O presente trabalho teve como objetivos a análise do estado nutricional, do consumo alimentar e do estilo de vida de crianças e adolescentes de centro urbano relativamente mais desenvolvido do estado de São Paulo. Também foi investigado o acesso destes aos serviços de alimentação disponíveis nas unidades de ensino (Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar &#150; PNAE e as cantinas/lanchonetes escolares). Para tanto, foi realizado estudo de natureza transversal tendo por base amostra integrada por 324 alunos, com idade entre 6 e 14 anos, matriculados em seis unidades da rede pública de ensino de Campinas, estado de São Paulo. Junto aos escolares foi realizada avaliação antropométrica e, para determinação do estado nutricional, foram analisados os escores Z de altura para idade &#150; ZAI e a distribuição dos percentis do Índice de Massa Corporal &#150; IMC, adotando-se dois parâmetros estabelecidos (um internacional e um nacional) com base em populações de referência. O consumo alimentar foi identificado por meio do emprego do Recordatório de 24 horas e as informações relativas ao estilo de vida e à adesão aos serviços disponíveis nas escolas foram avaliadas adotando-se questionários especificamente elaborados. Junto aos pais/responsáveis foram obtidas informações relativas à condição socioeconômica. No que diz respeito ao estado nutricional, destaca-se a reduzida proporção (1,6%) de alunos classificados com déficit de altura para idade (ZAI < -2). No tocante ao IMC, proporções de 5,6%, 79,0% e 15,4% foram identificadas para baixo peso (3&#186; P &#8804; IMC), eutrofia (5&#186; P &#8804; IMC < 85&#186; P) e excesso de peso (IMC &#8805; 85&#186; P), respectivamente, mediante adoção de referencial internacional. Prevalências de 2,8% (baixo peso), 77,4% (eutrofia) e 19,8% (excesso de peso) foram observadas adotando-se referencial nacional. Este último critério revelou-se mais condizente com o processo de transição nutricional vivenciado no país. No que se refere ao consumo de alimentos, 65% das dietas dos alunos apresentaram-se inadequadas quanto à participação de pelo menos um dos macronutrientes energéticos. Expressiva parcela dos escolares revelou reduzida ingestão de energia, fibras, vitamina A, ácido fólico, ácido pantotênico, cálcio, fósforo, magnésio e potássio. Consumos elevados de colesterol e de sódio foram observados para substancial proporção de alunos. A análise da participação dos grupos de alimentos no Valor Energético Total &#150; VET revelou que os alimentos básicos de origem vegetal contribuíram com 38,6% do conteúdo de energia da dieta, destacando-se a expressiva participação (31,7%) daqueles de origem animal. No que se refere ao estilo de vida, 29,6% das meninas e 19,0% dos meninos foram considerados sedentários. A adesão dos alunos aos serviços de alimentação escolares foi considerada expressiva: 75,3% consumiam as refeições distribuídas pelo PNAE, sendo que destes, 51,0% o faziam de forma efetiva (entre quatro e cinco dias por semana). Cerca de 76,0% dos alunos aderia às cantinas escolares, sendo que maior proporção (52,1%) adquiria alimentos esporadicamente (um ou dois dias por semana). Estratégias de orientação nutricional e de promoção da prática de atividades físicas devem ser estimuladas com vistas à consolidação de hábitos saudáveis, que contribuirão para o adequado estado de saúde e para a prevenção do risco de enfermidades crônicas na vida adulta. Destaca-se a escola como um dos ambientes no qual as intervenções podem ser adotadas, tendo em vista que as crianças e adolescentes permanecem por expressivo período de tempo diário nesse local. / The present work tried to analyze the nutritional state, the food consumption and the lifestyle of kids and teenagers within the relatively most developed urban center in Sao Paulo State. These pupils&#39; access to food services available at the learning centers (Brazilian School Meal Program &#150; PNAE and the school canteens/cafeterias) was also investigated. For so, a transversal-nature study was performed, having as base a 324-student sampling, aged between 6 and 14, enrolled in six schools in the Campinas public learning network, in Sao Paulo State. Along with the students, an anthropometric evaluation was performed and, for determining the nutritional state, the Zscores for age &#150; ZAI &#150; and the Body Mass Index percentage distribution &#150; IMC &#150; were calculated and analyzed, adopting two pre-established parameters (one international and one national), based on reference populations. The food consumption was identified by using a 24-hour recordkeeper and the pieces of information related to the lifestyle and the adhesion to the services available at the units were evaluated through specifically-elaborated questionnaires. With parents and guardians, we obtained information related to the pupils&#39; socio-economic condition. As far as the nutritional state is concerned, we highlight the small proportion (1.6%) of students classified as having a height deficit for their age (ZAI < -2). Regarding the IMC, proportions of 5.6%, 79.0% and 15.4% were identified for low weight (3rd P &#8804; IMC), eutrophia (5th P &#8804; 85th < P) and overweight (IMC &#8805; 85th P), respectively, adopting an international references. Prevalence of 2.8% (underweight), 77.4% (eutrophia) and 19.8% (overweight) were observed using national references. The latter was more in agreement with the process of nutritional transition happening in the country: tendency of reduction in the serious forms of malnutrition and increase on the prevalence of overweight. Regarding the food consumption, 65% of the students&#39; diets are inadequate in terms of participation of at least one of the energy macronutrients. An expressive share of the students revealed a reduced intake of energy, fibers, vitamin A, folic acid, pantothenic acid, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and