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No description available.

A deficiência de vitamina A é um problema global de saúde pública que afeta especialmente crianças com menos de 5 anos, mulheres durante o parto e 1 ano pós-parto e é a principal causa de cegueira evitável em crianças. Biofortificação é uma estratégia que visa reduzir as deficiências de micronutrientes em populações vulneráveis ao redor do mundo através do aumento da concentração de nutrientes nos alimentos básicos. Investigou-se os efeitos de genótipos e estilos de cocção sobre o conteúdo, retenção e biodisponibilidade de ?-caroteno (?C) em mandiocas biofortificadas e batatas-doces de polpa laranja (BDPL). Cinco genótipos de mandioca biofortificada, três acessos parentais, e uma mandioca branca foram fornecidos por dois programas de melhoramento. Adicionalmente, foram avaliados dois genótipos de BDPL e duas marcas de alimentos infantis. Tanto as raízes de mandioca quanto de batatas-doces foram analisadas cruas, cozidas em água a 100°C, e fritas em óleo de soja a 180°C após cozimento. Os carotenoides foram extraídos e analisados por HPLC-DAD. A biodisponibilidade foi determinada utilizando a digestão oral, gástrica e duodenal in vitro e absorção por culturas celulares Caco-2. Somente o ?C foi detectado em todos os genótipos de mandioca, embora os teores tenham variado significativamente dependendo do genótipo. As mandiocas melhoradas continham pelo menos 10 vezes mais ?C do que a branca. O cozimento e a fritura foram associados com a perda e isomerização de ?C na mandioca bem como na BDPL. Houve interação significativa entre genótipo e processamento nos perfis e teores de ?C. Eficiência de micelarização do trans-?C nas mandiocas cozidas foi menor do que nas fritas. As mandiocas biofortificadas prontas para consumo podem fornecer até 28% da IDR de retinol. A absorção pelas células Caco-2 do trans-?C foi analisada em quatro genótipos. Dois deles não foram afetados pela cocção em relação à absorção celular, no entanto, os outros dois genótipos apresentaram aumento com a fritura. Com relação às batatas-doces, o trans-?C foi o principal carotenoide encontrado, embora também tenham sido identificados três isómeros do ?C e ?-caroteno em quantidades menores. O teor do trans-?C em um dos genótipos de BDPL foi duas vezes maior do que nos alimentos infantis. Nos alimentos infantis foi encontrada presença relativa de 13-cis-?C maior do que nas BDPLs. A eficiência de micelarização de trans-?C das batatas-doces foi considerada baixa, e não teve diferença com os processamentos. A absorção por Caco-2 não foi diferente para os genótipos de BDPL e alimentos infantis investigados. A quantidade intracelular acumulada de trans-?C foi proporcional à concentração do material inicial. Em resumo, as culturas biofortificadas estudadas podem aumentar a concentração de ?C na dieta. A mandioca frita apresenta mais ?C biodisponível do que ela cozida. Tanto o genótipo da mandioca quanto o tipo de processamento influenciam a absorção de trans-?C. Por outro lado, não foram encontradas evidências de que a redução de partículas, utilizada no alimento infantil, ofereça maior biodisponibilidade de beta-caroteno das BDPLs / Vitamin A deficiency is a world public health problem that affects especially infants, children less than 5 years of age, women during birthing and 1 year post-partum and is the primary cause of avoidable blindness in children. Biofortification is a strategy aimed at decreasing global micronutrient deficiencies in vulnerable populations by increasing the nutrient density in staple food crops. It was investigated the effects of genotype and cooking styles on the content, retention and bioavailability of ?-carotene (?C) in biofortified cassava and orange fleshed sweet-potatoes (OFSP). Five genotypes of biofortified cassava, three parental accessions, and one white cassava were provided by two different breeding programs. Additionally, two genotypes of OFSP and two brands of high processed baby foods were evaluated. Both cassava and OFSP roots were analyzed raw, after boiling in water at 100°C only or after subsequent frying in soybean oil at 180°C. Carotenoids were extracted and analyzed by HPLC-DAD. Bioavailability was assessed using an in vitro oral, gastric and small intestinal digestion coupled with the Caco-2 human intestinal cell model. Only ?C was detected in all tested genotypes of cassava root, although its content varied markedly depending on genotype. Biofortified genotypes contained at least 10-fold higher ?C than the white variety. Boiling and frying were associated with loss and isomerization of ?C in cassava as well as OFSP. There was an interaction of genotype and cooking style on profile of ?C contents. Efficiency of micellarization of trans-?C in boiled cassava was lower than in fried. Biofortified cassava ready to eat can provide up to 28% of the IDR of retinol. Uptake of trans-?C in micelles generated during digestion by Caco-2 cells was analyzed for the four of the five biofortified genotypes. Cell uptake of ?C from two genotypes were not affected by processing, however the other two genotypes had increased with frying. Regarding sweet-potatoes, trans-?C was the major carotenoid found, although it was identified three ?C isomers and ?