Many factors influence the efficiency of muscle growth including genetics, nutrition, and environment. The neonatal period is characterized as a time of rapid growth. Growth rate is reduced during neonatal nutrient restriction possibly due to altered satellite cell activity which can permanently alter growth potential. Therefore, optimal nutrition is important for maximizing the growth potential of the animal. Heat stress leads to changes in digestion and metabolism, thus alters nutrient availability to muscle. Heat stress is a prevalent problem in the agriculture industry resulting in great economic losses due to reduced growth, fertility, and increased morbidity. The use of functional feed additives is a potential strategy to mitigate these negative effects. The objective of this dissertation was to investigate nutritional strategies to improve growth in pigs during key malleable periods. Three nutritional studies were conducted to discern the optimal inclusion levels of calcium phosphate, energy, and protein in the diet to maximize neonatal muscle growth. Adequate dietary calcium phosphate was most efficient for satellite cell function which may be mediated by micro-RNA. Differentiation promoting miR-206 and correspondingly the fusion rate was highest in adequate calcium phosphate diets. Excess protein diets enhanced body and muscle growth, while deficient protein was detrimental to growth. Dietary protein treatments altered energy metabolism genes, and genes regulating protein degradation were upregulated in deficient protein diets. Dietary energy levels did not influence body weight, however feed efficiency improved with energy balance. Excess energy diets had the lowest fusion rates and the lowest differentiation promoting miR-1 expression. These data suggest that nutrient inclusion levels are important for satellite cell function and may mediate satellite cell activity through the expression of micro-RNAs. The final study sought to discern the ability of supplementation of an artificial high-intensity sweetener and capsicum oleoresin to mitigate the negative effects of heat stress on pig performance. Heat stress leads to increased body temperature and respiration and was detrimental to metabolic flexibility. Supplementation helped improve feed efficiency and maintain metabolic flexibility. These data indicate that supplementation may be an efficient strategy to mitigate heat stress. / Doctor of Philosophy / Muscle is an important tissue to consider when optimizing growing conditions in feed animals due to its function as a consumer good. Many factors influence the efficiency of muscle growth including genetics, nutrition, and environment. Fractional growth rates are highest during the neonatal period and animals require adequate nutrients to facilitate this growth. Nutrient restriction reduces growth rate and can lead to permanent changes the animals' body size and composition later in life. Therefore, optimal nutrition is important for maximizing the growth potential of the animal. While the nutrients in feed can be controlled to improve growth, other factors are more difficult to regulate. Heat stress is a prevalent problem in the agriculture industry resulting in great economic losses due to reduced growth, fertility, and increased morbidity. The use of functional feed additives is a potential strategy to alleviate these negative effects. The objective of this dissertation was to investigate nutritional strategies to improve growth in pigs during key malleable periods. Three nutritional studies were conducted to determine the optimal inclusion levels of calcium phosphate, energy, and protein in the diet to maximize neonatal muscle growth. Satellite cells are muscle-specific stem cells that help facilitate the growth of muscle. Altering the ability of satellite cells to proliferate and fuse impairs the ability of muscle to grow and repair. Adequate dietary calcium phosphate was most efficient for satellite cell function. Excess protein diets enhanced body and muscle growth, while deficient protein was detrimental to growth. Dietary protein treatments altered energy metabolism genes, and genes regulating protein degradation were upregulated in deficient protein diets. Dietary energy levels did not influence body weight, however, feed efficiency improved with energy balance. Satellite cells from excess energy diets had the lowest fusion rates. These data suggest that nutrient inclusion levels are important for satellite cell function and growth. The final study sought to discern the ability of the supplementation of an artificial high-intensity sweetener and capsicum oleoresin to mitigate the negative effects of heat stress on pig performance. Heat stress leads to increased body temperature and respiration and was detrimental to metabolic flexibility. Supplementation helped improve feed efficiency and maintain metabolic flexibility. These data indicate that supplementation may be an efficient strategy to mitigate heat stress.

