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No. of bitstreams: 1 lippyfariamarques.pdf: 22312576 bytes, checksum: 4211af206576435ad4b8e5af6c3c6abf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-27 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O presente trabalho aborda a síntese e caracterização de complexos de lantanídeos (III) contendo os ânions 2,5-tiofenodicarboxilato (2,5-tdc2-) e hidrocinamato (cin-) e o ligante nitrogenado 2,2’-bipiridina (bpy), com o intuito de investigar suas características químicas e estruturais e correlacioná-las com as propriedades fotoluminescentes. Duas séries de compostos obtidos com o ânion 2,5-tdc2- foram formuladas como: [Ln2(2,5-tdc)3(dmf)2(H2O)2]·2dmf·H2O (Ln = Dy (1), Tb (2), Eu (3), Gd (4), Er (5)), [Nd2(2,5-tdc)3(dmf)2(H2O)2]·dmf·H2O (7) e {[Ln2(2,5-tdc)3(dmso)2]·H2O}n ( Ln = Dy (8), Tb (9), Eu (10), Gd (11), Nd (12), Sm (13), Yb (14), Ho (15), Er (16), Tm (17), Pr (18)). Duas séries de compostos com o ligante cin- foram obtidas e formuladas como: [Ln(cin)3(H2O)3]·3Hcin (Ln = Dy (19), Tb (20), Eu (21), Er (22) e Gd (23)) e [Ln2(cin)6(bpy)2] ( Ln = Tb (24), Eu (25) e Gd (26)). Todos os compostos sintetizados foram caracterizados por análise elementar (CHN), análise térmica (TG/DTA), espectroscopia vibracional na região do infravermelho (IV), espectroscopia de reflectância difusa (RD) e difração de raios X (policristal e monocristal). O estudo de suas propriedades ópticas foi obtido a partir dos espectros de emissão e excitação e pela curva de decaimento luminescente. Com base nos dados espectrais foram determinados os parâmetros de intensidade experimentais (Ω2 e Ω4), coeficientes de emissão radiativa (Arad) e não – radiativa (Anrad) e a eficiência quântica de emissão (ɳ) do nível 5D0 do íon Eu(III). As estruturas cristalinas dos complexos (7), (8) e (9) foram determinadas através da técnica de difração de raios X por monocristal, demonstrando a formação de redes metalo – orgânicas de lantanídeos porosas (LnMOFs). A atribuição dos estados tripleto (T1) do ligante 2,5-tdc2- foi feita a partir dos espectros de emissão dos respectivos complexos de Gd(III) , mostrando a possibilidade de transferência de energia intramolecular nesses compostos. Todos os compostos contendo o ligante cin- (19)-(26) tiveram suas estruturas determinadas por difração de raios X por monocristal. Apesar da possibilidade de ocorrência do efeito antena nos compostos (19), (20) e (21), a presença de três moléculas de água diretamente coordenadas aos íons lantanídeos (III), promovem uma supressão da luminescência. Para o complexo [Eu2(cin)6(bpy)2] (25) foram obtidos os parâmetros de intensidades (Ω2, Ω4 e Ω6), taxas de decaimento radiativo (Arad) , não – radiativo (Anrad), transferência de energia (WET), retro – transferência de energia (WBT) e rendimento quântico. Esses dados se encontram em excelente acordo com dados experimentais com tal complexo possuindo uma eficiência quântica (ɳ) de 67%, sugerindo que esse sistema pode ser excelente para o desenvolvimento de dispositivos luminescentes. / The present work reports the synthesis and characterization of lanthanide (III) complexes containing 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylate (2,5-tdc2-) and hydrocinnamate (cin-) anions and nitrogen ligand 2,2’-bipyridine (bpy) in order to investigate its chemical and structural features and correlate with the photoluminescent properties. Two series of compounds obtained from the 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylate anion were formulated as: [Ln2(2,5-tdc)3(dmf)2(H2O)2]·2dmf·H2O (Ln = Dy (1), Tb (2), Eu (3), Gd (4), Er (5)), [Nd2(2,5-tdc)3(dmf)2(H2O)2]·dmf·H2O (7) and {[Ln2(2,5-tdc)3(dmso)2]·H2O}n ( Ln = Dy (8), Tb (9), Eu (10), Gd (11), Nd (12), Sm (13), Yb (14), Ho (15), Er (16), Tm (17), Pr (18)). Two series of compounds obtained from the cin- ligand were formulated as: [Ln(cin)3(H2O)3]·3Hcin (Ln = Dy (19), Tb (20), Eu (21), Er (22) e Gd (23)) e [Ln2(cin)6(bpy)2] ( Ln = Tb (24), Eu (25) e Gd (26)). All synthesized compounds were characterized by elemental analysis (CHN), thermal analysis (TG/DTA), vibrational spectroscopy in the infrared region (IR), reflectance diffuse spectroscopy (DR) and Xray diffraction (powder and single crystal). The study of their optical properties was obtained from the emission and excitation spectra and by the luminescent decay curve. Based on spectral data, the experimental intensity parameters (Ω2 and Ω4), radiative emission (Arad) and non-radiative (Anrad) coefficients and emission quantum efficiency (ɳ) of the 5D0 level the Eu(III) ion were determined. The crystal structures of complexes (7), (8) and (9) were determined using single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, showing the formation of lanthanide (III) metal-organic porous frameworks (LnMOFs). The assignment of the triplet states (T1) of the 2,5-tdc2- ligand was taken from the emission spectra of the respective complexes of Gd(III), showing the possibility of intramolecular energy transfer in these compounds.All compounds containing the cin- ligand (19)-(26) had their structures determined by single crystal Xray diffraction analysis. Despite the possibility of the antenna effect of compounds (19), (20) and (21), the presence of three water molecules directly coordinated to lanthanide (III) ions, promotes the luminescence suppression. For [Eu2(cin)6(bpy)2] (25) complex, the intensity parameters (Ω2, Ω4 e Ω6), radiative decay (Arad), non-radiative (Anrad), energy transfer (WET), back energy transfer (WBT) rates and quantum efficiency were obtained. These data are in excellent agreement with experimental data with such complex having quantum efficiency (ɳ) of 67% suggesting that this system can be excellent for the development of luminescent devices.

Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit neuartigen Kupfer(I)- und Ruthenium(II)-komplexen und deren Verwendung als CVD-/ALD-Precursoren. Die Synthese Lewis-Basen-stabilisierter Kupfer(I)-β-Diketonat- bzw. -Carboxylat-Komplexe des Typs [LnMX] (M = Cu(I), X = Acetylacetonat, Iminopentenolat, Carboxylat; L = Phosphan PR3, Phos-phit P(OR)3; R = einbindiger, organischer Rest) standen hierbei im Vordergrund. Verbin-dungen des Typs [(PR3)MX] dienten als Ausgangsverbindungen zur Darstellung einkerni-ger Komplexe mit σ Donorliganden. Durch die Wahl der Lewis-Base sowie des β-Diketonato- bzw. Carboxylato-Fragmentes war es möglich, Einfluss auf die Eigenschaften der erhaltenen Komplexe zu nehmen. Somit waren auch die Untersuchung der thermischen Eigenschaften sowie das Abscheideverhalten der Komplexe während der MOCVD zu ana-lysieren. Thermogravimetrische Untersuchungen bzw. MOCVD-Versuche liessen Rück-schlüsse auf die Eignung der Komplexe des Typs [(PR3)MX] zur Abscheidung elementa-ren Kupfers zu. Des Weiteren wurde die Eignung von Ruthenium-Komplexen des Typs RuX2 (X = substituierte Cyclopentadienyle, 2,4-Dimethylpentadienyl, 4-Methylpent-3-en-2-on-yl) zur Erzeugung von elementaren bzw. oxidierten Rutheniums während MOCVD-Versuchen untersucht. Vorhergehende thermische Untersuchungen an den synthetisierten Komplexen liessen erste Rückschlüsse auf deren Eigenschaften zu. Da der Dampfdruck der für CVD-Zwecke eingesetzten Precursoren besonders interessant ist, wurden diese für die verwendeten Ruthenium-Komplexe bestimmt und sowohl untereinander als auch mit Lite-raturwerten verglichen. Ausgewählte Ruthenium-Komplexe wurden zur Erzeugung metal-lischer oder oxidischer Schichten während MOCVD-Versuchen eingesetzt.

