O processo de envelhecimento está associado a alterações fisiológicas que podem comprometer a capacidade funcional, importante preditor de desfechos negativos na velhice. A prática regular de atividades físicas, por sua vez, é um importante fator para o envelhecimento saudável, pois contribui para a manutenção da capacidade funcional e melhor qualidade de vida. O método Pilates tem sido utilizado para melhorar diferentes aspectos da capacidade física de idosos, porém há escassez de estudos de alta qualidade que possam esclarecer melhor seus efeitos. Desta forma, o objetivo desta dissertação é investigar os efeitos do método Pilates no desempenho físico-funcional de idosos. Para isso, o presente trabalho é constituído por dois estudos: 1) revisão sistemática e meta-análise sobre os efeitos da modalidade de solo e 2) delineamento e piloto de um protocolo de ensaio clínico controlado e randomizado dos efeitos da modalidade de equipamentos. A revisão sistemática da literatura e meta-análise foi realizada a partir de pesquisas nas bases de dados da MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, Scielo e PEDro. Foram identificados 518 estudos em potencial, porém apenas 9 atenderam a todos os critérios de inclusão. A qualidade dos estudos e o nível da evidência científica foram avaliados por meio da escala PEDro e da síntese de melhor evidência, respectivamente. A meta-análise foi conduzida com o software Review Manager 5.3. Apenas cinco estudos foram considerados de alta qualidade metodológica. O Pilates de solo apresentou efeito grande para equilíbrio dinâmico (SMD=1,10, 95%IC=0,29-1,90), força muscular (SMD=1,13, 95%IC=0,30-1,96), flexibilidade (SMD=1,22, 95%IC=0,39-2,04) e capacidade/resistência aeróbia (SMD=1,48, 95%IC=0,42-2,54). Os resultados sugerem que o Pilates de solo pode ter efeitos positivos no equilíbrio dinâmico, força muscular de membros inferiores, flexibilidade de quadril/coluna lombar e resistência aeróbia de idosos. Já o protocolo de ensaio clínico controlado e randomizado foi delineado de acordo com as recomendações do SPIRIT. Após a aprovação do estudo pelo comitê de ética, 40 voluntários com 60 anos ou mais, residentes na cidade de São José dos Campos, serão avaliados e distribuídos aleatoriamente entre os grupos controle e Pilates. O grupo controle será orientado a manter suas atividades cotidianas e o grupo Pilates será submetido ao programa de intervenção no equipamento especializado chair, 2x/semana, 60 min/sessão, durante 16 semanas. Será estabelecido como desfecho primário medidas de desempenho físico-funcional em testes de equilíbrio (Timed Up and Go TUG e velocidade da marcha), força muscular (sentar e levantar da cadeira de 5 repetições 5STS), resistência aeróbia (caminhada de 6 minutos) e performance global (Short Physical Performance Battery). Após o período de treinamento, todos os idosos serão reavaliados e os dados analisados conforme as melhores indicações estatísticas. O nível de significância será de p0,05. No teste piloto, cinco idosos (4 mulheres e 1 homem, idade média de 70 ±6,25 anos) foram submetidos ao protocolo supracitado, por 10 semanas. Foi observado efeito grande do Pilates chair para equilibro dinâmico (TUG, g=0,92) e força de membros inferiores (5STS, g=0,93). Com base nos resultados do piloto, espera-se esclarecer sobre os benefícios do Pilates no desempenho físico-funcional de idosos e as melhores indicações para esta população / The aging process is associated with physiological changes that may compromise functional capacity, an important predictor of negative outcomes at old age. The regular physical activity, in turn, is an important factor for healthy aging, as it contributes to the maintenance of functional capacity and a better quality of life. The Pilates method has been used to improve different aspects of the physical capacity of older adults, but there are few high-quality studies that confirm its effects. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the Pilates method on the physical-functional performance of older adults. For this purpose, the present master thesis was composed of two studies: 1) a systematic review and meta-analysis on the effects of mat modality and 2) a pilot and experimental design of a randomized controlled clinical trial of the effects of the apparatus modality. The systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis was performed based on searches in the MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, Scielo and PEDro databases. A total of 518 potential studies were identified, but only 9 met all inclusion criteria. The quality of the studies and the level of scientific evidence were evaluated through the PEDro scale and the best evidence synthesis, respectively. The meta-analysis was conducted with Review Manager software 5.3. Only five studies were considered of high methodological quality. The mat Pilates presented great effect for dynamic balance (SMD=1.10, 95%CI=0.29-1.90), muscle strength (SMD=1.13, 95% CI=0.30-1.96), flexibility (SMD=1.22, 95%CI=0.39-2.04) and aerobic capacity/resistance (SMD=1.48, 95%CI=0.42-2.54). The results suggest that mat Pilates has positive effects on dynamic balance, lower limb muscle strength, hip/lumbar spine flexibility and aerobic endurance of older adults. The randomized controlled clinical trial protocol was delineated according to SPIRIT recommendations. After approval of the study by the ethics committee, 40 volunteers aged 60 years and over, living in the city of São José dos Campos, will be evaluated and