potassium. High cholesterol and sodium consumption were observed for a substantial proportion of students. The analysis on the participation of food groups in the Total Energy Value &#150; VET &#150; revealed that the basic, vegetal foods contributed with 38.6% of the diet&#39;s energy contents, highlighting the expressive participation (31.7%) of the animal ones. As far as the lifestyle is concerned, 29.6% of the girls and 19.0% of the boys were considered sedentary. The adhesion of students to the school food services was considered expressive: 75.3% consumed the meals provided by the PNAE, being 51.0% effective eaters (between 4 and 5 days a week). Circa 76% of the students adhered to the school cafeterias, being the highest proportion (52.1%) bought food sporadically (one or two days a week). Strategies of nutritional orientation and promoting physical activities must be stimulated trying to consolidate healthy habits, contributing for the adequate health state and the prevention of chronic illnesses risks in adulthood. The school must be highlighted as an environment in which interventions may be adopted, because children and teenagers spend an expressive share of their daily lives in that place.

Orientador: Jose Tadeu Jorge / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T04:50:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigues_NiloSergioSabbiao_D.pdf: 3946419 bytes, checksum: 908c89c9a61abbb3dd291d93c132d236 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: A busca da satisfação do cliente e o entendimento de suas necessidades e desejos têm sido objeto de muitos estudos em várias áreas da ciência, necessitando novas metodologias. O Desdobramento da Função Qualidade (QFD) é uma dessas metodologias; é uma ferramenta recente, cuja aplicabilidade vem ganhando forças no mercado contemporâneo e com contínuo aprimoramento e aplicações nas diferentes áreas, destacando-se a de serviços. O mercado de alimentação fora do lar está em franco crescimento, vários são os motivos, dentre eles: a distância da residência, a dificuldade de locomoção e a escassez de tempo para as refeições. Atualmente a Unicamp dispõe, no campus Campinas, de três Restaurantes Universitários (RUs) e 24 Cantinas para atender 50.000 pessoas. Este trabalho teve por objetivo oferecer subsídios para a melhoria dos serviços de alimentação da Unicamp, campus Campinas, através da definição das Características de Qualidade (CQs) da Matriz da Qualidade do QFD para um serviço "ideal", na percepção do cliente. Foram avaliados os três RUs e 21 Cantinas do campus, por 1083 respondentes, todos frequentadores das RUs e Cantinas, sendo também caracterizado o perfil desses clientes. A amostragem, bem como a análise de dados, foram amparadas por técnicas estatísticas e de pesquisa de mercado. As etapas do método QFD foram desenvolvidas com procedimentos adicionais para a avaliação das CQs. Foram construídas duas Matrizes da Qualidade: RUs e Cantinas. Para a Qualidade Planejada dos RUs, das nove Qualidades Exigidas (QEs) levantadas na etapa qualitativa, foram priorizadas Qualidade do local, Qualidade da comida, Refeição balanceada, Novidade e Oferecimento de refeições. Mostrando assim, a preocupação e expectativa dos clientes com relação à saúde e ambiente agradável, oportunidade de sociabilização, principalmente por parte dos estudantes, a maioria dos frequentadores. Para as Cantinas, a ordenação das QEs Novidade, Atendimento, Qualidade da comida, Qualidade do local, Preço e Proximidade, mostra que os clientes são mais preocupados com aspectos da satisfação dos desejos, principalmente para as refeições com novidades. Na extração, definiram-se 42 Características de Qualidade (CQs). Na Qualidade Projetada foram definidas as CQs Acompanhamento técnico e Horas de treinamento como as mais relevantes e que devem merecer maior empenho de implantação para melhorar os serviços. Assim, outras CQs altamente relacionadas com essas também serão melhoradas. A constituição de equipes técnicas com perfis adequados para cada etapa permitiu a evolução dos trabalhos. Na etapa da Qualidade Projetada, foi desenvolvida uma Tabela Auxiliar para a consolidação dos Valores Meta e Priorização das CQs. Assim, procedimentos adicionais na construção da Matriz da Qualidade contribuíram para a condução do trabalho e podem servir para estudos similares. A Matriz da Qualidade do QFD se mostrou eficaz na avaliação de estabelecimentos de serviços de alimentação em um campus universitário; os resultados permitiram identificar com clareza quais CQs se destacaram e, portanto, quais são as mais importantes e que deverão e poderão ser adequadas para o aprimoramento dos estabelecimentos de serviços de alimentação da Unicamp / Abstract: The client satisfaction and the understanding of their needs and desires has been the object of studies conducted in various scientific areas. Thus, new methodologies are necessary. The Quality Function Deployment (QFD) is one of such methodologies; is a recent tool and it's applicability has been gaining strength in the contemporary market with continuous improvements and applications in various fields, with emphasis in service areas. The number of people eating out in commercial food service outlets is rising, due to various reasons: distance from home, difficulties in transportation and lack of time for meals. Currently, Unicamp houses 3 universitary restaurants (URs) and 24 Cafeterias (private food establishments), at Campinas campus, to serve 50,000 people. The current work aims to offer subsidies to contribute towards the improvement of Unicamp food services through definition of Quality Characteristics (QC) from the QFD Quality Matrix for an "ideal" service, according to the client's perception. The 3 URs and 21 cafeterias were evaluated by 1,083 respondents. All respondents were URs and cafeteria clients and their profiles were also characterized. The sampling and data