-carotene in minimal quantities. The concentration of trans-?C in one genotype of OFSP was two times higher than baby foods and the other genotype. Baby foods had relative presence of the 13-cis-?C higher than in the OFSP. Efficiency of micellarization of trans-?C from cooked OFSP or Baby foods was considered low, and had no statistic differences between boiling and frying. The Caco-2 cells uptake were not different for the genotypes and baby foods investigated. The absolute amount of accumulated trans-?C intracellular was proportional to the concentration of the starting material. In summary, biofortified crops can increase ?C contents in diet. Fried cassava presents more bioavailable ?C than boiled. Cassava genotype and cooking style may influence uptake of trans-?C by absorptive intestinal cells. In contrast, there is no evidence that high processed OFSP has more bioavailability of ?C than homemade boiled or fried OFSP

Le mitotane ou o,p'-DDD est un dérivé organochloré très peu soluble dans l'eau. Il est utilisé dans le traitement du cancer corticosurrénalien métastasé ou inopérable (Lysodren®). En thérapeutique, il est nécessaire d'utiliser de fortes doses pour atteindre généralement au bout de trois mois, la mitotanémie efficace. Cela entraine le plus souvent, des effets indésirables gastroduodénaux et neuromusculaires, qui rendent les patients très peu compliants.L'objectif principal de cette thèse est de mettre au point, d'évaluer et de comparer les différentes formulations de mitotane afin d'améliorer la biodisponibilité du mitotane par rapport à la forme conventionnelle Lysodren®. Dans cette optique, le but recherché en clinique humaine serait de concevoir une forme galénique pouvant permettre d'utiliser de faibles doses journalières afin d'éviter les effets indésirables liés à la toxicité cumulative du mitotane. Pour cela, dans le but d'augmenter sa solubilité et de le rendre plus biodisponible, nous avons encapsulé le mitotane sous formes de particules polymériques et de microémulsions.Nous avons préparé des nanocapsules à partir de polymères biodégradables (la poly-epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL) et d'une association de PCL et de polymères non biodégradables (L'Eudragit® RL). Nous avons également préparé des microparticules de PCL et des systèmes autoémulsionnants ou SMEDDS.L'évaluation des caractéristiques physico-chimiques des particules montre des diamètres de 300 nm pour les nanocapsules et pour les microparticules, des diamètres variant de 40 à 76 µm. Le potentiel zêta est négatif pour les particules de PCL et positif pour celles associant les polymères PCL et RL. Pour les microémulsions, les diagrammes pseudoternaires ont permis le choix d'une association comportant du Capryol®, Tween® 20 et Crémophor® EL (33, 33, 33%). Les microémulsions ont un diamètre d'environ 40 nm. Les profils de libération in vitro du mitotane montrent une cinétique rapide et une quantité de mitotane libérée plus importante pour les microémulsions et les formes particulaires par rapport à la forme conventionnelle Lysodren®.De même, la réalisation de la pharmacocinétique à dose unique de 100 mg/kg chez des lapins montre des biodisponibilités relatives de 339% plus importantes pour les microémulsions, 195% pour les nanocapsules et 187% pour les microparticules. La quantification du mitotane absorbé dans des modèles Caco-2 montre une absorption complète du mitotane au bout de 4h lorsque le mitotane est formulé sous forme de microémulsions. Pour les microparticules et les nanocapsules, 50 et 45% de la dose initiale ont été respectivement absorbées par les cellules Caco-2. Cette évaluation sur le modèle Caco-2 a également confirmé le faible taux de passage de la poudre de mitotane (10%). Enfin, la réalisation des études de passage sur des coupes de jéjunum de rat en chambre de Ussing confirme que la quantité de mitotane qui a diffusé à travers la membrane jéjunale à partir des microémulsions est 5 fois supérieure à celle obtenue à partir de la poudre de mitotane.En conclusion, les microémulsions présentent un intérêt comme forme orale pour améliorer la biodisponibilité du mitotane. Elles ont pour avantage de multiplier la biodisponibilité par un facteur 3 chez le lapin et sont de fabrication peu coûteuse. Elles constituent une réelle alternative à la forme conventionnelle Lysodren® disponible actuellement sur le marché européen / Mitotane or o, p'-DDD is a organochlorine drug, very slightly soluble in water. It is used in the treatment of non resectable and metastasized adrenocortical carcinoma (Lysodren®). In therapy, to achieve therapeutic plasma level, high cumulative doses of mitotane were usually used during 3-5 months. This regimen causes gastrointestinal and neuromuscular side effects and make patients to be less compliants.The main objective of this work is to developp differents formulations of mitotane in order to improve the relative bioavailability when compared