>Magister Scientiae - MSc / In an ever changing environment, plants are constantly challenged by various abiotic stresses such as salinity, which limits global crop production. This directly affects food availability for the global population, which is projected to increase to 9.5 billion by 2050, which in turn places great pressure on natural resources and food security. These environmental adversities induce the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl and superoxide radicals which cause severe oxidative damage to plants. The equilibrium between the production and detoxification of ROS is then dependent on the modulation of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants to achieve plant homeostasis. / 2024

Open cultures of anaerobic reactor systems convert organic wastes or biomass residues into mainly short-chain carboxylates with two to five carbon atoms. The short-chain carboxylates can be converted into the highly reduced end product methane by methanogenic consortia in anaerobic digestion. Microbial chain elongation such as via the reverse ꞵ-oxidation pathway was found as an alternative electron sink with the same anaerobic reactor microbiota. In natural ecosystems such as rumen microbial ecosystem, some anaerobic bacteria are known to produce medium-chain carboxylates (e.g., n-caproate and n-caprylate) through reverse ꞵ-oxidation. The carboxylate platform aims to recover carbon from waste streams or biomass residues by anaerobic fermentation in the form of medium-chain carboxylates. It has created great opportunities to replace chemicals derived from non-sustainable sources such as fossil feedstock. Mixed culture fermentation is commonly employed for the chain elongation processes. The diverse microbial chain elongation communities contain different functional groups involved in the processes of hydrolysis and fermentation of available organic compounds as well as the conversion of intermediates to medium-chain carboxylates. In general, the underlying metabolism and ecological interactions of the chain elongation communities are not well understood. This PhD thesis centres on the metabolism and ecological interactions in closed model ecosystems (i.e., anaerobic bioreactors) involved in microbial chain elongation with lactate. In the first chapter, a model ecosystem with reduced complexity was developed by using lactate and xylan as defined carbon sources to simulate the feedstock conditions of caproate-producing bioreactors operated with corn silage. Feeding defined carbon sources enabled balancing of electron and carbon flows. By preventing continuous inoculation, the simplified community of enrichment cultures allowed to study the metabolic and community dynamics in a clearer manner than open reactor systems. During a long-term reactor experiment, four succession stages including adaptation, stage I (high medium-chain carboxylate-producing period), transition and stage II (high butyrate-producing period) were observed. Co-occurrence networks of species based on 16S rRNA amplicon sequences and associations with process parameters were analysed to infer potential metabolic functions and microbial interactions. The results suggested that the process included diverse functions of xylan hydrolysis, xylose fermentation and chain elongation with lactate as electron donor. The inferred interactions such as cooperation between lactic acid bacteria and chain-elongating bacteria, as well as competition between medium-chain carboxylate-producing bacteria and butyrate-producing bacteria, resulted in the community development over four succession stages. In this closed model ecosystem, the chain-elongating bacteria were outcompeted by butyrate-producing bacteria under constant conditions, leading to the increase of butyrate yield at the cost of n-caproate and n-caprylate yields. The second chapter tested the effects of shortening the hydraulic retention time on the community assembly and functioning in the model ecosystems, aiming to quantitatively predict ecophysiological functions of the microbial communities. For the process performance, higher productivities and yields of n-caproate and n-caprylate were achieved by reducing the hydraulic retention time from 8 days to 2 days in two continuous reactors. A predictive model was generated by applying the random forest approach using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing data. More than 90% accuracy in the quantitative prediction of n-caproate and n-caprylate productivities was achieved. Four inferred bioindicators belonging to the genera Olsenella, Lactobacillus, Syntrophococcus and Clostridium IV suggested their relevance to the higher carboxylate productivity at shorter hydraulic retention time. Combined with metagenomics, the recovery of metagenome-assembled genomes of these bioindicators confirmed their genetic potential to perform key steps of carboxylate production. Besides, functional redundancy in the conversion of xylan and lactate to n-butyrate, n-caproate and n-caprylate was revealed, with the relevant bioindicators increasing in relative abundance. Thus, the involved metabolic pathways were strongly coupled to the decrease in hydraulic retention time. In general, the developed machine learning framework to identify bioindicators and to quantitatively predict process performance is transferable to other ecosystem processes and microbial systems where community dynamics is linked to key functions. In the third chapter, the effects of pH increase on the chain elongation community assembly and functioning were tested based on the developed model ecosystems. The increase in pH from 5.5 to 6.0 caused fluctuations in the yields of n-butyrate, n-caproate and n-caprylate. After the pH disturbance, the carboxylate yields returned to the previous values while the communities developed to a different state, observed as decrease in diversity and evenness and increase in richness. Some taxa shifted from rare to abundant, reflecting strong selective effects of lower pH values. By applying Aitchison PCA clustering, linear mixed effect models and random forest classification, the different pH preferences of the potential chain elongators Clostridium IV and Clostridium sensu stricto were identified. By constructing networks for different pH levels, the cooperation of the chain elongator Clostridium IV with lactic acid bacteria switches from Olsenella to Lactobacillus along the pH increase, revealing the plasticity of the food web of chain elongation communities. Compared with the previously observed results of decreasing the hydraulic retention time, pH increase induced dramatic shifts in the