randomly allocated between the control and Pilates groups. The control group will be advised to maintain their daily activities and the Pilates group will be submitted to the intervention program in a specialized apparatus (Chair), 2x/week, 60 min/session, for 16 weeks. Physical-functional performance in balance (Time up and go-TUG and gait speed), muscular strength (5 times sit to stand-5STS), aerobic resistance (6-minute walk) and overall performance (Short Physical Performance Battery) tests were be considered as primary outcomes. After the training period, all older adults will be reevaluated and the data analyzed according to the best statistical indications. The level of significance will be set at p0.05. In the pilot test, five older adults (4 women and 1 man, mean age 70 ± 6.25 years old) were submitted to the aforementioned protocol for 10 weeks. It was observed a great effect of the Pilates chair on dynamic balance (TUG, g = 0.92) and lower limb strength (5STS, g = 0.93). Based on the pilot\'s results, it is expected to clarify the benefits of Pilates in the physical-functional performance of older adults and the best indications for this population

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Os objetivos do presente estudo foram analisar os efeitos dos videogames interativos Kinect Adventures comparados com a fisioterapia convencional por meio de um treinamento multimodal no controle postural, na marcha, na aptidão cardiorrespiratória e na cognição de idosos da comunidade e verificar a duração dos efeitos das intervenções após 30 dias de seguimento. Tratou-se de um ensaio clínico aleatorizado e cego. Participaram do estudo 50 idosos que foram aleatorizados entre grupo controle e grupo experimental, 25 em cada grupo. Todos os sujeitos foram submetidos a 14 sessões de intervenção, duas vezes por semana, por sete semanas. O grupo controle realizou treinamento multimodal, que incluiu aquecimento, treinamento de equilíbrio estático e dinâmico, condicionamento físico, treinamento de força muscular, treinamento de coordenação motora, flexibilidade muscular e desaquecimento. O grupo experimental praticou quatro jogos do Kinect Adventures, cinco tentativas de cada jogo por sessão. Todos os participantes foram submetidos a três avaliações: inicial (pré), final (pós) e trinta dias após as intervenções (seguimento), realizadas por um avaliador cego em relação ás intervenções. O desfecho primário do estudo foi o controle postural, avaliado por meio do Mini-Balance Evaluation Systems Test. Os desfechos secundários foram: (1) marcha, avaliada por meio Functional Gait Assessment; (2) aptidão cardiorrespiratória, avaliada por meio do Teste do Degrau de seis minutos e (3) cognição, avaliada por meio da Avaliação Cognitiva de Montreal. A análise estatística foi realizada por meio da ANOVA de medidas repetidas e do teste de pós hoc de Tukey para a verificação de possíveis diferenças entre os grupos e avaliações. Foi adotado alfa de 0,05. Não houve diferença entre os grupos após as intervenções e no seguimento em todos os desfechos. Ambos os grupos apresentaram melhora no controle postural, na marcha e na cognição após as intervenções (testes de Pós hoc de Tukey, P < 0,05). Em relação à aptidão cardiorrespiratória, o grupo experimental apresentou melhora após a intervenção e manutenção dos resultados no período de seguimento. Já o grupo controle apresentou melhora somente no período de seguimento. Conclui-se que ambas as intervenções podem proporcionar efeitos positivos no controle postural, na marcha na aptidão cardiorrespiratória e na cognição de idosos da comunidade, sem superioridade entre elas / The objectives of the present study were to analyze the effects of Kinect Adventures interactive videogames compared to conventional physiotherapy through multimodal training in postural control, gait, cardiorespiratory fitness and cognition of the elderly in the community and to verify the duration of the effects of the interventions after 30 days of follow-up. It was a randomized, blinded clinical trial. Fifty elderly individuals who were randomized between the control group and the experimental group participated in the study, 25 in each group. All subjects underwent 14 intervention sessions, twice a week, for seven weeks. The control group performed multimodal training, which included warm-up, static and dynamic balance training, physical conditioning, muscle strength training, motor coordination training, muscle flexibility and cooling. The experimental group practiced four games of Kinect Adventures, five attempts of each game per session. All participants were submitted to three evaluations: initial (pre), final (post) and thirty days after the interventions (follow-up), performed by a blind evaluator in relation to the interventions. The primary endpoint of the study was postural control, evaluated through the Mini-Balance Evaluation Systems Test. The secondary outcomes were: (1) gait assessed by Functional Gait Assessment; (2) cardiorespiratory fitness assessed by the Six-Minute Step Test and (3) cognition assessed through the Montreal Cognitive Assessment. Statistical analysis was performed using repeated measures ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test to verify possible differences between groups and evaluations. Alpha of 0.05 was adopted. There was no difference between the groups after the interventions and in the follow-up in all the outcomes. Both groups showed improvement in control, gait and cognition after the interventions (Tukey Post hoc tests, P < 0.05). Regarding cardiorespiratory fitness, the experimental group presented improvement after the intervention and maintenance of the results in the follow-up period. The control group showed improvement only in the follow-up period. It is concluded that both interventions can provide positive effects on postural control, gait in cardiorespiratory fitness and on the cognition of elderly in the community, without any superiority between them