Comprender la situación actual del sector del Capsicum peruano supone entender su relevancia histórica y económica en la vida de los peruanos. Al 2016, el Perú ocupó el octavo lugar en las exportaciones mundiales de Capsicum y se ubicó en el tercer lugar en la presentación en conserva y, en el cuarto lugar, en la presentación seco. Considerando este punto de partida, el presente Plan Estratégico propone una visión de largo plazo al 2028 para la industria del Capsicum peruano, que busca incrementar su producción y productividad, mejorar su posición actual en el ranking mundial y lograr el reconocimiento internacional de la denominación de origen del Capsicum peruano y su condición de “Superfoods Perú”. Las principales ventajas para lograr este objetivo están asociadas con el crecimiento sostenido de la economía del país, el rol promotor asumido por el gobierno peruano (a través de leyes, tratados, beneficios y planes estratégicos enfocados en el sector agrario), la diversidad y calidad de los productos, la posibilidad de adoptar nuevas tecnologías de producción y la oportunidad de ampliar y acceder a nuevos mercados internacionales aprovechando la contra estación con el hemisferio norte. El reto consiste no sólo en superar la informalidad y crisis institucional del Estado, la deficiente infraestructura agrícola y la poca tecnificación y financiamiento del sector; sino también en afianzar los logros obtenidos por las grandes agroexportadoras de la industria y ampliar la base de la producción agrícola incorporando a los pequeños productores dentro de la cadena de valor: asociándolos, capacitándolos, impulsando la adopción de tecnología y promoviendo el acceso a fuentes de financiamiento. De esta manera, la industria del Capsicum peruano puede mejorar su acceso y posicionamiento en los mercados internacionales diferenciándose con denominación de origen y marca “Superfoods Perú”, apoyándose en la innovación, respeto al medio ambiente y desarrollo sostenible. Las estrategias para lograrlo están planteadas en el presente Plan Estratégico. / Understanding the current situation of the Peruvian Capsicum industry requires the recognition of its historical and economic importance for Peruvians. As of 2016, Peru was the eighth largest exporter of Capsicum in the world; within which it occupied the third place among preserved Capsicums and fourth in dehydrated presentations. Considering this starting point, this Strategic Plan proposes a 2028 vision for the Peruvian Capsicum industry that seeks to increase production and productivity, improve its global rankings, and achieve international recognition of a protected designation of origin and its brand “Superfoods Peru”. The main objectives of achieving these goals are related to the sustained economic growth it will promote, support the national development assistance initiatives of the Peruvian government (through the implementation of laws, international treaties, tax benefits and incentives targeting the agricultural sector), highlight the quality and diversity of Peruvian Capsicums, incorporate new production technologies, and grow in new and existing overseas markets taking advantage of the counter-seasonal agricultural calendar versus the northern hemisphere. The challenges that lie ahead include the endemic informality and the crisis that affect many of the Peruvian’s government institutions; the lack of infrastructure, tight access to financing and the limited implementation of modern technologies that affects the agricultural sector; reinforcing the achievements of the large agro-export companies and incorporating small farmers in the modern value chain: through association, training, adoption of new technologies and improving access to adequate financing. The Peruvian Capsicum industry can improve its positioning and gain access to new international markets differentiating itself with protected designation of origin and the brand of “Superfoods Peru”, supported by innovation, respect for the environment and sustainable development. The strategies required to achieve these goals are set forth in this Strategic Plan.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-12T19:18:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MariaEHC_TESE.pdf: 1170432 bytes, checksum: 23f945c77b271c8ad86c1d93e1bf0f2c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-12-14 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Three experiments were carried out in the didactic orchard of the Departamento de Ciências Vegetais of Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido (UFERSA), located in Mossoró-RN. The experiments aimed at assessing the interference of weeds on the soil temperature, on the growth of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), and on the efficiency as to the use of water in the referred to type of crop when submitted to weed handling strategies within the systems no-trillage and conventional planting. The trials were assembled in a split-plot scheme, distributed within the experimental design , in randomized blocks with four replications. Within the plots, two planting systems were assessed (no-trillage and conventional), and, within the subplots, three weed handling strategies soil covering with black polyethylene film, with regular weeds, and with no weeds, were assessed. Within each subplot, sensors were installed at a depth of 5 cm for the purpose of measuring the soil temperature. Data were collected every 10 minutes and stored in dataloggers. As for the first experiment, the collected data led to the determination the temperature variation throughout the day from 20 to 30 days after transplanting (DAT), the average maximum and minimum temperatures every 5 days, and the daily temperature range during the crop cycle. On the 60th and 147th days after transplanting, the density as well as the dry mass of the weeds were assessed within the treatment with no weeds. Regarding the