the evidences Levels I and II, published after the CDC guideline, an integrative review of the literature of MEDLINE, LILACS, CINAHL and Cochrane Library databases was realized. A total of 23 publishing grouped in categories: 5 (22%) oral hygiene, 7 (30%) aspiration of secretions, 5 (22%) airways moisturizing, 3 (13%) patient positioning and 3 (13%) clinical practice guidelines. The use of chlorhexidine in the oral hygiene of the mechanical ventilated patients decreased the oropharyngeal colonization, which may decrease VAP incidence. Besides, the subglottic secretions drainage and the kinetic therapy proved to be efficient on VAP prevention. However, the use of the closed system to the endotracheal aspiration, moisturizing the airways with HME (heat and moisture exchanger), the control of the pressure of the endotracheal tube cuff as well as the semirecumbent positioning of the patient, did not present any impact on the VAP prevention and are controversial matters. Thus, further researches are required mainly to clarify some questions and implement new technologies on measures to prevent VAP, which will certainly reflect on the quality of the assistance given to patients on mechanical ventilation.

No description available.

Patients admitted to intensive care unit (ICU) are known to develop significant impairments in physical function. Patients with critical illness suffer up to 30% reductions in muscle size within the first ten days of admission to the ICU. Muscle strength testing, Medical Research Council-sum score, is current gold-standard to diagnosis ICU-acquired weakness and predicts risk of mortality and long-term physical function. Muscle power different from muscle strength in that it accounts for velocity of movement, is potentially a better independent predictor of function that has not been studied in this population. In addition, we hypothesize that muscle size and quality measured through ultrasound imaging has better applicability and prediction that strength testing. Therefore, we prospectively collected data surrounding these muscle parameters in patients admitted to the medicine ICU at University of Kentucky. Primary outcomes included physical function, muscle power with a novel assessment tool for the critically ill population, muscle strength, and muscle size and quality assess through ultrasound imaging. 36 patients admitted to ICU and 18 aged-matched controlled were enrolled. Patients had significantly lower scores on muscle power assessment at ICU discharge (33.6 ±19.0 W; t= 4.01, p < 0.001) and at hospital discharge (40.9 ±16.5 W; t= 4.81, p < 0.001) in comparison to controls (59.3± 14.7 W). Patients with better scores on muscle power assessment had significantly better scores on physical function measures (Six-minute walk test; rs = 0.548, p = 0.0001). Muscle size (cross-sectional area of rectus femoris muscle) and muscle power were strongly correlated (rs = 0.66, p < 0.0001). These data suggest that patients with critical illness have significantly reduced muscle power which directly related to deficits in physical function.

Hållbar kompetensförsörjning är en av välfärdssamhällets största utmaningar, där offentlig sektor idag visar betydande problem. Två huvudprinciper ses kring hantering av dessa utmaningar. Den vanligaste utgångspunkten är att så långt som möjligt upprätthålla verksamheten genom att behålla samma organisation och arbetssätt, samt att söka behålla och helst öka antalet medarbetare i olika bristyrken. En annan utgångspunkt som får ökad uppmärksamhet är uppgiftsväxling (taskshifting, workshifting, kompetensmix), vilket innebär förändrad kompetens- och bemanningsstruktur. Samverkan mellan Vårdförbundet och sjukvårdens arbetsgivare kan vara en förutsättning för ständig förbättring och kompetensförsörjning i framtiden. Medan avståndet mellan behov och resurser ökar under Covid-19-pandemin, verkar samarbetsklimatet påverkas negativt i samma takt. Istället för akuta avlastande åtgärder som uppgiftsväxling så föreslår Vårdförbundet långsiktiga åtgärder som höjd yrkesstatus och lön. Som betydelsefull samverkanspartner till sjukvården är Vårdförbundets syn på uppgiftsväxling avgörande för framtida samarbete kring förbättringar och kompetensförsörjning. Studiens syfte är att undersöka hur fackliga ledare, här representerade av Vårdförbundets 21 lokala avdelningsordförande, ser på uppgiftsväxling kring specialistsjuksköterskor som en del i hållbar kompetensförsörjning inom intensivvården. Studien har en kvantitativ och en kvalitativ ansats med datainsamling via webbenkät. Studiens urval är samtliga avdelningsordförande (n=21) inom Vårdförbundets lokalorganisationer. Kvantitativa data analyserades med fördelning och frekvens och visas med deskriptiv