Physical inactivity and obesity, both of which are modifiable cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, increase substantially during the transition from adolescence to young adulthood. CVD is the 5th leading cause of death in people ages 18 to 29. This disease has enormous social and financial repercussions; however, many college age students do not see chronic disease as a personal threat. Few researchers have examined chronic disease risk in young adults or used a consistent, objective measurement of physical activity. A pre-post, quasi-experimental study was conducted to evaluate the association between a health and fitness class, physical education 215 (PHED 215) and chronic disease risk, cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) level, body fat percentage, self-motivation, exercise self-efficacy, and transtheoretical model (TTM) physical activity stage of change progression among male and female college students (n = 64). The TTM was utilized as the theoretical framework for this study. Secondary data were analyzed via descriptive statistics, paired t test (or Wilcoxon signed-rank test if data were not normal), and Bowker's test of symmetry. Results showed a statistically significant association between PHED 215 and 2 dependent variables: cardiorespiratory fitness level (p = 0.0001) and progressive movement through the TTM stages of change (p = 0.0061). Because college age students are shaping their adult behaviors, positive health change adopted during this critical time could increase CRF, establish lifelong exercise habits, improve quality of life, and delay and decrease obesity risk and chronic disease and related costs. While further study in different settings is warranted, PHED 215 could be used as a blueprint for other interventions in the education, community, and healthcare settings.

Rates of obesity (OB) are escalating among Canadian children and youth and the obesogenic environment is likely to cause further increases. An important aspect in providing clinical care to OB children is to have accurate assessment measures, particularly of their body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness. This project entails three interrelated projects aiming to develop novel cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition measurement techniques for an OB pediatric population. The purpose of the first project was to validate a new submaximal fitness protocol specifically geared towards OB children and youth. The second objective of this thesis involved assessing cardiorespiratory efficiency utilizing the Oxygen Uptake efficiency slope. The purpose of the third project was to determine the validity of a half-body scan methodology for measuring body composition in obese children and youth. The goal of developing these novel measurement techniques is improved design and evaluation of interventions aimed at managing pediatric obesity.

Rates of obesity (OB) are escalating among Canadian children and youth and the obesogenic environment is likely to cause further increases. An important aspect in providing clinical care to OB children is to have accurate assessment measures, particularly of their body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness. This project entails three interrelated projects aiming to develop novel cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition measurement techniques for an OB pediatric population. The purpose of the first project was to validate a new submaximal fitness protocol specifically geared towards OB children and youth. The second objective of this thesis involved assessing cardiorespiratory efficiency utilizing the Oxygen Uptake efficiency slope. The purpose of the third project was to determine the validity of a half-body scan methodology for measuring body composition in obese children and youth. The goal of developing these novel measurement techniques is improved design and evaluation of interventions aimed at managing pediatric obesity.

Rates of obesity (OB) are escalating among Canadian children and youth and the obesogenic environment is likely to cause further increases. An important aspect in providing clinical care to OB children is to have accurate assessment measures, particularly of their body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness. This project entails three interrelated projects aiming to develop novel cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition measurement techniques for an OB pediatric population. The purpose of the first project was to validate a new submaximal fitness protocol specifically geared towards OB children and youth. The second objective of this thesis involved assessing cardiorespiratory efficiency utilizing the Oxygen Uptake efficiency slope. The purpose of the third project was to determine the validity of a half-body scan methodology for measuring body composition in obese children and youth. The goal of developing these novel measurement techniques is improved design and evaluation of interventions aimed at managing pediatric obesity.

