The thesis deals with stuttering in adulthood. The first part provides a theoretical basis for using professional literature. It contains theme of communication, communication disorders, stuttering (terminology, incidence, etiology and symptomatology, classification, diagnosis and therapy of selected techniques for adult age), and the International Stuttering Awareness Day. Another theme of the work is the employment of people with stuttering. Thesis also includes advice on how to talk to stutterers and guide phoning for stutterers. The practical part contains its own investigation, processing and results. KEY WORDS Communication, Stuttering, Poeple who stutter, Stuttering in adult age, International Stuttering Awareness Day, Stutterer and career choice

The choice of a career is an important decision that a person has to make in his life. The purpose of this study was to identify factors at play at the time that learners' have to commit themselves to chosen career paths. From the literature it became,evident that there exists an interplay between personal and situational factors. This interplay results in the formation of a certain identity which is later actualised in a chosen career. The empirical study revealed that factors like the type of school attended, the school curriculum the socio-economic location of the school and the availability of guidance services played an important role in the choice of a career. Family factors and other factors such as prestige and remuneration were also influential. It appeared however that the level of a learner's career maturity would be a major factor influencing career identity formation, choice and subsequent satisfaction. / Summaries in English and Afrikaans / Een van die belangrike besluite wat In mens moet maak in sy lewe is die van In beroepskeuse. Die doel van hierdie ondersoek was om die faktore te identifiseer wat In rol speel gedurende die tyd wanneer leerders hulself verbind tot In gekose loopbaan. Uit die literatuur blyk dit dot daar In wisselwerking best a an tussen persoonlikeen omstandigheidsfaktore. Hierdie wisselwerking lei tot die vorming van In sekere identiteit wat later verwesenlik word in In gekose beroep. Die empiriese ondersoek toon dot faktore soos die tipe skool bygewoon, die kurrikulum, die sosio-ekonomiese ligging van die skool en die beskikbaarheid van voorligtingsdienste In belangrike rol gespeel het in die keuse van In beroep. Gesinsfaktore en onder faktore soos aansien en vergoeding het ook 'n rol gespeel. Dit het veral geblyk dot die vlak van die leerder se beroepsvolwassenheid In aansienlike faktor was wat beroepsidentiteitsvorming, keuse en die daaropvolgende beroepsbevrediging, be'invloed het. / Psychology of Education / M.Ed. (guidance and Counselling)