with conventional form Lysodren®. To shorten this equilibration time and reduce side effects, it's necessary to develop a new formulation. In order to increase mitotane solubility and make it more bioavailable, we encapsulated mitotane in polymeric particles and microemulsions.We prepared nanocapsules with biodegradable polymers (poly-epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL) and an association of PCL and non-biodegradable polymers (Eudragit®RL). We have also prepared PCL microparticles and a Self Microemulsifying Drug Delivery System or SMEDDS.Nanocapsules and microparticles diameters were respectively 300 nm and 40 to 76 µm. The zeta potential is negative for PCL particles wheras particles combining PCL and Eudragit®RL polymers exhibited positive zêta potential. For microemulsions, we investigated by constructing ternary phase diagrams and choosing the optimal formulation consisted of a mixture of Capryol®, Tween® 20 and Cremophor® EL (33, 33, 33%) with an emulsion diameter of 40 nm. The release of mitotane from SMEDDS and particles was higher and faster than from the conventional form Lysodren®.Pharmacokinetics after single-dose of oral mitotane formulations (100 mg/kg) in rabbits showed a 339% increase of relative bioavailability with microemulsions, 195% with the nanocapsules and 187% with the microparticles. Caco-2 cell culture showed a complete absorption of mitotane after 4h with microemulsions. For microparticles and nanocapsules, 50 and 45% of the initial dose, were respectively absorbed by Caco-2 cells. Caco-2 cells evaluation confirmed the low absorption of the mitotane powder (10%). Finally, Ussing chamber showed that microemulsions pass through the intestinal barrier 5 times higher than a solution of mitotane. In conclusion, microemulsions showed improvement of bioavailability of mitotane by a factor 3 in rabbits and could allow cost effective production. Microemulsions are a real alternative to Lysodren® which is currently available on the European market

A deficiência de vitamina A é um problema global de saúde pública que afeta especialmente crianças com menos de 5 anos, mulheres durante o parto e 1 ano pós-parto e é a principal causa de cegueira evitável em crianças. Biofortificação é uma estratégia que visa reduzir as deficiências de micronutrientes em populações vulneráveis ao redor do mundo através do aumento da concentração de nutrientes nos alimentos básicos. Investigou-se os efeitos de genótipos e estilos de cocção sobre o conteúdo, retenção e biodisponibilidade de ?-caroteno (?C) em mandiocas biofortificadas e batatas-doces de polpa laranja (BDPL). Cinco genótipos de mandioca biofortificada, três acessos parentais, e uma mandioca branca foram fornecidos por dois programas de melhoramento. Adicionalmente, foram avaliados dois genótipos de BDPL e duas marcas de alimentos infantis. Tanto as raízes de mandioca quanto de batatas-doces foram analisadas cruas, cozidas em água a 100°C, e fritas em óleo de soja a 180°C após cozimento. Os carotenoides foram extraídos e analisados por HPLC-DAD. A biodisponibilidade foi determinada utilizando a digestão oral, gástrica e duodenal in vitro e absorção por culturas celulares Caco-2. Somente o ?C foi detectado em todos os genótipos de mandioca, embora os teores tenham variado significativamente dependendo do genótipo. As mandiocas melhoradas continham pelo menos 10 vezes mais ?C do que a branca. O cozimento e a fritura foram associados com a perda e isomerização de ?C na mandioca bem como na BDPL. Houve interação significativa entre genótipo e processamento nos perfis e teores de ?C. Eficiência de micelarização do trans-?C nas mandiocas cozidas foi menor do que nas fritas. As mandiocas biofortificadas prontas para consumo podem fornecer até 28% da IDR de retinol. A absorção pelas células Caco-2 do trans-?C foi analisada em quatro genótipos. Dois deles não foram afetados pela cocção em relação à absorção celular, no entanto, os outros dois genótipos apresentaram aumento com a fritura. Com relação às batatas-doces, o trans-?C foi o principal carotenoide encontrado, embora também tenham sido identificados três isómeros do ?C e ?-caroteno em quantidades menores. O teor do trans-?C em um dos genótipos de BDPL foi duas vezes maior do que nos alimentos infantis. Nos alimentos infantis foi encontrada presença relativa de 13-cis-?C maior do que nas BDPLs. A eficiência de micelarização de trans-?C das batatas-doces foi considerada baixa, e não teve diferença com os processamentos. A absorção por Caco-2 não foi diferente para os genótipos de BDPL e alimentos infantis investigados. A quantidade intracelular acumulada de trans-?C foi proporcional à concentração do material inicial. Em resumo, as culturas biofortificadas estudadas podem aumentar a concentração de ?C na dieta. A mandioca frita apresenta mais ?C biodisponível do que ela cozida. Tanto o genótipo da mandioca quanto o tipo de processamento influenciam a absorção de trans-?C. Por outro lado, não foram encontradas evidências de que a redução de partículas, utilizada no alimento infantil, ofereça maior biodisponibilidade de beta-caroteno das BDPLs / Vitamin A deficiency is a world public health problem that affects especially infants, children less than 5 years of age, women during birthing and 1 year post-partum and is the primary cause of avoidable blindness in children. Biofortification is a strategy aimed at decreasing global micronutrient deficiencies in vulnerable populations by increasing the nutrient density in staple food crops. It was investigated the effects of genotype and cooking styles on the content, retention and bioavailability of ?