statistik. Kvalitativa data analyserades med innehållsanalys. Svarsfrekvensen var 66 procent. Specialistsjuksköterskor inom intensivvård bör avlastas genom att anställa andra yrkesgrupper, anser majoriteten av deltagarna. Sjuksköterskor, farmaceuter, vårdnära administratörer och fysioterapeuter anges i störst utsträckning. Deltagare ser dock risker vid brister i implementeringen, där störst risk för patienten anses vara att arbetsgivare ålägger sjuksköterskor för stort ansvar. Implementering med noggrann konsekvensanalys och tillräckliga resurser ses som framgångsfaktorer. Negativa konsekvenser som anges är bristande helhetsbild för specialistsjuksköterskorna, liksom oklarheter kring sjuksköterskornas roll. Uppgiftsväxlingen ses som en karriärväg för sjuksköterskor, medan specialistsjuksköterskor kan använda sin specialistkompetens i ökad utsträckning. Ledningens roll nämns i liten grad. Vårdförbundet kan som samverkanspartner vara den externa kraft som krävs i sjukvården för att nå en hållbar lösning för kompetensförsörjning, arbetsmiljö och kvalitet. För god vård krävs sannolikt ökad samverkan i förbättringsarbete mellan arbetsgivare och Vårdförbundet. Studien visar att många lokala fackliga ledare förordar uppgiftsväxling, exempelvis att avlasta specialistsjuksköterskor genom att anställa andra yrkesgrupper inom intensivvården. En förutsättning för en framgångsrik förbättringsprocess är dock att samtliga aktörer är beredda att kompromissa med grundläggande principer och arbetssätt inom den egna organisationen. / Sustainable competence provision is a major challenge in the welfare state, with growing public sector demands to be met by limited resources. In handling this situation two main principles can be identified. Most organizations primarily chose to leave the organization and staffing structure unaltered, awaiting adequate workforce reinforcements. Task shifting (work shifting, task sharing) is getting increased attention in these parts. Cooperation between the nursing union (Vårdförbundet) and the healthcare employers is crucial for continuous improvement and competence provision in the future. However, as the gap between patient demands and available human resources is turning from bad to worse during the ongoing Covid-19 pandemic, the climate for cooperation seems to be affected in the same way. Vårdförbundet suggests long-term solutions such as increased salaries. As a pivotal health care partner Vårdförbundet and its view on task shifting is determining the success of forthcoming cooperation. The objective of this study is to investigate the view of nursing union leaders, represented by the 21 local section board presidents of Vårdförbundet, on task shifting concerning critical care nursing specialists, as a sustainable competence provision. The study has a quantitative and qualitative approach with data collection through a web survey. The study selection included the Vårdförbundet union board presidents at the local level. Quantitative data was analyzed using distribution and frequency displayed by descriptive statistics. Qualitative data was analyzed through content analysis. The response rate was 66 percent. Critical care nursing specialists (CCRN) should be relieved certain duties by staff with other professions, according to a most of the participants. Mentioned most frequently were non-specialized registered nurses (RN), pharmacists, administrators and physiotherapists. The participants anticipated hazards concerning inadequate implementation routines, particularly concerning RN getting too much responsibility to handle, being non-specialized nurses. Implementation including consequence analysis is seen as a crucial prerequisite along with sufficient resources. Negative consequences mentioned are difficulties getting the whole picture as the CCRN assume responsibility for extra critical care patients. Also mentioned are blurred responsibilities for the RN. The result reveals positive consequences of task shifting such as being an important career path for RN, whilst CCRN can use their specialist skills to an increased extent. The managerial role is faint in this study. Vårdförbundet is possibly the external power needed to reach a sustainable solution regarding competence provision, work environment and healthcare quality. Expanded improvement cooperation, between healthcare employers and unions, can be a tool to reach and maintain top quality healthcare. This study reveals that most of the local leaders in Vårdförbundet supports task shifting, as a tool using other professions to relieve the CCRN from non-specialist duties. A prerequisite is however that all actors are prepared to compromise organizational and professional principles to reach common ground and successful improvement.