community assembly but exhibited no strong effects on community functioning in terms of medium-chain carboxylate production. High functional redundancy was indicated despite the reactors being long-term closed systems. In parallel to the reactor experiments, pure cultures of chain-elongating clostridial strains were isolated, representing three novel species. Their genomes were assembled using a hybrid short and long read sequencing approach. The three novel strains produced n-caproate, n-butyrate, iso-butyrate and acetate from lactate in batch cultivation at pH 5.5, with the confirmation of their genetic background of lactate-based chain elongation and using CoA transferase as the terminal enzyme. Their genomes show substantial genetic heterogeneity but contain highly conserved genes involved in lactate oxidation, reverse ꞵ-oxidation, hydrogen formation and either of two types of energy conservation systems (Rnf and Ech). The genetic background of lactate-based chain elongation in these isolates and other experimentally validated chain-elongating strains was analysed by comparative genomics. The chain elongation-specific core-genome was indicated to encode the pathways for reverse ꞵ-oxidation, hydrogen formation and energy conservation while chain-elongating species displayed substantial genome heterogeneity. Further research is needed to elucidate the pathways for iso-butyrate formation in these strains. In summary, model communities of chain elongation processes were enriched and further shaped by alternations of pH and hydraulic retention time in long-term bioreactor experiments. The metabolism and ecological interactions of reactor microbiota involved in microbial chain elongation with lactate were elucidated by using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and metagenomics coupled to network analysis, statistical modelling and machine learning, which also sparkled new insights into the relationship between microbial chain elongation community diversity and functioning. The isolation of novel chain-elongating species further expands our knowledge on the metabolism of chain elongation bacteria. Finally, a better understanding of the rules governing community assembly is key to accelerate the development of microbiota-based biotechnologies.:Abbreviations ...................................................................................................1 List of figures ...................................................................................................4 List of tables.....................................................................................................9 Zusammenfassung ........................................................................................12 Summary .......................................................................................................17 1 Introduction .................................................................................................21 1.1 Reactor microbiota................................................................................21 1.2 Carboxylate platform.............................................................................21 1.3 Microbial chain elongation ....................................................................22 1.4 Methods for investigating reactor microbiota ........................................24 1.4.1 PCR-based methods ......................................................................24 1.4.2 Metagenomics ................................................................................25 1.4.3 Culture-dependent methods...........................................................27 1.5 Aims of this study..................................................................................28 2 Research chapters......................................................................................29 2.1 Competition between butyrate fermenters and chain-elongating bacteria limits the efficiency of medium-chain carboxylate production .....................29 2.1.1 Main text.........................................................................................30 2.1.2 Supplementary information.............................................................43 2.2 Machine learning-assisted identification of bioindicators predicts medium-chain carboxylate production performance of an anaerobic mixed culture .47 2.2.1 Main text.........................................................................................48 2.2.2 Supplementary information.............................................................83 2.3 Effects of pH increase on microbial chain elongation and community dynamics in closed bioreactor ecosystems...............................................104 2.3.1 Main text.......................................................................................105 2.3.2 Supplementary information...........................................................134 2.4 Draft genome sequences of three Clostridia isolates involved in lactate-based chain elongation.............................................................................148 2.5 Three novel Clostridia isolates produce n-caproate and iso-butyrate from lactate: comparative genomics of chain-elongating bacteria ....................151 2.5.1 Main text.......................................................................................152 2.5.2 Supplementary information...........................................................192 3 General discussion ...................................................................................196 3.1 Understanding microbial community assembly in model ecosystems 196 3.2 Linking microbial community structure to functioning..........................199 3.3 Moving from intriguing science to real-world practice – Microbiota-based biotechnology ...........................................................................................200 4 References ...............................................................................................202 5 Appendix...................................................................................................208 5.1 Declaration of authorship....................................................................208 5.2 Coauthor contributions........................................................................209 5.3 Curriculum Vitae .................................................................................213 5.4 List of publications and conference contributions ...............................215 5.5 Acknowledgements.............................................................................218

No description available.