-carotene (?C) in biofortified cassava and orange fleshed sweet-potatoes (OFSP). Five genotypes of biofortified cassava, three parental accessions, and one white cassava were provided by two different breeding programs. Additionally, two genotypes of OFSP and two brands of high processed baby foods were evaluated. Both cassava and OFSP roots were analyzed raw, after boiling in water at 100°C only or after subsequent frying in soybean oil at 180°C. Carotenoids were extracted and analyzed by HPLC-DAD. Bioavailability was assessed using an in vitro oral, gastric and small intestinal digestion coupled with the Caco-2 human intestinal cell model. Only ?C was detected in all tested genotypes of cassava root, although its content varied markedly depending on genotype. Biofortified genotypes contained at least 10-fold higher ?C than the white variety. Boiling and frying were associated with loss and isomerization of ?C in cassava as well as OFSP. There was an interaction of genotype and cooking style on profile of ?C contents. Efficiency of micellarization of trans-?C in boiled cassava was lower than in fried. Biofortified cassava ready to eat can provide up to 28% of the IDR of retinol. Uptake of trans-?C in micelles generated during digestion by Caco-2 cells was analyzed for the four of the five biofortified genotypes. Cell uptake of ?C from two genotypes were not affected by processing, however the other two genotypes had increased with frying. Regarding sweet-potatoes, trans-?C was the major carotenoid found, although it was identified three ?C isomers and ?-carotene in minimal quantities. The concentration of trans-?C in one genotype of OFSP was two times higher than baby foods and the other genotype. Baby foods had relative presence of the 13-cis-?C higher than in the OFSP. Efficiency of micellarization of trans-?C from cooked OFSP or Baby foods was considered low, and had no statistic differences between boiling and frying. The Caco-2 cells uptake were not different for the genotypes and baby foods investigated. The absolute amount of accumulated trans-?C intracellular was proportional to the concentration of the starting material. In summary, biofortified crops can increase ?C contents in diet. Fried cassava presents more bioavailable ?C than boiled. Cassava genotype and cooking style may influence uptake of trans-?C by absorptive intestinal cells. In contrast, there is no evidence that high processed OFSP has more bioavailability of ?C than homemade boiled or fried OFSP

Arroz e feijão são alimentos comuns em uma refeição típica brasileira, oferecendo grande variedade de nutrientes. São fontes de minerais, como o ferro e zinco, que são essenciais ao bom funcionamento do organismo. O ferro participa de importantes processos metabólicos de transporte e é componente de muitas proteínas. O zinco, por sua vez, é constituinte essencial para a atividade de muitas enzimas. A deficiência destes minerais pode levar a uma série de doenças e ao impedimento do funcionamento normal do organismo. Sabe-se que o ferro não heme, oriundo dos vegetais, possui menor absorção do que o ferro heme, de origem animal, assim como o zinco vegetal, que acaba sofrendo interferência de inibidores, naturalmente presentes em vegetais. Os inibidores mais comuns em arroz e feijão são os polifenóis, com maior abrangência dos taninos, e o ácido fítico conhecido por seu efeito quelante. Promover estratégias que visem aumentar a absorção de nutrientes são interessantes, visto que eles podem ser reduzidos pelos inibidores. Neste estudo, foram elaborados quatro tratamentos, sendo que todos continham arroz e feijão e variaram entre si quanto à promotores adicionados à esta mistura. Ácido ascórbico e aminoácidos sulfurados, como a cisteína foram os escolhidos para este estudo para verificar a promoção de ferro e zinco. Para simular uma realidade nutricional, como fonte de ácido ascórbico foi escolhido o tomate, e, como fonte de aminoácidos sulfurados foram escolhidos o alho e a cebola. O objetivo foi avaliar a bioacessibilidade do ferro e zinco em arroz e feijão, bem como analisar a influência de promotores e inibidores na absorção destes micronutrientes. A bioacessibilidade foi determinada pela utilização de células caco-2, que é um método validado tanto para ferro como para zinco, e o teor de ferritina e zinco foram usados como indicadores de bioacessibilidade. Como resultado, observou-se que tanto a cisteína como o ácido ascórbico estiveram associados com o aumento na absorção de ferro, porém tal efeito só foi significativo quando permaneceram juntos no mesmo tratamento. Em