Human health is a complex and wide-ranging subject far beyond nutrition and physical exercise. Still, these factors have a huge impact on global health by their ability to prevent diseases and thus promote health. Thus, to identify health risks and benefits, it is necessary to reveal the underlying mechanisms of nutrition and exercise, which in many cases follows a complex chain of events. As a consequence, current health research is generating massive amounts of data from anthropometric parameters, genes, proteins, small molecules (metabolites) et cetera, with the intent to understand these mechanisms. For the study of health responses, especially related to physical exercise and nutrition, alterations in small molecules (metabolites) are in most cases immediate and located close to the phenotypic level and could therefore provide early signs of metabolic imbalances. Since there are roughly as many different responses to exercise and nutrients as there are humans, this quest is highly multifaceted and will benefit from an interpretation of treatment effects on a general as well as on an individual level. This thesis involves the application of chemometric methods to the study of global metabolic reactions, i.e. metabolomics, in a strategy coined predictive metabolomics. Via the application of predictive metabolomics an extensive hypothesis-free biological interpretation has been carried out of metabolite patterns in blood, acquired using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), related to physical exercise, nutrition and diet, all in the context of human health. In addition, the chemometrics methodology have computational benefits concerning the extraction of relevant information from information-rich data as well as for interpreting general treatment effects and individual responses, as exemplified throughout this work. Health concerns all lifestages, thus this thesis presents a strategic framework in combination with comprehensive interpretations of metabolite patterns throughout life. This includes a broad range of human studies revealing metabolic patterns related to the impact of physical exercise, macronutrient modulation and different fitness status in young healthy males, short and long term dietary treatments in overweight post menopausal women as well as metabolic responses related to probiotics treatment and early development in infants. As a result, the studies included in the thesis have revealed metabolic patterns potentially indicative of an anti-catabolic response to macronutrients in the early recovery phase following exercise. Moreover, moderate differences in the metabolome associated with cardiorespiratory fitness level were detected, which could be linked to variation in the inflammatory and antioxidaive defense system. This work also highlighted mechanistic information that could be connected to dietary related weight loss in overweight and obese postmenopausal women in relation to short as well as long term dietary effects based on different macronutrient compositions. Finally, alterations were observed in metabolic profiles in relation to probiotics treatment in the second half of infancy, suggesting possible health benefits of probiotics supplementation at an early age. / Embargo until 2012-06-01

Submitted by Franciele Moreira (francielemoreyra@gmail.com) on 2018-09-04T15:37:43Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Marcelo Henrique Silva - 2018.pdf: 1512262 bytes, checksum: 0c1d4b041db8f6a09d324c78b4dd0338 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-09-05T11:18:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Marcelo Henrique Silva - 2018.pdf: 1512262 bytes, checksum: 0c1d4b041db8f6a09d324c78b4dd0338 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-05T11:18:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Marcelo Henrique Silva - 2018.pdf: 1512262 bytes, checksum: 0c1d4b041db8f6a09d324c78b4dd0338 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-06-12 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Introductions: Traditionally, stimuli for increased strength and cardiorespiratory fitness are prescribed separately based on the different characteristics of the modalities and the adaptations that each promotes. This separation has been questioned by recent studies that suggest that the intensity with which the exercise is performed seems to generate greater influence than the equipment involved. Based on this assumption, the adaptations promoted by physical exercise should be related to the effort and not to the modality in question. Thus, the objective of the present study was to compare the changes in muscle strength and cardiorespiratory fitness promoted by strength and aerobic training, with similar duration. Methods: 25 men (28.9 ± 5.6 years) with experience in strength training (6.6 ± 5.6 years of training) performed a cardiorespiratory effort test and 10 maximal repetitions in knee extensor. After the tests, the participants were randomly divided into a cycle (4 sets of 30 "sprints on stationary bicycle) and Leg Press (4 sets of 10-12 maximum repetitions), three times a week with three minutes and a half interval between sets for 5 weeks. After the training period, the tests were repeated. Results: The peak oxygen consumption ( 2peak) increased 10.2% (p = 0.012) in the BIC group, a significantly higher result when compared to the LP (p = 0.023). Regarding BIC and LP strength levels, there were increases of 17.7 and 22.9%, respectively (p <0.05), with no differences