Thesis (MSc (Chemistry and Polymer Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis reports an in-depth investigation of the intermolecular interaction motifs in secondary, primary and ammonium carboxylate salts. The investigation was conducted using the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD), together with a systematic steric-specific experimental study. The tendency in the literature has been to analyse organic salt crystal structures in terms of hydrogen bonding patterns, almost ignoring cation-anion interactions. This study focuses on the cation-anion interactions in secondary, primary and ammonium carboxylate salts, which have a direct effect on the formation of specific structural motifs. The ideas of ring-stacking and ring-laddering, which arise from the tendency of cations and anions to arrange themselves so as to maximise electrostatic interactions, have been applied to ammonium carboxylate salts. An extensive survey of organic ammonium carboxylate salt structures in the CSD has been carried out. The structural motifs in ammonium carboxylates were investigated, and a set of predictive rules for the pattern of intermolecular interactions in these salts was developed. Using these results, the formation of ring-stacking or ring-laddering in primary ammonium carboxylate salts can be predicted. The results from the CSD survey are discussed in Chapter 3. An experimental study has been carried out, which complements the results obtained from the CSD survey. The experimental study formed 19 novel ammonium carboxylate salts, of which 2 formed hydrates and 2 co-crystals of salts. The experimental results confirm what was found in the CSD survey, and this is discussed in Chapter 4. This study has found that the principle of ring-stacking and ring-laddering can be applied in a general form to the crystal structures of organic ammonium carboxylate salts. The size of the cation and the anion in these salts has a significant effect on the formation of structural motifs in the solid state. Interactions between cation and anion substituents also play an important role in the formation of particular structural motifs in ammonium carboxylate salts. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie tesis word die intermolekulêre interaksie motiewe in die sekondêre, primêre en ammonium karbosilaat soute in-diepte ondersoek. Die studie is gedoen met behulp van die Cambridge Strukturele Databasis (CSD), saam met ‟n sistematiese steriesspesifieke eksperimentele studie. Die neiging in die literatuur is om organiese sout kristal strukture in terme van waterstofbindings patrone te analiseer sonder om katioon-anioon interaksies in ag te neem. Die studie fokus juis op hierdie katioon-anioon interaksies tussen sekondêre, primêre en ammonium karbosilaat soute wat ‟n direkte effek het op die vorming van spesifieke strukturele motiewe naamlik „ring-stacking‟ en „ring-laddering‟ wat hul oorsprong kry vanaf die neiging van katione en anione om hulself op so ‟n wyse te rangskik sodat die elektrostatiese interaksies ‟n maksimum kan bereik, op die ammonium karboksilaat soute. ‟n Volledige ondersoek van ammonium karboksilaat soute in die CSD is gedoen. Die strukturele motiewe in ammonium karboksilaat is ondersoek, en ‟n stel reels wat die patrone van intermolekulêre interaksies in hierdie soute voorspelis ontwikkel. Hierdie resultate kan gebruik word om die vorming van „ring-stacking‟ en „ring-laddering‟ in primêre ammonium karbosilaat soute te voorspel. Die resultate van die CSD ondersoek word bespreek in Hoofstuk 3. ‟n Eksperimentele studie is uitgevoer en die resultate hiervan komplimenteer die resultate van die CSD ondersoek. In die eksperimentele studie is 19 nuwe ammonium karboksilaat soute gekristaliseer, waarvan 2 hidraat-soute en 2 ko-kristal-van-soute is. Die eksperimentele resultate bevestig die bevindings van die CSD ondersoek, en dit word bespreek in Hoofstuk 4. Hierdie studie het gevind dat die beginsel van „ring-stacking‟ en „ring-laddering‟ kan in „n algemene vorm in die kristal strukture van organiese ammonium karboksilaat soute toegepas word. Die grootte van die katioon en anion in hierdie soute het ‟n beduidende effek op die vorming van strukturele motiewe in die vaste toestand. Interaksie tussen die katioon en anioon substituente speel „n belangrike rol in die vorming van spesifieke motiewe in ammonium karbosilaat soute.