relação aos inibidores, somente o ácido fítico influenciou a bioacessibilidade de ferro, enquanto que para taninos não foi observada influência. A ação dos promotores e inibidores não teve relação significativa para zinco. / Rice and beans are common foods in a typical Brazilian meal, offering great variety of nutrients. They are sources of minerals such as iron and zinc, which are essential to the proper functioning of the body. Iron participates in important metabolic processes of transport and is a component of many proteins. Zinc, in turn, is an essential constituent for the activity of many enzymes. The deficiency of these minerals can lead to several diseases and to the impediment of normal functioning of the body. It is known that non-heme iron, derived from vegetables has less absorption than heme iron, of animal origin, as well as plant zinc that ends up suffering interference from inhibitors, naturally present in vegetables. The most common inhibitors in rice and beans are polyphenols, with greater coverage of tannins and phytic acid, known for its chelating effect. Promoting strategies to increase nutrient uptake are interesting, as they can be reduced by inhibitors. In this study, four treatments were elaborated, all of which contained rice and beans and varied among them for the promoters added to this mixture. Ascorbic acid and sulfur amino acids such as cysteine were chosen for this study to verify the promotion of iron and zinc. For simulate a nutritional reality tomato was chosen as a source of ascorbic acid and garlic and onion was chosen as a source of sulfur amino acids. The objective was to evaluate the bioaccessibility of iron and zinc in rice and beans, as well as to analyze the influence of promoters and inhibitors on the absorption of these micronutrients. Bioaccessibility was determined using caco-2 cells, which is a validated method for both iron and zinc and the content of ferritin and zinc were used as indicators of bioaccessibility. As a result, both cysteine and ascorbic acid were found to be associated with increased iron absorption, but this effect was only significant when they were in the same treatment. In relation to the inhibitors, only phytic acid influenced the bioaccessibility of iron, while for tannins no influence was observed. The action of promoters and inhibitors was not significantly related to zinc.

Arroz e feijão são alimentos comuns em uma refeição típica brasileira, oferecendo grande variedade de nutrientes. São fontes de minerais, como o ferro e zinco, que são essenciais ao bom funcionamento do organismo. O ferro participa de importantes processos metabólicos de transporte e é componente de muitas proteínas. O zinco, por sua vez, é constituinte essencial para a atividade de muitas enzimas. A deficiência destes minerais pode levar a uma série de doenças e ao impedimento do funcionamento normal do organismo. Sabe-se que o ferro não heme, oriundo dos vegetais, possui menor absorção do que o ferro heme, de origem animal, assim como o zinco vegetal, que acaba sofrendo interferência de inibidores, naturalmente presentes em vegetais. Os inibidores mais comuns em arroz e feijão são os polifenóis, com maior abrangência dos taninos, e o ácido fítico conhecido por seu efeito quelante. Promover estratégias que visem aumentar a absorção de nutrientes são interessantes, visto que eles podem ser reduzidos pelos inibidores. Neste estudo, foram elaborados quatro tratamentos, sendo que todos continham arroz e feijão e variaram entre si quanto à promotores adicionados à esta mistura. Ácido ascórbico e aminoácidos sulfurados, como a cisteína foram os escolhidos para este estudo para verificar a promoção de ferro e zinco. Para simular uma realidade nutricional, como fonte de ácido ascórbico foi escolhido o tomate, e, como fonte de aminoácidos sulfurados foram escolhidos o alho e a cebola. O objetivo foi avaliar a bioacessibilidade do ferro e zinco em arroz e feijão, bem como analisar a influência de promotores e inibidores na absorção destes micronutrientes. A bioacessibilidade foi determinada pela utilização de células caco-2, que é um método validado tanto para ferro como para zinco, e o teor de ferritina e zinco foram usados como indicadores de bioacessibilidade. Como resultado, observou-se que tanto a cisteína como o ácido ascórbico estiveram associados com o aumento na absorção de ferro, porém tal efeito só foi significativo quando permaneceram juntos no mesmo tratamento. Em relação aos inibidores, somente o ácido fítico influenciou a bioacessibilidade de ferro, enquanto que para taninos não foi observada influência. A ação dos promotores e inibidores não teve relação significativa para zinco. / Rice and beans are common foods in a typical Brazilian meal, offering great variety of nutrients. They are sources of minerals such as iron and zinc, which are essential to the proper functioning of the body. Iron participates in important metabolic processes of transport and is a component of many proteins. Zinc, in turn, is an essential constituent for the activity of many enzymes. The deficiency of these minerals can lead