between groups (p = 0.614). Conclusion: The results of the present study suggest that performing sprint in cycle ergometer is more efficient than strength training in leg press because it presented similar increase in strength levels besides a significantly higher increase in cardiorespiratory fitness. / Introdução: Tradicionalmente os estímulos para aumento de força e de condicionamento cardiorrespiratório são prescritos separadamente com base nas diferentes características das modalidades e nas adaptações que cada uma promove. Essa separação vem sendo questionada por estudos recentes que sugerem que a intensidade com que o exercício é realizado parece gerar maior influência que os equipamentos envolvidos. Com base nessa suposição, as adaptações promovidas pelo exercício físico devem estar relacionadas ao esforço e não à modalidade em questão. Com isso o objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar as alterações na força muscular e no condicionamento cardiorrespiratório promovidos pelo treinamento de força e aeróbio, com duração similar. Métodos: 25 homens (28,9 ± 5,6 anos) com experiência em treinamento de força (6,6 ± 5,6 anos de treino) realizaram teste de esforço cardiorrespiratório e de 10 repetições máximas em cadeira extensora. Após os testes, os participantes foram aleatoriamente divididos em Bicicleta estacionária (BIC) (4 séries de sprints de 30”) e Leg press (LP) (4 séries de 10-12 repetições máximas), três vezes por semana com intervalo de três minutos e meio entre as séries, durante 5 semanas. Após o período de treino, os testes foram repetidos. Resultados: O consumo pico de oxigênio ( 2pico) aumentou 10,2% (p = 0,012) no grupo BIC, resultado significativamente superior quando comparado ao LP (p = 0,023). Com relação aos níveis de força BIC e LP apresentaram aumentos de 17,7 e 22,9% respectivamente (p < 0,05) sem diferenças entre os grupos (p = 0,614). Conclusão: Os resultados do presente estudo sugerem que a realização de sprint em ciclo ergômetro apresentou aumento similar nos níveis de força em comparação ao leg press, além de aumento significativamente superior no condicionamento cardiorrespiratório.

A síndrome de Down (SD) é a alteração cromossômica mais comum nos seres humanos e traz consigo algumas co-morbidades como: hipotonia muscular, baixo condicionamento cardiorrespiratório e obesidade. A prática de exercícios físicos diminui o risco desses fatores, o que pode contribuir para melhora da qualidade de vida e autonomia dessas pessoas. Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o impacto de um programa de exercícios físicos para pessoas com síndrome de Down. Participaram desse estudo 21 pessoas com SD com idades entre 18 e 32 anos. Foram avaliados: adesão ao programa, condicionamento cardiorrespiratório, força muscular, composição corporal, equilíbrio postural, nível de atividade física diário dos participantes da pesquisa e de seus principais cuidadores e a correlação entre estes, o risco para Síndrome da Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono (SAOS) e as principais barreiras que influenciavam essas famílias a adotarem a prática de exercício físico. Houve boa adesão ao programa. Os resultados mostraram aumento da força muscular, melhora no condicionamento cardiorrespiratório e equilíbrio postural. Não houve diferença para composição corporal e no nível de atividade física dos participantes e de seus principais cuidadores no pós-programa. Houve correlação moderada em atividade física moderada e vigorosa (AFMV) e correlação forte em passos diários entre os participantes e seus principais cuidadores. A falta de tempo disponível, de condições financeiras, falta de incentivo e de interesse em praticar exercício foram fatores mencionados pelos principais cuidadores como os mais impeditivos para inclusão do exercício físico em seu cotidiano. Conclui-se que a prática de exercícios traz benefícios à saúde das pessoas com SD, e que há correlação positiva no nível de atividade física das pessoas com SD e de seus principais cuidadores / The Down syndrome (DS) is the most common chromosomal alteration in humans and brings some comorbidities such as muscle hypotonia, low physical conditioning and obesity. Physical exercise reduces these risk factors, which can contribute to the improvement of quality of life and autonomy of DS individuals. This study aim evaluate the impact of physical exercise program in individuals with DS. Twenty one DS individuals with 18-32 years old were evaluated in: adherence to the program, cardiorespiratory fitness, muscle strength, body composition, balance, level of physical activity, the risk for sleep apnea syndrome and the information about the obstacles that influenced these caregivers and the DS to adhere to regular exercise in their daily. After physical exercise program, were observed increase in muscle strength, cardiorespiratory fitness and balance. The body composition and physical activity level of the participants and their caregivers not changed, and there was a moderate correlation between in the moderate vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and strong correlation steps day between the participants and the carevigers. The lack of available time, financial conditions, lack of incentive and interest in practicing exercise was factors impeding to include exercise in their daily. It was concluded that the practice of exercise brings benefits to the health of people with DS, and that there is a correlation of physical activity and people of their caregivers