second experiment, what was assessed was the growth of sweet pepper, submitted to weed handling strategies within no-trillage and conventional planting systems. To attain such an objective, eight assessment times were established (0, 21, 42, 63, 84, 105, 126 e 147 DAT). The assessed features were: leaf area per plant, leaf area index, dry mass of leaves, of stem, of fruits, and the total dry mass per plant, leaf area ratio as well as the rates of absolute and relative growth and of net assimilation. On the 30th and 90th DAT, the weeds density and the dry mass were assessed in the treatments with no weeds. As to the third experiment, the water consumption and the sweet pepper s productivity were assessed. Based upon the relationship between productivity and water consumption, the efficiency as with water use (kg of fruit m-³ of water) was determined. On 0, 21, 42, 63, 84 e 105 DAT, the density and dry mass of weeds were assessed in the treatments with no weeds. Irrigation was done by way of dripping water, with different water supply to each subplot in order that the soil would be maintained with at least 80% of the total available water, based upon water tension in the soil. It was found that the soil temperature was influenced by the covering types, with wider temperature ranges and maximum temperatures in the treatments with weeds and in the treatments with the soil covered by polyethylene film within the conventional planting system as compared to the no trillage direct planting with regular weeds. The no-trillage system proved to be a suitable technique for growing sweet peppers under a high temperature condition. The no-trillage system displayed higher growth rates than those displayed by the conventional planting in all weed handling strategies. The highest rates were observed in the no-trillage with weeds; besides, this type of planting reduces infestation and the weeds dry mass accumulation. Insofar as the third trial is concerned, it was found that the weeds interference increased water consumption and reduced the sweet pepper productivity within the two planting systems; however, the conventional planting displayed stronger effects. The treatment with weeds in the direct planting displayed greater fruit productivity and greater efficiency as for water use as compared to the others. It was concluded that the dead covering in the direct planting lowered the soil temperature, favored the growth and productivity of sweet pepper, reduced infestation by weeds, and increased water use efficiency / Foram conduzidos na horta didática do Departamento de Ciências Vegetais da Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido (UFERSA), no município de Mossoró-RN, três experimentos com o objetivo de avaliar a interferência de plantas daninhas sobre a temperatura do solo, no crescimento e na eficiência do uso da água na cultura do pimentão (Capsicum annuum L.), submetido a estratégias de manejo de plantas daninhas nos sistemas de plantio direto e convencional. Os ensaios foram montados no esquema de parcelas subdivididas, distribuídas no delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. Nas parcelas foram avaliados dois sistemas de plantio (direto e convencional) e nas subparcelas, três estratégias de manejo de plantas daninhas (cobertura do solo com filme de polietileno preto, com capinas regulares e sem capinas). Em cada subparcela, foram instalados sensores, a 5 cm de profundidade, para medir a temperatura do solo. Os dados foram coletados a cada 10 minutos e armazenados em dataloggers. No primeiro experimento, a partir dos dados obtidos, determinou-se a variação da temperatura ao longo do dia, no período de 20 a 30 dias após o transplantio (DAT) e a cada 5 dias a média das temperaturas máxima e mínima e a amplitude térmica diária durante o ciclo da cultura e aos 60 e 147 dias após o transplantio foram realizadas avaliações nos tratamentos sem capinas da densidade e massa seca de plantas daninhas. No segundo experimento avaliou-se o crescimento do pimentão submetido a estratégias de manejo de plantas daninhas nos sistemas de plantio convencional e direto. Para tal foram realizadas oito épocas de avaliações (0, 21, 42, 63, 84, 105, 126 e 147 DAT). As características avaliadas foram: área foliar por planta, índice de área foliar, massa seca de folhas, caule, frutos e total por planta, razão de área foliar, as taxas de crescimento absoluto e relativo e taxa de assimilação líquida. Aos 30 e 90 DAT foram realizadas avaliações de densidade e massa seca de plantas daninhas nos tratamentos sem capinas. No terceiro experimento avaliou-se o consumo de água e a produtividade do pimentão. A partir da relação entre a produtividade e o consumo de água determinou-se, para cada tratamento, a eficiência no uso da água (kg de fruto m-³ de água) e aos 0, 21, 42, 63, 84 e 105 DAT foram realizadas avaliações de densidade e massa seca de plantas daninhas nos tratamentos sem capinas. As irrigações foram realizadas por gotejamento com fornecimento de água diferenciado para cada subparcela, de modo a manter o solo com no mínimo de 80% da água disponível total, com base na tensão de água no solo. Verificou-se que a temperatura do solo foi influenciada pelos tipos de cobertura, tendo-se constatado maiores amplitudes térmicas e temperaturas máximas nos tratamentos com capinas e coberto com filme de polietileno no sistema de plantio convencional em relação ao plantio direto com capinas regulares. O sistema de plantio direto mostrou-se como uma técnica adequada para o cultivo do pimentão sob condição de temperatura elevada. O sistema de plantio direto apresentou índices de crescimento superiores aos do plantio convencional em todas as estratégias de manejo de plantas daninhas e as maiores taxas foram verificadas no plantio direto com capinas além de reduzir a infestação e o acúmulo de massa seca de plantas daninhas. No terceiro ensaio, constatou-se que a interferência das plantas daninhas elevou o consumo de água e reduziu a produtividade do pimentão nos dois sistemas de plantio, embora com efeitos mais pronunciados no plantio convencional. O tratamento com capinas no plantio direto apresentou maior produtividade de frutos e eficiência no uso da água em relação aos demais. Concluiu-se que a cobertura morta no sistema de plantio direto diminuiu a temperatura do solo e favoreceu o crescimento e a produtividade do pimentão, reduziu a infestação de plantas daninhas e elevou a eficiência no uso da água