analysis were corroborated by statistical and market research techniques. The QFD method steps were developed with additional procedures for the QCs evaluations. Two different Quality Matrix were built: URs and Cafeterias. For the Planned Quality of the URs, from nine Demanded Qualities (DQs) raised at qualitative step, Location quality, Food quality, Balanced meal, Novelty and Offer of meals were prioritized. These show client concerns and expectations, especially from the students, who represent the largest public in terms of absolute numbers, with relation to health, pleasant ambient and socialization opportunity. For the cafeterias DQs were ordered as follows: Novelty, Service, Food quality, Location quality, Price and Proximity. This demonstrates that the clients are more concerned with aspects related to desire satisfaction, mainly in terms of meal novelties. During the extraction process, 42 Quality Characteristics (QCs) were defined. In Projected Quality the QCs Technical assistance and Training time were defined as the most relevant and deserve greater establishment efforts in order to enhance the services. Thus, other QCs highly related to these will also be improved. The technical teams with the specific profiles demanded by each step was important for the work evolution. In the Projected Quality step, an Auxiliary Table was developed for the consolidation of the Target Values and QC Prioritization. Thus, additional procedures on Quality Matrix construction contributed for the work development and may be useful for similar studies. The QFD methodology was shown to be efficient to evaluate the food service in an university campus. The results showed to the most relevant CQs and those that may and should be used to enhance the quality of the food service establishments at Unicamp / Doutorado / Tecnologia Pós-Colheita / Doutor em Engenharia Agrícola

Aim: To determine whether the tuck shop purchasing habits of Grade 4 learners were contributing towards the development of childhood overweight and obesity. Objectives: To assess the nutritional quality of the food and beverages available for learners to purchase; items regularly purchased from the tuck shop as well as factors influencing the learner’s decision to purchase these items; the anthropometric and socio-demographic characteristics of grade 4 learners as well as their nutrition knowledge related to the tuck shop items purchased. Method: A survey administered to 11 tuck shop managers, a questionnaire administered to 311 Grade 4 learners and two single-sex focus groups of 5 learners each were conducted. Results: Fifty six percent of the sample were female (n=173) and 44% were male (n=138). Twenty seven percent of the study sample was overweight (n = 83) and 27% were obese (n = 85). Eighty six percent of learners (n = 266) claimed to buy from their school tuck shop. Twenty two percent of learners purchased from their tuck shop at least three times per week (n =58). Learners who purchased from the tuck shop had a significantly higher BMI than those who did not (p = 0.020). Learners who purchased from the tuck shop spent on average R8,38 per day with a minimum of R1 and a maximum of R40 (standard deviation R5.39). The most popular reasons for visiting the tuck shop included “this is my favourite thing to eat or drink” (66.5%, n = 177) and “I only have enough money to buy this item” (47.0%, n = 125). Savoury pies were the most popular "lunch" item for all learners for both food breaks (45%, n = 5 schools and 27.3%, n = 3 schools) selling the most number of units (43) per day at eight of the eleven schools (72.7%). Iced popsicles were sold at almost every school, ranked as the cheapest beverage and also sold the most number of units (40.7). Healthy beverages sold included canned fruit juice and water, while healthy snacks consisted of dried fruit, fruit salad, bananas, yoghurt and health muffins. The average healthy snack contained almost half the kilojoules of its unhealthy counterpart (465kJ vs 806kJ). Nutritional analyses of the healthy lunch options revealed total fat contents that exceeded the DRI and South African recommended limit. Perceived barriers to stocking healthy items included cost and refrigeration restrictions. The average score for the food groups was only 33% indicating that learners were not familiar with the Food Based Dietary Guidelines (FBDG). Further analyses showed that the total knowledge scores of those learners that reported to buy from the tuck shop frequently, was significantly lower when compared to the total knowledge scores of those learners who bought from the tuck shop less frequently (13.0 ± 3.9 and 11.6 ± 3.1, respectively; p < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis confirmed that the total knowledge of a learner could be used to predict whether he or she is more likely to make purchases from the tuck shop (significance = 0.017). Focus group results revealed that learners are aware of “healthy” and “unhealthy” tuck shop items. Most learners stated that they would continue to purchase items from their tuck shop if all “unhealthy” items were removed. Conclusion: Primary school tuck shops of well resourced schools in Pietermaritzburg are contributing to childhood overweight and obesity through a combination of factors. These include the poor nutritional quality of the items stocked at the tuck shop as well as the poor tuck shop purchasing practices. Much consultation is required amongst dieticians, school principals and privatised tuck shop managers to overcome barriers to stocking healthy items. School management and government have an important role to play in imposing restrictions on the sale of unhealthy items; along with improving the quality of the nutrition education curriculum to ensure that learners are able to translate their knowledge into healthier purchasing practices. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2011.