MSc dissertation School of Chemistry Faculty of Science 0004984F / Many azapolycyclic aromatic ring systems, whether they are naturally occurring or synthetically made, display important biological activities. One important class of naturally occurring azapolycyclic aromatic ring systems are the dibenzopyrrocoline alkaloids, which contain an indole ring fused to an isoquinoline moiety, where they share a common nitrogen. The basic skeleton of these alkaloids is the indolo[2,1-a]isoquinoline nucleus. Both the dibenzopyrrocoline alkaloids and the indolo[2,1-a]isoquinolines have been found to inhibit tubulin polymerization and thus possess antitumour and antileukemic activities. In our laboratories, a variety of indolo[2,1-a]isoquinolines, for example 5,12- dimethyl-6-phenylindolo[2,1-a]isoquinoline, have been synthesized using the Suzuki-Miyaura cross coupling reaction and reaction conditions for the formation of aromatic rings (KOBut in DMF and a light source – developed in our laboratories) as key steps. In this dissertation we discuss the synthesis of (±)-5,6-dihydro-6-phenylindolo[2,1-a]isoquinolin-5-ol and ethyl indolo[2,1- a]isoquinoline-6-carboxylate using these reaction conditions as our key steps. The syntheses commenced with the N-protection of isatin with a benzyl and an ethyl acetate group to afford 1-benzylindoline-2,3-dione and ethyl 2-(2,3- dioxoindolin-1-yl)acetate respectively. The next step was the synthesis of the brominated compounds 1-benzyl-2-bromo-1H-indole and ethyl 2-(2-bromo- 1H-indol-1-yl)acetate by means of a functional group interconversion of the oxygen in the 3-position to two chlorine atoms, followed by hydrodehalogenation, using zinc in AcOH, and then bromination, using POBr3 in CH2Cl2. Having obtained the brominated compounds we went on and coupled them with 2-formylphenylboronic acid using the Suzuki-Miyaura cross coupling reaction to obtain the coupled products 2-(1-benzyl-1H-indol-2- yl)benzaldehyde and ethyl 2-(2-(2-formylphenyl)-1H-indol-1-yl)acetate in 92 and 77% yield, respectively. Aromatisation of ethyl 2-(2-(2-formylphenyl)-1Hindol- 1-yl)acetate to ethyl indolo[2,1-a]isoquinoline-6-carboxylate occurred smoothly in 2 minutes using 10 mol % KOBut in DMF at room temperature. Using the same reaction conditions on 2-(1-benzyl-1H-indol-2- yl)benzaldehyde to form 6-phenylindolo-[2,1-a]isoquino-line resulted in (±)- 5,6-dihydro-6-phenylindolo[2,1-a]iso-quinolin-5-ol being obtained in 75% yield (7:3 ratio of anti:syn). An attempt to dehydrate this compound using p-TSA in CH2Cl2 in the presence of molecular sieves was not successful. Time constraints prevented any further attempts at dehydrating (±)-5,6-dihydro-6- phenylindolo[2,1-a]iso-quinolin-5-ol. In conclusion, we managed to synthesize (±)-5,6-dihydro-6-phenylindolo[2,1- a]isoquinolin-5-ol and ethyl indolo[2,1-a]isoquinoline-6-carboxylate using the Suzuki-Miyaura cross coupling reaction and specific reaction conditions, using the base KOtBu, for the formation of aromatic rings, both as key steps.