to several diseases and to the impediment of normal functioning of the body. It is known that non-heme iron, derived from vegetables has less absorption than heme iron, of animal origin, as well as plant zinc that ends up suffering interference from inhibitors, naturally present in vegetables. The most common inhibitors in rice and beans are polyphenols, with greater coverage of tannins and phytic acid, known for its chelating effect. Promoting strategies to increase nutrient uptake are interesting, as they can be reduced by inhibitors. In this study, four treatments were elaborated, all of which contained rice and beans and varied among them for the promoters added to this mixture. Ascorbic acid and sulfur amino acids such as cysteine were chosen for this study to verify the promotion of iron and zinc. For simulate a nutritional reality tomato was chosen as a source of ascorbic acid and garlic and onion was chosen as a source of sulfur amino acids. The objective was to evaluate the bioaccessibility of iron and zinc in rice and beans, as well as to analyze the influence of promoters and inhibitors on the absorption of these micronutrients. Bioaccessibility was determined using caco-2 cells, which is a validated method for both iron and zinc and the content of ferritin and zinc were used as indicators of bioaccessibility. As a result, both cysteine and ascorbic acid were found to be associated with increased iron absorption, but this effect was only significant when they were in the same treatment. In relation to the inhibitors, only phytic acid influenced the bioaccessibility of iron, while for tannins no influence was observed. The action of promoters and inhibitors was not significantly related to zinc.

As principais propriedades farmacológicas da Casearia sylvestris, uma espécie de árvore cujas folhas são utilizadas na medicina popular, já foram descritas na literatura. Recentemente foi demonstrada a potente atividade citotóxica in vitro da casearina X (CAS X), o diterpeno clerodânico majoritário isolado das folhas de C. sylvestris, contra linhagens de células tumorais humanas. Apesar dos resultados promissores, sua potente atividade citotóxica in vitro não pode ser extrapolada para uma potente atividade in vivo, a menos que possua boa biodisponibilidade e duração desejável do seu efeito. Tendo em vista que o avanço nas pesquisas de produtos naturais requer a avaliação pré-clínica de propriedades farmacocinéticas, no presente trabalho foi realizada a caracterização in vitro do metabolismo e da absorção intestinal da CAS X, com o objetivo de prever sua biodisponibilidade in vivo. Para os estudos de metabolismo in vitro, foi utilizado o modelo microssomal hepático de ratos e de humanos. Foi desenvolvido um método analítico para a quantificação da CAS X em microssomas, empregando a precipitação de proteínas com acetonitrila no preparo das amostras e a cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência para as análises. O método foi validado de acordo com os guias oficiais da Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária e da European Medicine Agency (EMA). A CAS X demonstrou ser substrato para as reações de hidrólise mediada pelas carboxilesterases (CES) e apresentou um perfil cinético de Michaelis-Menten. Foram estimados os parâmetros de Vmax e KM, demonstrando que o clearance intrínseco em microssomas hepático de humanos foi 1,7 vezes maior que o de ratos. O clearance hepático foi estimado por extrapolação in vitro-in vivo, resultando em mais de 90% do fluxo sanguíneo hepático em ambas as espécies. Um estudo qualitativo para a pesquisa de metabólitos foi feito utilizando espectrometria de massas, pelo qual foi possível sugerir a formação da casearina X dialdeído como produto de metabolismo. Nos estudos de absorção intestinal in vitro foi utilizado o modelo de monocamadas de células Caco-2. Um método analítico por cromatografia líquida acoplada a espectrometria de massas foi desenvolvido e validado de acordo com o EMA, para as etapas de quantificação da CAS X no sistema de células. Os parâmetros cinéticos de permeabilidade aparente absortiva e secretória da CAS X foram estimados em um sistema celular, no qual a atividade hidrolítica da CES foi inibida. Assim, a CAS X foi capaz de permear a monocamada de células Caco-2, provavelmente por transporte ativo, sem a ocorrência de efluxo, mas com significativa retenção do composto dentro das células. Em conjunto, os ensaios in vitro realizados demonstraram a susceptibilidade da CAS X ao metabolismo de primeira passagem, como substrato para as CES específicas expressas no fígado e intestino. / Casearia sylvstris leaves are commonly used by folk medicine and its main pharmacological properties were already described in the literature. Casearin X (CAS X) is the major clerodane diterpene isolated from the leaves of C. sylvestris. Recently, the in vitro cytotoxic activity of the CAS X was demonstrated against human tumor cells lineages. Despite promising results, the CAS X in vitro cytotoxic activity cannot be extrapolated to an in vivo activity, unless the compound has good bioavailability