The work aimed to study the variability in protected environments cultivated with zucchini, lettuce, green bean, peppers and cherry tomatoes and test the use of borders and the handling of the plot size is effective in minimizing the variability in these experiments . In the study we used uniformity of test data in plastic greenhouse, which were as follows: two experiments with zucchini five with lettuce, three with green bean, two with chili and one with cherry tomatoes. In the analysis considered the existence of parallel rows of growing the lateral openings of the oven and columns perpendicular to these openings. Different settings were created by deleting lines and columns for generating the borders and also with the use of different sizes portion. For each setting performed a variance homogeneity test between the remaining lines and columns, and to calculate a general coefficient of variation. There is variability between rows and between columns in experiments with zucchini, lettuce, green bean and pepper in plastic greenhouse. The use of the lateral borders of plastic greenhouse is no benefit in terms of reduced coefficient of variation or reduction of the cases of variability between rows or columns. The use of a plot size equal to or more than two plants in experiments with zucchini, lettuce, green bean, and a plot size equal to or greater than ten plants for sweet pepper, provides homogeneity of variance between lines and columns. / O trabalho teve por objetivo estudar a variabilidade em ambientes protegidos cultivados com abobrinha italiana, alface, feijão-de-vagem, pimentão e tomate cereja e testar se o uso de bordaduras e a manipulação do tamanho de parcela é eficaz na minimização da variabilidade nesses experimentos. No estudo utilizou-se dados de ensaios de uniformidade em estufa plástica, que foram os seguintes: dois experimentos com abobrinha, cinco com alface, três com feijão-de-vagem, dois com pimentão e um com tomate cereja. Nas análises considerou-se a existência de linhas de cultivo paralelas as aberturas laterais da estufa e de colunas perpendiculares a essas aberturas. Diferentes cenários foram criados através da exclusão de linhas e de colunas para gerar as bordaduras e também com o uso de diferentes tamanhos de parcela. Para cada cenário realizou-se um teste de homogeneidade de variâncias entre as linhas e colunas remanescentes, além de ser calculado um coeficiente de variação geral. Existe variabilidade entre linhas e entre colunas em experimentos com abobrinha italiana, alface, feijão-de-vagem e pimentão em estufa plástica. O uso de bordaduras nas laterais da estufa plástica não traz benefícios em termos de redução do coeficiente de variação ou de diminuição dos casos de variabilidade entre linhas ou colunas. O uso de um tamanho de parcela igual ou superior a duas plantas em experimentos com abobrinha italiana, alface, feijão-de-vagem e um tamanho de parcela igual ou superior a dez plantas para a cultura do pimentão, proporciona homogeneidade de variâncias entre linhas e colunas.

Strategies for managing irrigation can lead to better outcomes, such as performance, quality fruit and efficient use of irrigation water. This study aimed to determine the effect of different supplemental irrigation depth and water use efficiency in bell pepper crop, cultivated in open-field and with 50% shading. The experimental was in a randomized block design with four replications, in factorial arrangement. Irrigation treatments were: application of 25, 50, 75 and 100% of evapotranspiration and the control treatment without irrigation. The experimental unit was composed of 2 lines of 5 m long, without embroidery plants. The hybrid used was Arcade, The seedlings were transplanted two months after germination, with a separation of 1 m between line and 0.4 m between plants, 16 November 2013 and 23 November 2014. The irrigation system drip, with spacing of 0.2 m and emitter flow rate of 0.8 L h-1. The frequency of irrigation was daily. The reference evapotranspiration by Penman-Monteith/FAO crop evapotranspiration and the method of dual crop coefficient was calculated. Soil parameters were determined is: chemical analysis, texture, bulk density, field capacity and infiltration rate. The soil water content monitoring was performed with a time domain reflectometer and neutron probe. The parameters evaluated were: yield, plant height, stem diameter, leaf area index, chlorophyll index, dry matter and plant root, number of fruit per plant, fruit dry matter, fruit diameter and length. Also, economic analysis on system with and without irrigation was performed. The highest yield was obtained without shade (35.1 t ha-1) with 75% of evapotranspiration and with shade (22.2 t ha-1) with 50% of evapotranspiration. The maximum technical efficiency was obtained with 69.4% and 54.5% evapotranspiration, with and without shade, respectively. With shade, saving of 15% less irrigation water was obtained. The applied irrigation depth ranged from 70.4 to 401.8 mm in the years of study. The efficient use of irrigation water without and with shade was 30 kg m-3 and 20 kg m-3, respectively. The crop coefficient was influenced by precipitation, especially during the initial phase of growth, the values were kcini= 0.71, kcmed= 1.17 and kcfinal= 0.92, higher than those recommended by FAO-56. The without shade treatments resulted in higher values in: growth rate of stem diameter, chlorophyll index, number of fruit per plant. Treatments shade resulted in higher values in: growth rate of plant height; leaf area index; number of leaf per plant; the total plant dry matter; diameter, length and weight of fruits. The lower profitability was without irrigation and higher with the irrigation depth of 75% of evapotranspiration, with internal rate of return of 29 and 84%, respectively. The excess water deficit affects the phenology, yield, plant growth and leaf area development. / Estratégias no manejo de irrigação podem levar a melhores resultados como: o uso eficiente da água, produtividade e qualidade dos frutos. O presente estudo teve como objetivo determinar o efeito de diferentes lâminas de irrigação suplementar e a eficiência do uso da água na cultura do pimentão cultivado em campo aberto e com 50% de sombreamento. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições em esquema fatorial. Os tratamentos de irrigação consistiram na aplicação de: 25, 50, 75 e 100% da evapotranspiração e a testemunha sem irrigação. A unidade experimental foi formada por 2 linhas de 5 m de comprimento, sem as plantas de bordadura. A cultivar utilizada foi o híbrido Arcade, as mudas foram transplantadas dois meses após a germinação, com o espaçamento entre linha de 1 m e entre plantas de 0,4 m, no dia 16 de novembro de 2013 e 23 de novembro de 2014. O sistema de irrigação foi por gotejamento, com o espaçamento entre emissor de 0,2 m e vazão de 0,8 L h-1. A frequência de irrigação foi diária. A evapotranspiração de referência foi calculada pela equação de Penman-Monteith/FAO e a evapotranspiração da cultura com o método de coeficiente de cultivo duplo. Determinou-se os parâmetros de solo: análise química, textura, densidade do solo, capacidade de campo e taxa de infiltração. O monitoramento do conteúdo da água no solo foi pela reflectometria no domínio do tempo (TDR) e sonda de nêutrons. Avaliaram-se os seguintes parâmetros: rendimento, altura da planta, diâmetro do caule, índice da área foliar, índice de clorofila, matéria seca (da planta, da raiz e do fruto), número de frutos por planta, comprimento e diâmetro do fruto. Também foi realizada a análise econômica com e sem irrigação. O maior rendimento foi obtido sem sombra (35,1 t ha-1) com 75% da evapotranspiração, e com sombra (22,2 t ha-1) com 50% da evapotranspiração. A máxima eficiência técnica foi obtida com 69,4% e 54,5% da evapotranspiração, sem e com sombra, respectivamente. Com sombra ocorreu a economia de 15% da água de irrigação. A lâmina de irrigação aplicada oscilou de 70,4 a 401,8 mm nos anos de estudo. O uso eficiente da água de irrigação encontrado sem e com sombra foram de 30 kg m-3 e 20 kg m-3, respectivamente. O coeficiente de cultura foi influenciado pelas precipitações, durante as fases inicial e de crescimento. Os valores do coeficiente da cultura foram kcini= 0,71, kcmed= 1,17 e kcfinal= 0,92, sendo estes valores maiores que os recomendados pela FAO-56. No tratamento sem sombra resultaram valores maiores em: taxa de crescimento do diâmetro do caule; índice de clorofila e número de frutos por planta. No tratamento com sombra resultaram valores maiores em: taxa de crescimento da altura da planta; índice de área foliar; número de folhas por planta; matéria seca total da planta; diâmetro, comprimento e massa dos frutos. A menor rentabilidade foi sem irrigação e a maior com a lâmina de irrigação de 75% da evapotranspiração, com taxa interna de retorno de 29 e 84%, respectivamente. O déficit e o excesso de água afetaram a fenologia, o rendimento, o crescimento da planta e o desenvolvimento da área foliar.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The study aimed to test the efficiency of the method Papadakis on increasing the quality of experiments with snap beans, zucchini, peppers and lettuce, and having efficiency, determine how to estimate the covariate and plot size for use in experiments where apply the method. The definition of the form of estimated covariate that provides greater efficiency and calculation method Papadakis plot size adjusted for use in this method were made from the following blank experiments: two experiments with zucchini, lettuce with eight, five-bean pod and two peppers. In experiments with zucchini, pole beans and peppers, the variable was the weight of fruits and lettuce in experiments with variable mass was fresh shoot. The effectiveness of the use of analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) with the covariate estimated by Papadakis was tested from treatment experiments: one with the bell pepper crop, where the variable was the weight of fruit and one with lettuce crop where the variable was the fresh weight of shoots. The use of ANCOVA with the covariate estimated by Papadakis increases the quality of experiments with vegetable crops. The covariate that provides the highest efficiency ANCOVA is that which is determined considering a portion neighboring each side of the reference portion towards the row of plants. The plot size in the crop row, adjusted for method, is 10 plants (2.0 m) for snap beans, five plants (4.5 m) to zucchini, five plants (1.5 m ) for chili, and four plants (1.2 m) for lettuce. / O trabalho teve por objetivo testar a eficiência do método Papadakis no aumento da qualidade de experimentos com feijão-vagem, abobrinha italiana, pimentão e alface e, havendo eficiência, determinar a forma de estimativa da covariável e o tamanho de parcela para uso em experimentos onde se aplicará o método. A definição da forma de estimativa da covariável que proporciona maior eficiência do método Papadakis e o cálculo do tamanho de parcela ajustado para uso no mesmo foram realizados a partir dos seguintes experimentos em branco: dois experimentos com abobrinha italiana, oito com alface, cinco com feijão-vagem e dois com pimentão. Nos experimentos com abobrinha italiana, feijão-vagem e pimentão, a variável