No presente trabalho foram realizados estudos de regiosseletividade das reações de abertura de 2,3-epoxipropanoato de etila (1) utilizando diferentes nucleófilos de selênio e algumas dessas reações foram desenvolvidas com a adição do ácido de Lewis trifluoreto de boro dietil éter (BF3·Et2O). A abertura desse oxirano ao utilizar os nucleófilos MeSeMgCl e MeSeLi-BF3·Et2O ocorreu seletivamente no Carbono C-3 formando o composto de interesse (3-metilseleno 2-hidroxipropanoato de etila), já ao utilizar MeSeLi (em ausência ácido de Lewis) a abertura procedeu-se seletivamente no carbono C-2 formando 2-metilseleno-3-hidroxipropanoato de etila. A reação com o nucleófilo (Na[PhSeB(OEt)3]) levou à mistura desses regioisômeros. O ácido de Lewis BF3·Et2O em presença do selenolato levou a inversão de regiosseletividade da reação de abertura do epóxido 1 e a razão estequiométrica de BF3·Et2O adicionada ao meio reacional correspondeu, proporcionalmente, a porcentagem de obtenção do produto de abertura em C-3 (Tabela 1). Os resultados obtidos sugeriram que BF3·Et2O altera a nucleofilicidade do selenolato (RMN de 77Se) a partir de uma interação selênio-boro. A formação da ligação Se-B pode ocorrer com ou sem a liberação de fluoreto e esse mecanismo foi investigado por meio do emprego de uma sonda fluorescente seletiva desse haleto. O mecanismo dessas reações também foram investigados por cálculos teóricos, os quais mostram-se totalmente coerentes com os resultados experimentais. / In the present work was studied reactions of regioselective opening of 2,3-epoxyester using different selenolatos and some of this reactions were developed by adding Lewis acid BF3·Et2O. The opening reaction of this oxirane using the nucleofilms MeSeMgCl and MeSeLi-BF3·Et2O occurred selectively in carbon C-3 forming the compound of interest (ethyl 3-methylselene 2-hydroxypropanoato of ethyl), already using MeSeLi (in Lewis acid absence) the reaction was selectively on C-2 carbon to form ethyl 2-methylselene-3-hydroxypropanoate. The reaction with the nucleophile (Na[PhSeB(OEt)3]) formed a mixing of these regioisomers. The Lewis acid BF3·Et2O in presence of selenolate reverses the regioselectivity of opening epoxide (1) reaction and the stoichiometric value of BF3·Et2O added in the reaction corresponded proportionally with the percentage of C-3 product (Table 1). The results suggested that BF3·Et2O alters the nucleophilicity of selenolate (77Se NMR) from a selenium-boron interaction. Se-B bond formation may occur with or without fluoride release and this mechanism has been investigated by the use of a selective fluorescent probe of that halide. The mechanism of these reactions was also investigated by theoretical calculations, which are fully consistent with the experimental results.

Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Synthese von Kupfer(I)- und Silber(I)- Carboxylaten der Form [MO2CR] und [LmMO2CR] (L = 2-Elektronen-Donorligand; m = 1, 2, 3; M = Cu, Ag; R = org. Rest). Die Verwendung dieser Komplexe zur Abscheidung von Metallen wird anhand ausgewählter Verbindungen mittels unterschiedlicher Abscheideprozesse beschrieben. Die Darstellung von neuartigen Ethinylferrocen-funktionalisierten Phosphanen und deren Koordinationsverhalten in Bezug auf Übergangsmetalle ebenfalls Thema der Arbeit. Das elektrochemische Verhalten wurde mittels Cyclovoltammetrie näher untersucht und der Einsatz von Ethinylferrocen-funktionalisierten Phosphan-Palladium(II)-Komplexen in der Suzuki- Miyaura- und Heck-Mizoroki-Kreuzkupplungsreaktion getestet. 2,2’-Bipyrimidin als Chelat- bzw. als μ-1,2,3,4-verbrückender Ligand ist in der Lage heterotetrametallische Übergangsmetallkomplexe mit z. B. Platin(II)-Bisalkinyleinheiten zu bilden. An ausgewählten Verbindungen werden die elektrochemischen Eigenschaften vorgestellt. Weiterer Bestandteil dieser Arbeit ist die Synthese und Charakterisierung von heterobimetallischen Komplexen aufgegriffen, in welchen frühe und späte Übergangsmetalle über eine Fulvalenideinheit verknüpft sind.

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