and desirable duration of its effect. The advance in natural products research requires a pharmacokinetic preclinical assessment to justify a therapeutic indication. Thereby, this present work aims to predict the CAS X in vivo bioavailability, by the in vitro characterization of the metabolism and intestinal absorption. The rat and human hepatic microsomal model was used for in vitro metabolism studies. An analytical method for quantification of CAS X in microsomes was developed, employing protein precipitation with acetonitrile for sample preparation and High Performance Liquid Chromatography for analysis. This method was validated in according to Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária and European Medicine Agency guidelines (EMA). CAS X demonstrated to be substrate for carboxylesterases (CES) by hydrolysis reaction, with a Michaelis-Menten kinetic profile. The parameters Vmax and KM was estimated and the intrinsic clearance was 1.7-fold higher in humans than rats. The hepatic clearance was estimated by in vitro-in vivo extrapolation, resulting in more than 90% of the hepatic blood flow for both species. A qualitative study was carried out for the metabolite identification, using Mass Spectrometry, suggesting the formation of casearin X dialdehyde as metabolism product. Monolayer of Caco-2 cells was used for the in vitro intestinal absorption studies. An analytical method by Liquid Chromatography coupled to Mass Spectrometry was developed and validated, according to EMA, for the quantification of CAS X in cells systems. The apparent permeability was estimated in both, absorptive and secretory directions, using cells monolayers with inhibited CES hydrolysis. CAS X was able to cross the Caco-2 cells monolayer, probably by active transport, with no significant efflux, but with a high retention of the compound inside the cells. These findings demonstrated that CAS X is susceptible to first-pass metabolism, as substrate for specific CES expressed in both, liver and intestine.

Ein hoher Verzehr von Obst und Gemüse scheint das Risiko der Inzidenz verschiedener Erkrankungen zu reduzieren. Es wird vermutet, dass eine Gruppe sekundärer Pflanzeninhaltsstoffe, die Flavonoide, hierfür verantwortlich sind. Mögliche Effekte auf die intestinale Barrierefunktion dieser Substanzklasse sind jedoch weitgehend ungeklärt. Parazelluläre Eigenschaften epithelialer Zellen werden hauptsächlich durch die Zell-Zell-Kontakte der Tight Junction (TJ) insbesondere durch die Proteine Occludin und die Claudine definiert. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, die Effekte des am häufigsten vorkommenden Flavonoids Quercetin auf die Barrierefunktion der Kolonkarzinom-Zelllinie Caco-2 zu untersuchen. Hierbei zeigte sich, dass Quercetin konzentrationsabhängig (50-200 µM) den transepithelialen Widerstand erhöhte. Die Wirkung von 200 µM Quercetin war bereits nach 4 h Inkubation erkennbar und erreichte nach 48 h maximale Werte. Der Wirkverlust, welcher nach 72 h Inkubation eintrat, konnte durch eine tägliche Gabe des Flavonoids verhindert werden. Weiterhin zeigte sich, dass der Quercetin-induzierte Widerstandsanstieg durch mukosale oder serosale Zugabe gleichermaßen auslösbar war. Western Blot-Analysen der TJ-Proteine Occludin, Claudin-1, -3, -4 und -7 ergaben, dass der durch Quercetin-induzierte Widerstandsanstieg insbesondere mit einer Zunahme der Expression des abdichtenden TJ-Proteins Claudin-4 einherging. Quercetin erhöhte ebenfalls die mRNA-Expression von Claudin-4 (quantitative RT-PCR) und bewirkte eine Aktivierung des Claudin-4-Promotors (Luciferase-Reportergen-Analysen). Mittels Immunfluoreszenz-Färbungen und Laserscanning-Mikroskopie konnte ein vermehrter Einbau von Claudin-4 in die TJ nachgewiesen werden. Funktionelle Untersuchungen mittels radioaktiven Fluxmessungen zeigten, dass das Flavonoid die parazelluläre Permeabilität für Natrium und Chlorid reduzierte, aber die Durchlässigkeit von Mannitol als parazellulärer Marker unverändert blieb. Wir konnten hiermit erstmals nachweisen, dass Quercetin die Expression des abdichtenden TJ-Proteins Claudin-4 in den TJ-Komplex verstärkte, wodurch die Ionen-Durchlässigkeit für Natrium und Chlorid vermindert wurde. Das führte zu einer Abdichtung der intestinalen Barriere. Dieser direkte Effekte von Quercetin könnte eine neue Möglichkeit für die Behandlung oder Prävention von Diarrhöe-bedingten intestinalen Barrieredefekten darstellen. / High dietary intake of fruits and vegetables is associated with a reduced disease risk. A group of secondary plant compounds, the flavonoids, are supposed to be important in this respect, but there is still limited information about their effects on intestinal barrier function. Paracellular properties of epithelial cells are defined for the most part by the tight junctional complex with the corresponding tight junction (TJ) proteins occludin and the claudin gene family. Therefore, the aim of our study was to elucidate the effects of quercetin, a common flavonoid, on the barrier function of the colonic epithelial cell line Caco-2. Addition of quercetin to the Caco-2 monolayer