foi o peso de frutos e nos experimentos com alface a variável foi massa fresca da parte aérea. A eficácia do uso da análise de covariância (ANCOVA) com a covariável estimada pelo método Papadakis foi testada a partir de experimentos com tratamentos: um com a cultura do pimentão, onde a variável foi o peso de frutos e, um com a cultura da alface, onde a variável foi a massa fresca da parte aérea. O uso de ANCOVA com a covariável estimada pelo método Papadakis aumenta a qualidade de experimentos com culturas olerícolas. A covariável que proporciona a maior eficiência da ANCOVA é aquela que é estimada considerando uma parcela vizinha de cada lado da parcela de referência no sentido da linha de cultivo. O tamanho de parcela na linha de cultivo, ajustado para uso do método, é de 10 plantas (2,0 m) para feijão-vagem, de cinco plantas (4,5 m) para abobrinha italiana, cinco plantas (1,5 m) para pimentão, e de quatro plantas (1,2 m) para alface.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-05-21T15:04:30Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Luiza Toubas Chaul - 2015.pdf: 1642322 bytes, checksum: e56380dae120d4058880c94d9e953832 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-05-21T15:07:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Luiza Toubas Chaul - 2015.pdf: 1642322 bytes, checksum: e56380dae120d4058880c94d9e953832 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-21T15:07:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Luiza Toubas Chaul - 2015.pdf: 1642322 bytes, checksum: e56380dae120d4058880c94d9e953832 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / In recent years, interest in medicinal products derived from plants that exhibit antimicrobial activity has been intensified. The present study aimed to characterize drugs and herbal extracts, determine the polyphenol content, tannins, flavonoids, quantify the chosen marker and evaluate the antimicrobial activity of crude ethanolic extracts and fractions of Rosmarinus officinalis Linn., Origanum vulgare Linn. and Capsicum chinense Jack. against different microorganisms (Gram negative and Gram-positive bacteria, filamentous fungi and yeasts), pathogenic or not. The herbal drugs and extracts were obtained and physico-chemically characterized according to the Brazilian Pharmacopeia 5. Ed. The polyphenols, tannins and flavonoids contents were evaluated. A methodology to quantify rosmarinic acid from R. officinalis and O. vulgare was covalidated and a methodology to quantify capsaicin of C. chinense was validated. The fractions hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and aqueous were obtained by partition. Microdilution broth tests were performed to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). It was found that the material is suitable for the study according to the Pharmacopoeias and that there is adequate quality control of the drug plant. Furthermore, the methodology for quantifying rosmarinic acid in both R. officinalis and in O. vulgare and methodology to quantitate capsaicin, have been validated and it is able to produce results with acceptable accuracy and precision in relation to the specifications of FDA and ANVISA. The content of rosmarinic acid found in R. officinalis and O. vulgare were 6.55 and 2.63%, respectively. The concentration of capsaicin in C. chinense was 1.84%. Regarding antimicrobial activity, most of the tested fractions were more effective than the crude ethanolic extracts (EEB), and the fractions that showed good activity to a greater number of microorganisms were hexane fraction of O. vulgare (OFH) and dichloromethanic fraction of R. officinalis (AFD) and C. chinense (PFD). Most of the tested fractions showed better activity against Gram-positive bacteria than against Gram-negative bacteria. The rosmarinic acid showed antimicrobial activity mainly against fungi. Polar fractions of O. vulgare also showed good antifungal activity and rosmarinic acid can be considered one of the possible compounds responsible for the antimicrobial activity. Capsaicin showed moderate activity against all strains of Listeria and can be one of the components responsible for moderate inhibition of this group of bacteria. The results of this study suggest that the AFD, OFH and PFD fractions show promising potential in the search for natural alternatives for conservation and control pathogens in food. / Nos últimos anos, o interesse por produtos derivados de plantas medicinais que apresentem atividade antimicrobiana tem sido intensificado. O presente estudo buscou caracterizar drogas e extratos vegetais, determinar o teor de polifenóis, taninos, flavonoides, quantificar o marcador escolhido e avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana de extratos etanólicos brutos e frações de Rosmarinus officinalis Linn., Origanum vulgare Linn., e Capsicum chinense Jack frente a diferentes micro-organismos (bactérias Gram-positivas e Gram negativas, fungos filamentosos e leveduriformes), patogênicos ou não. As drogas vegetais e os extratos foram obtidos e caracterizados físico-quimicamente de acordo com a Farmacopeia Brasileira 5. Ed. Os teores de polifenóis, taninos e flavonoides foram calculados. Covalidou-se metodologia para quantificar ácido rosmarínico em R. officinalis e O. vulgare e validou-se metodologia para quantificar a capsaicina em C. chinense. As frações hexânica, diclorometânica, acetato de etila e aquosa foram obtidas por partição a partir do extrato etanólico bruto. Foram realizados testes de microdiluição em caldo para a determinação da concentração inibitória mínima (CIM). A metodologia para quantificar o ácido rosmarínico, tanto em R. officinalis, quanto em O. vulgare, e a metodologia para quantificar a capsaicina, foram validadas e apresentam-se aptas a gerar resultados com exatidão e precisão aceitáveis em relação as especificações do FDA e ANVISA. Os teores de ácido rosmarínico encontrados no R. officinalis e