MCur / Department of Advanced Nursing Science / Background: Doctors and nurses working in ICU are always confronted with ethical dilemmas when caring for critically ill patients no matter where they practice. The ethical dilemmas experienced by ICU nurses and doctors include amongst other: freedom of choice, truth telling, distribution of resources and confidentiality. Purpose: The study sought to explore the ethical dilemmas experienced by healthcare professionals working in ICU, Vhembe district in Limpopo province. Setting: The setting of the study was Tshilidzini hospital, Vhembe district in Limpopo Province Methodology: A qualitative, explorative, descriptive design was used. The population was nurses and doctors working in ICU, Tshilidzini hospital, Vhembe district in Limpopo province. A purposive sampling was used to select the study sample, and the study hospital. Data was collected by means of Semi-structured, in-depth interviews. Data was analyzed using Tesch`s method. Ethical considerations were adhered to. Findings: Participants expressed ethical dilemmas related to lack of resources, unsuitable infrastructure, hospital policies and patient`s decision making. Recommendations: The study recommends better policies by government and critical care societies to help guide resource allocation for ICU services. The number of ICU beds must be allocated according to the population it serves, in-service trainings to be conducted on regular bases in order to equip ICU health care professionals with knowledge of ethics and skills of decision-making, an active ethics committee to be elected to assist ICU practitioners when they encounter ethically challenging situation. / NRF

Les transfusions de culots globulaires sont une pratique fréquente aux soins intensifs; elles sont associées à de nombreuses complications. Ce travail s'intéresse à l'une d'entre elles, celle qui occasionne le plus de décès, la surcharge volémique liée à la transfusion (Transfusion-Associated Circulatory Overload - TACO). Dans une première étude, nous avons tenté de déterminer l’impact des critères diagnostiques pris en compte dans la définition adulte du TACO dans une population de soins intensifs pédiatriques. Cette définition a été appliquée à 136 patients de soins intensifs pédiatriques durant leur séjour. Nous avons obtenu des taux d’incidence du TACO très variables (entre 1,5 et 76%) selon la manière d’interpréter les critères diagnostiques proposés. Notre seconde étude a consisté en une revue exploratoire de la littérature concernant le TACO aux soins intensifs adultes et pédiatriques, peu importe le type de produit sanguin labile transfusé. Neuf études ont rencontré nos critères d’inclusion, à savoir décrire au moins un des critères suivants : l’incidence, les facteurs de risque ou les conséquences du TACO. Huit études étaient observationnelles. Seules trois études étudiaient la population pédiatrique. Les résultats montrent une incidence cumulée de TACO plus élevée aux soins intensifs (5,5%) que dans la population générale. Les principaux facteurs de risque chez l'adulte sont liés à la balance liquidienne préexistante, aux caractéristiques de la transfusion elle-même et aux comorbidités déjà présentes chez le patient. En outre, le TACO adulte est associé à une augmentation de la durée de séjour à l'hôpital. Les études pédiatriques incluses ne rapportaient aucune donnée sur les facteurs de risque et les conséquences du TACO dans cette population. Ce travail a permis de montrer que la définition actuelle du TACO n’est pas applicable à la population des soins intensifs pédiatriques. Le TACO aux soins intensifs est peu présent dans la littérature scientifique malgré sa fréquence et les risques qu’il présente; d’autres études sont indispensables pour en améliorer sa compréhension. Nous évoquerons certaines voies de recherche qui permettraient une meilleure connaissance de cette complication potentiellement mortelle des transfusions. / Red blood cell transfusions are common practice in intensive care and lead to many adverse reactions. This research project is focused on the most frequent fatal complication: transfusion-associated circulatory overload (TACO). In our first study, we tried to determine the impact of the diagnostic criteria of the adult definition of TACO in a pediatric intensive care population. The definition was applied to 136 pediatric intensive care patients during their stay. We obtained highly variable incidence rates (from 1.5 to 76%) depending on the interpretation of the diagnostic criteria. Our second study is a scoping review of the literature about TACO in intensive care, both adult and pediatric, regardless of the type of labile blood product transfused. Nine studies met our inclusion criteria, namely, to describe at least one of the following criteria: incidence, risk factors or outcomes of TACO. Eight studies were observational. Only three studies were conducted in pediatric population. The results showed a pooled incidence of TACO which is higher (5.5%) in intensive care than in the general population. The main risk factors in the adult population were related to the positive pre-existing fluid balance, the characteristics of the transfusion itself and the patients’ preexisting comorbidities. Furthermore, the results showed an association between TACO in adult intensive care and an increased length of stay. None of the included pediatric study reported data on risk factors or outcomes. This research demonstrates that the current TACO definition is not applicable for the pediatric intensive care population. There is limited literature about TACO in intensive care despite its occurrence rate and the associated risks; other studies are therefore necessary to enhance its comprehension. We will touch on potential research pathways that would lead to a better understanding of this deadly transfusion complication.