MPM / Oliver Tambo Institute of Governance and Policy Studies

PhDRDV / Institute for Rural Development / Many countries provide food to school children through school feeding programmes (SFPs). This is designed to alleviate short-term hunger and encourage learners to attend school. Many children in South Africa attend school hungry and lack general knowledge of nutrition, which negatively affects their learning abilities. Not much research attention has been paid to the potential of SFPs to improve learners‟ knowledge of nutrition. Nor has there been significant effort to stimulate local production of food involving community members, which might contribute to the development of rural areas. In the current study, the degree to which SFPs have alleviated hunger, promoted nutrition education, and enhanced the development of rural communities in Blouberg Local Municipality (BLM) was investigated. Data were collected from 11 primary schools in BLM where the South African Department of Basic Education implemented SFPs. At each school, quantitative data were collected from learners aged from 10 to 15 years using a structured, pre-tested and validated questionnaire. Qualitative data were collected through individual in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with learners, teaching staff, community members and government officials involved in the implementation of SFPs. Document analysis, direct observation, and taking notes, photographs, Venn and seasonal -diagraming were used to collect data. Descriptive statistics, crosstabulation and binary logistic regression were used to analyse quantitative data. Qualitative data obtained in the form of interview transcripts and field notes were analysed using thematic content analysis. An inductive approach was followed. This entails coding the data and observing emerging patterns, culminating in organising the results into common themes. A composite index was used as a measure of the quality of SFPs. Perceived benefits of SFPs were assessed based on a validated and standardised 5-point ordinal scale. It was observed that 80 % school children who participated in the study were satisfied with the quality of the SFPs provided to them. The results confirmed those obtained through focus group discussions and individual interviews. Overall satisfaction with the quality of the SFP in BLM significantly and positively depended on the following knowledge, in descending order of importance: fewer sugary foods should be consumed; fewer fatty foods should be consumed and eating various foods helps in proper growth and development. Four predictor variables significantly influenced satisfaction with SFPs. These were: knowledge that a variety of food types is helpful for growth and development [OR = 3.72; P < 0.001; 95% C.I. = 1.77, 7.83]; knowledge that eating too much fatty food is harmful [OR = 2.93; P < 0.001; 95% C.I. = 1.83, 4.68]; knowledge that eating too much sugary food is harmful [OR = 2.18; P < 0.001; 95% C.I. = 1.45, 3.29]; and knowledge that eating too much sweet food is harmful because it can make people fat [OR = 1.58; P < 0.05; 95% C.I. = 1.01, 2.50]. All participants agreed that SFPs alleviated hunger and benefited the learners and their families. Although the participants cited numerous other benefits accrued through SFPs, there were challenges that should be addressed. The involvement of community members in the SFPs was reported to be minimal such as cooking and serving food and working in the school gardens. This could be maximised because SFPs presented an opportunity for local food production and rural community development. Non-delivery of food by suppliers and the negative impact it had on learners was the major challenge. This observation implied that the SFPs constituted a readily available market, which the rural communities could exploit to improve their income, create jobs and enhance the rural economy. Therefore, SFPs and school gardens should be integrated with nutrition education to improve the learners‟ level of nutrition knowledge and reinforce the consumption of healthy foods. Although initially, the SFP had a community development component, this seemed to be overlooked. A framework that underscores strong partnerships among government departments, NGOs and the private sector in implementing community and/or rural development initiatives was developed. The framework is based on strong partnerships between key stakeholders, policy support, investments in resources and infrastructure for rural development and capacity building. / NRF