O. vulgare foram de 6,55 e 2,63%, respectivamente. O teor de capsaicina em C. chinense foi de 1,84%. Com relação à atividade antimicrobiana, a maioria das frações testadas foram mais ativas que os extratos etanólicos brutos (EEB), sendo que as frações que apresentaram boa atividade frente a um maior número de micro-organismos foram a fração hexânica de O. vulgare (OFH) e as frações diclorometânica de R. officinalis (AFD) e C. chinense (PFD). A maioria das frações testadas apresentou uma atividade inibitória melhor frente a bactérias Gram-positivas do que frente a Gram-negativas. O ácido rosmarínico apresentou boa atividade antimicrobiana principalmente frente a fungos. Frações polares de O. vulgare também apresentaram boa atividade antifúngica, podendo o ácido rosmarínico ser considerado um dos possíveis compostos responsáveis pela atividade antimicrobiana. A capsaicina apresentou atividade inibitória moderada frente a todas as cepas de Listeria e pode ser um dos componentes responsáveis pela inibição deste grupo de bactérias. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo sugerem que as frações AFD, OFH e PFD mostram potencial promissor na busca de alternativas naturais para a conservação e o controle de patógenos em alimentos.

L’utilisation de variétés de plantes porteuses de gènes majeurs de résistance a longtemps été une solution privilégiée pour lutter contre les maladies des plantes. Cependant, la capacité des agents pathogènes à s’adapter à ces variétés après seulement quelques années de culture rend nécessaire la recherche de résistances à la fois efficaces et durables. Les objectifs de cette thèse étaient (i) d’identifier chez la plante des régions génomiques contraignant l’évolution des agents pathogènes en induisant des effets de dérive génétique et (ii) d’étudier l’impact des forces évolutives induites par la plante sur la capacité d’adaptation des pathogènes aux résistances variétales, l’ambition étant par la suite d’employer au mieux ces forces pour limiter l’évolution des pathogènes. Le pathosystème piment (Capsicum annuum) – PVY (Potato virus Y) a été principalement utilisé pour mener ces travaux de recherche. Afin de répondre au premier objectif, une cartographie de QTL (quantitative trait loci) sur une population biparentale de piment et une étude de génétique d’association sur une core-collection de piments ont été réalisées. Ces deux approches ont permis de mettre en évidence des régions génomiques sur les chromosomes 6, 7 et 12 impliquées dans le contrôle de la taille efficace des populations virales lors de l’étape d’inoculation du virus dans la plante. Certains de ces QTL ont montré une action vis-à-vis du PVY et du CMV (Cucumber mosaic virus) tandis que d’autres se sont révélés être spécifiques d’une seule espèce virale. Par ailleurs,le QTL détecté sur le chromosome 6 co-localise avec un QTL précédemment identifié comme contrôlant l’accumulation virale et interagissant avec un QTL affectant la fréquence de contournement d’un gène majeur de résistance. Pour répondre au second objectif, une analyse de la corrélation entre l’intensité des forces évolutives induites par la plante et une estimation expérimentale de la durabilité du gène majeur a été réalisée. De l’évolution expérimentale de populations de PVY sur des plantes induisant des effets de dérive génétique, de sélection et d’accumulation virale contrastés a également été effectuée. Ces deux études ont démontré qu’une plante induisant une forte dérive génétique associée à une réduction de l’accumulation virale permettait de contraindre l’évolution des populations virales, voire d’entraîner leur extinction. Ces résultats ouvrent de nouvelles perspectives pour le déploiement de déterminants génétiques de la plante qui influenceraient directement le potentiel évolutif du pathogène et permettraient de préserver la durabilité des gènes majeurs de résistance. / Plants carrying major resistance genes have been widely used to fight against diseases. However, the pathogensability to overcome the resistance after a few years of usage requires the search for efficient and durable resistances.The objectives of this thesis were (i) to identify plant genomic regions limiting pathogen evolution by inducinggenetic drift effects and (ii) to study the impact of the evolutionary forces imposed by the plant on the pathogenability to adapt to resistance, the goal being to further use these forces to limit pathogen evolution. The pepper(Capsicum annuum) – PVY (Potato virus Y) pathosystem has been mainly used to conduct these researches.Regarding the first objective, quantitative trait loci (QTL) were mapped on a biparental pepper population andthrough genome-wide association on a pepper core-collection. These approaches have allowed the detection ofgenomic regions on chromosomes 6, 7 and 12 controlling viral effective population size during the inoculationstep. Some of these QTLs were common to PVY and CMV (Cucumber mosaic virus) while other were virusspecific.Moreover, the QTL detected on chromosome 6 colocalizes with a previously identified QTL controllingPVY accumulation and interacting with a QTL affecting the breakdown frequency of a major resistance gene.Regarding the second objective, a correlation analysis between the evolutionary forces imposed by the plant andan experimental estimation of the durability of a major resistance gene has been done. Experimental evolution ofPVY populations on plants contrasted for the levels of genetic drift, selection and virus accumulation they imposedhas also been performed. Both studies demonstrated that a plant inducing a strong genetic drift combined to areduction in virus accumulation limits virus evolution and could even lead to the extinction of the virus population.These results open new perspectives to deploy plant genetic factors directly controlling pathogen evolutionarypotential and could help to preserve the durability of major resistance genes.