applied to the mucosal and serosal culture medium increased transepithelial resistance in a concentration-dependent manner (50-200 µM). The effect of 200 µM quercetin was already observable after 4 hours and reached maximal levels after 48 hours. The loss of action after 72 hours was blocked by a daily addition of the flavonoid. The effect of quercetin was not different after mucosal or serosal addition. Western blot analysis of occludin, claudin-1, -3, -4, and -7 revealed that the resistance rise was associated specifically with an elevated expression of the barrier-sealing TJ protein claudin-4. The mRNA expression and the promotor activity of claudin-4 were found increased by the flavonoid using quantitative RT-PCR and luciferase reporter gene assays. Immunofluorescent staining analyzed by confocal laser scanning microscopy primarily revealed a strong increase of claudin-4, localized within the TJ as well as in subjunctional regions. Radioactive tracer fluxes revealed a reduced paracellular permeability of sodium and chloride by quercetin, whereas the permeability of the uncharged solute mannitol was not altered. We demonstrated that the flavonoid quercetin increases the expression of claudin-4 within the tight junctional complex, which caused a decrease of the paracellular permeability for sodium and chloride. This leads to a sealing of the intestinal barrier for ions. Thus, this novel direct effect of quercetin may be utilized for the treatment or prevention of diarrhea-causing intestinal barrier defects in inflammatory bowel diseases.

Ce mémoire rapporte l’optimisation et l’évaluation d’une nouvelle version du test PAMPA (Parallel Artificial Membrane Permeability Assay) appelée Néo-PAMPA. Ce test qui permet la prédiction de l’absorption intestinale de médicaments consiste en l’utilisation d’une membrane modèle de la paroi intestinale composée d’une bicouche lipidique déposée sur un coussin de polydopamine recouvrant un filtre poreux. En effet, nous nous sommes intéressés lors de ce projet à la mise en place d’une membrane artificielle qui serait plus représentative de la paroi intestinale humaine. Nous avons pu déterminer, suite à une étude comparative des propriétés de huit médicaments ainsi que les coefficients de perméabilité obtenus, que les filtres en polycarbonate présentaient le meilleur choix de support solide pour la membrane. Nous avons également vérifié la déposition du coussin de polydopamine qui apporte le caractère fluide à la bicouche lipidique. Les résultats des tests de perméabilité ont démontré que le coussin de polymère n’obstrue pas les pores du filtre après un dépôt de 4h. Nous avons par la suite étudié la déposition de la bicouche lipidique sur le filtre recouvert de polydopamine. Pour ce faire, deux méthodes de préparation de liposomes ainsi que plusieurs tailles de liposomes ont été testées. Aussi, la composition en phospholipides a été sujette à plusieurs changements. Tous ces travaux d’optimisation ont permis d’aboutir à des liposomes préparés selon la méthode du « film lipidique » à partir d’un mélange de dioléoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC) et de cholestérol. Une dernière étape d’optimisation de la déposition de la bicouche reste à améliorer. Enfin, le test standard Caco-2, qui consiste à évaluer la perméabilité des médicaments à travers une monocouche de cellules cancéreuses du colon humain, a été implémenté avec succès dans le but de comparer des données de perméabilité avec un test de référence. / This essay reports the optimization and evaluation of a new version of the Parallel Artificial Membrane Permeability Assay (PAMPA), called Neo-PAMPA. This test, used for the prediction of the drugs’ intestinal absorption, involves the use of a model intestine cell membrane in which a lipid bilayer is supported on a polymeric cushion deposited on a filter. In this project, we are interested in the development of an artificial membrane that is more representative of the human intestinal wall. We determined, based on a comparative study of the properties of 8 drug candidates and their permeability coefficients obtained, that polycarbonate filters were the best choice of solid support for the membrane. We also verified the deposition time of the polydopamine cushion that brings the fluid nature to our membrane. The results from the permeability tests showed that the polymer cushion do not clog the pores of the filter after a 4h deposition. Then, we studied the deposition of the lipid bilayer on the polydopamine-coated filter. To do this, two methods of liposome preparation as well as several liposome sizes were tested. Moreover, several phospholipid compositions were tested. According to our evaluation, liposomes prepared according to the "lipid film" method from a mixture of DOPC and cholesterol are better suited. Nevertheless, a final optimization step for the bilayer deposition is still required. Finally, the gold standard Caco-2 assay used to assess the drug permeability across a monolayer of human Colon Colorectal adenocarcinoma cells was successfully implemented for permeability data comparison.