Bakgrund: Patienten som vårdas oralt intuberad på intensivvårdsavdelning får successivt försämrad munhälsa. Endotrakealtuben orsakar muntorrhet, risk för trycksår samt ansamling av bakterier och plack, vilket innebär ett lidande för patienten i form av påverkad munhälsa. Studien fokuserar på specialistsjuksköterskans roll att förebygga och lindra patientens lidande genom att undersöka munvårdsåtgärder som påverkar munhälsa. Syfte: Att sammanställa munvårdsåtgärder som påverkar munhälsa hos patienter som vårdas oralt intuberade. Metod: Kvantitativ litteraturstudie med systematisk ansats. Munvårdsåtgärdernas påverkan på munhälsa har i studierna undersökts genom olika utfallsmått och metoder. Resultatet av munvårdsåtgärdernas påverkan på munhälsa sammanställdes genom kategorierna munskölj, mekanisk rengöring, munvårdsprotokoll och fixation av endotrakealtub, uppdelat på utfallsmåtten bakterier och plack samt munslemhinnans status. Resultat: De munskölj som undersöktes resulterade i varierat positiv, utebliven och negativ påverkan på bakterier och plack samt munslemhinnan. Alla metoder av mekanisk rengöring hade positiv påverkan på munhälsa. Munvårdsprotokoll med individanpassad frekvens och ompositionering av endotrakealtuben hade positiv påverkan på munhälsa. Fixationer av endotrakealtuben påverkade munslemhinnan både positivt och negativt. Slutsats: Munvårdsåtgärder påverkar munhälsa hos patienten som vårdas oralt intuberad med både positiv, utebliven och negativ påverkan. Specialistsjuksköterskan kan förebygga samtlindra patientens lidande genom bedömning av munhälsan och tillämpning av individanpassade munvårdsåtgärder. Eftersom munvårdsåtgärder även kan leda till negativ påverkan på munhälsa är det av stor vikt att specialistsjuksköterskan även utvärderar effekten av tillämpade munvårdsåtgärder. / Background: Patients who is orally intubated in intensive care units gradually deteriorates oral health. Endotracheal tubes causes dry mouth, pressure ulcers, bacteria and plaque, which implies suffering from affected oral health. The study focuses in the specialist nurse's role in preventing and alleviating patients’ suffering by examining measures of oral care whichaffects oral health. Aim: To compile measures of oral care that affect oral health in patients who are orally intubated. Method: Quantitative literature review with systematic approach. The impact of oral care on oral health has in the studies been measured through different outcomes and methods. The result of the oral cares’ impact on oral health were compiled through the categories mouthwash, mechanical cleaning, oral care protocol and endotracheal tube fixation, divided by the outcomes bacteria and plaque and the status of oral mucosa. Results: Mouthwashes resulted in varied positive, absent and negative effects on bacteria and plaque as well as the oral mucosa. All methods of mechanical cleaning had a positive effect on oral health. Oral care protocols with individualized frequency and repositioning of the endotracheal tube had a positive effect on oral health. Endotracheal tube fixations affected the oral mucosa both positively and negatively. Conclusion: Oral care affects oral health of patients who are orally intubated with both positively, absent and negatively effect. Specialist nurses can prevent and alleviate thepatient's suffering with assessment of oral health and individualized oral care. It is of utmost importance that the nurse evaluates the effect since oral care also can result in negative impact on oral health.