M. Tech. Agriculture / Tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum) and sweet or bell peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) belong to the Solanaceae family. They constitute an excellent source of phenolic (flavonoids), vitamin C (ascorbic acid) and carotenoids (especially lycopene, b- carotene, a precursor of vitamin A), known as antioxidants. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of photo-selective nets (ChromatiNet™) (red, pearl and yellow) with 40% shading on postharvest fruit quality parameters (Soluble solids content, Titratable acidity, fruit mass and firmness), bioactive compounds (ascorbic acid, total phenols, flavonoid, lycopene, b-carotene contents), antioxidant scavenging activity, odour active aroma compounds and the sensory quality of three indeterminate sweet pepper cultivars HTSP-5 (green), HTSP-3 (red) and Celaya (yellow) and three tomato cultivars (AlfaV, Irit, and SCX 248). A commercial black net (control) with 25% shading was included for comparison.

Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da cobertura do solo e da freqüência de fertirrigação no rendimento da pimenteira Tabasco, em dois tipos de solo: Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo (franco-arenosa) e Argissolo Vermelho (argilosa), foi desenvolvido um experimento no Departamento de Engenharia Rural da Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz - ESALQ, pertencente à Universidade de São Paulo - USP, localizado em Piracicaba-SP, durante o período de maio de 2007 a abril de 2008. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos completos casualizados em esquema fatorial 2 x 4 com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos da combinação de duas coberturas do solo (com plástico prateado e sem cobertura) combinado com quatro freqüências de irrigação (24, 12, 3 e 1 fertirrigação / 3 dias). O uso do plástico prateado proporcionou decréscimo a massa fresca total de frutos por planta, número total de frutos, massa média total do fruto e massa seca total de frutos, nos solos franco-arenoso e argiloso, e somente a eficiência do uso do fósforo no solo argiloso. Ainda, o mulching não mostrou efeito na percentagem de massa seca dos frutos, eficiência do uso da água, eficiência do uso do nitrogênio, eficiência do uso do potássio e eficiência do uso do NPK, no solo argiloso, além da eficiência do uso do nitrogênio, eficiência do uso do fósforo e eficiência do uso do NPK, no solo franco-arenoso. No entanto, o uso do mulching incrementou a percentagem de massa seca dos frutos, eficiência do uso da água e a eficiência do uso do potássio, no solo franco-arenoso. A maior freqüência de fertirrigação não proporcionou incremento a massa fresca total de frutos por planta, número total de frutos, massa média total do fruto, percentagem de massa seca dos frutos, massa seca total de frutos, eficiência do uso da água, eficiência do uso do nitrogênio, eficiência do uso do fósforo, eficiência do uso do potássio e eficiência do uso do NPK, nos solos franco-arenoso e argiloso. / Aiming to evaluate the effects of soil coverage and fertirigation frequency on pepper yield cv. Tabasco planted in two soils: Yellow Red Latossol (Sandy loam soil) and Red Argissol (Clay soil), an experiment was carried out at Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz - ESALQ, located in Sao Paulo estate, Brazil, from May 2007 to April 2008. The experimental design was based on a randomized complete blocks in a 2 x 4 factorial scheme with four replications. The treatments consisted of the combination of two soil coverage (silvered polyethylene film and no film coverage) with four fertirrigation frequencies (24, 12, 3 e 1 / three days). The silvered polyethylene film decreased the total fresh mass of fruits per plant, total number of fruits, fruit mean mass and total dry mass of fruits for the sandy loam and clay soil. The plastic mulching didnt show effect on the dry mass percentage of fruits, water use efficiency, nitrogen use efficiency, potassium use efficiency and NPK use efficiency for the clay soil, and nitrogen use efficiency, phosphor use efficiency and NPK use efficiency for the sandy loam.However the plastic mulching increased the dry mass percentage of fruits, water use efficiency and potassium use efficiency for the sandy loam soil. Average fertirrigation frequencies didnt increase the total fresh mass of fruits per plant, total number of fruits, fruit mean mass, dry mass percentage of fruits, total dry mass of fruits, water use efficiency, nitrogen use efficiency, phosphor use efficiency, potassium use efficiency and NPK use efficiency for the sandy loam and clay soil.