Ursprünglich wurde die Theorie des geplanten Verhaltens (TPB) als suffizient bezeichnet, das heißt: 1.) Alleinige Determinanten der Einstellung, der subjektiven Norm und der wahrgenommenen Verhaltenskontrolle seien Überzeugungen und Bewertungen. 2.) Alleinige Determinanten der Intention seien die Einstellung, die subjektive Norm und die wahrgenommene Verhaltenskontrolle. 3.) Alleinige Determinanten des Verhaltens seien die Intention und für den Fall, dass sie gut mit der tatsächlichen Verhaltenskontrolle übereinstimmt, die wahrgenommene Verhaltenskontrolle. Das Kernziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war ein umfassender Test der Suffizienzannahme der TPB bezüglich der Vorhersage der Verhaltensintention, weil diese aufgrund einer Vielzahl von Untersuchungen, die unabhängige Effekte jeweils einzelner, zusätzlicher Prädiktoren erbracht hatten, zunehmend in die Kritik geraten war. Für einen umfassenden Test mussten alle wesentlichen in der Forschungsliteratur im Sinne potentiell zusätzlicher Intentionsprädiktoren diskutierten Konstrukte gemeinsam untersucht werden. Konkret waren dies die wahrgenommene moralische Verpflichtung, das antizipierte Bedauern, die soziale Identität, mehrere Selbstidentitäten und Erfahrung mit Aspekten des Zielverhaltens. Außerdem wurde das Konzept der wahrgenommenen Verhaltenskontrolle in Selbstwirksamkeit und wahrgenommene externe Hindernisse als interne und externe Aspekte von Verhaltenskontrolle ausdifferenziert. Eine Stichprobe deutscher Studierender der Forstwirtschaft (N = 149) wurde per Fragebogen hinsichtlich ihrer Karriereintention (für oder gegen die Aufnahme einer Tätigkeit in der sub-/tropischen Entwicklungszusammenarbeit) untersucht. Bezüglich der Suffizienz der Intentionsvorhersage ergab sich: 1.) Alle bislang nur getrennt untersuchten zusätzlichen Intentionsprädiktoren konnten in konfirmatorischen Faktorenanalysen mit zwei eher weniger bedeutsamen Ausnahmen empirisch klar voneinander und von den klassischen Konstrukten der TPB unterschieden werden. Hinter ihnen verbirgt sich also nicht jeweils ein und derselbe Wirkfaktor. 2.) Bei simultaner Untersuchung aller Prädiktoren verbesserten die direkte Erfahrung mit Aspekten des Zielverhaltens und die persönliche Norm die Intentionsvorhersage signifikant. Der durch sie zusätzlich aufgeklärte Anteil an Kriteriumsvarianz fällt mit 3% jedoch gering aus. Die anderenorts prädiktionsstarken Identitätskonzepte leisteten keine weiteren Vorhersagebeiträge. Dies wird aus dreierlei Perspektive diskutiert: a) Publication Bias, b) Priming-Effekte durch die Befragung selbst und c) Kontextabhängigkeit der Vorhersagekraft der einzelnen Prädiktoren. 3.) Neben den oder anstelle der Haupteffekte der verschiedenen Konstrukte gab es bei der Vorhersage der Verhaltensintention keinerlei Interaktionseffekte der potentiell zusätzlichen Prädiktoren untereinander und mit den klassischen Prädiktoren der TPB. Bezüglich der exemplarisch mituntersuchten Suffizienz der Vorhersage der globalen Intentionsprädiktoren ergab sich: 4.) Im Widerspruch zu den Annahmen der TPB trugen Werthaltungen als theorie-externe Variablen direkt, also nicht durch Überzeugungen und Bewertungen vermittelt, zur Vorhersage der Einstellung zum Verhalten und der subjektiven Norm bei. Direkte Beiträge theorie-externer Variablen zur Vorhersage der Verhaltenskontrolle waren hingegen nicht zu konstatieren. / Initially the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) was considered sufficient, that is: (1) The only determinants of attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioral control be beliefs and evaluations. (2) The only determinants of intentions be attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioral control. (3) The only determinants of behavior be intention and?if in accordance with objective behavioral control?perceived behavioral control. The main objective of the work presented here was a comprehensive test of the TPB's sufficiency assumption regarding the prediction of intention since it is this aspect that has come under growing critisism due to a large number of studies yielding independent effects of single additional predictors. A comprehensive test required all potentially additional predictors discussed in the literature to be included. Those were social identity, several self-identities, perceived moral obligation, anticipated regret, and experience with aspects of the target behavior. Furthermore perceived behavioral control was decomposed into self-efficacy and perceived external barriers as internal and external aspects of behavioral control. German forestry students (N = 149) were surveyed by means of questionnaires regarding their career intention to take up or not take up a development aid job in (sub-)tropical forestry. With respect to prediction of intention the following could be shown: (1) All so far only separately examined additional predictors of intention were empirically clearly distinguishable from one another and from the classical TPB predictors of intention by means of confirmatory factor analyses. Two exceptions were of just minor importance. (2) Simultaneous examination of all predictors produced a significant increase in explained variance in intention attributable to direct experience with aspects of the target behavior and to personal norm. The 3% increase in explained variance is to be assessed as small yet. The identity constructs, which had been strong predictors elsewhere, produced no contributions. This is discussed from three perspectives: a) publication bias, b) priming effects due to the survey itself, and c) context dependence of the respective constructs' prediction power. (3) There were no interaction effects between any two predictors of the classical and the additional set above or instead of any main effect. Investigation of the sufficiency of beliefs and evaluations as the only determinants of the global intention predictors' was exemplarily included in the study. (4) Contrary to TPB's assumptions, values as theory external variables contributed directly, i. e. not mediated by beliefs or evaluations, to the prediction of attitude and subjective norm but not so to the prediction of behavioral control.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 2009. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

No description available.

This study explores the moderating variables that influence a student's decisions to enter into a hospitality management programme and subsequently pursue a career in the hospitality industry. It also examines how these factors are implicated in or modify a student's career commitment over time. The sample includes students enrolling in various three year (6 semester) diploma and undergraduate programme offered by Malaysian hospitality institutions of higher learning over the academic years of 2002- 2003. This includes four public or government funded institutions with several branch campuses, and six private institutions. Predominantly the data for this study based are on self completion questionnaires with some additional insight particularly about respondents' direction of industry employment provided by means of qualitative responses. The initial comparisons are made between students in the public and private institutions and these are followed by an extensive series of analyses examining the differences and similarities of respondents' rating in the two rounds of data collection with reference to a range of independent variables. Also reported are how these ratings change over time. Significant differences were found in terms of parental socio-economic background between students who enrolled in the private and those in the public hospitality institutions. Nevertheless, for the key issues as to whether parental backgrounds lead to differences in respondents' attitudes and values about a career in hospitality this was not seen as an influencing determinant for both institutions. Further, the independent variables of gender, ethnicity, religion and geographical upbringing, secondary school background and prior experience do not clearly show causation of how students reports their views about the dimensions investigated in this study. In fact, students' levels of intention and commitment towards career are apparently not directly related to these independent variables. However, despite no clear pre-tertiary education indicators of likely disaffection being identified, a very clear picture emerged in this study that there is a declining sentiment among Malaysian hospitality students towards employment in the hospitality industry and reduced intention to pursue such a career. These weakened employment intentions are formed during the educational programme and are probably at least partially a result of the maturation process with varying consequences and implications for the students, hospitality institutions, industry and the government.

The first aim of this research was to identify the factors that relate to the career maturity of school-going girls and more specifically the factor positive possible selves. Secondly, the study aimed to measure the stability of the construct career maturity as learners progress from one grade to the next without any guidance intervention. The work of Super (1957), Crites (1969) and Langley (1988) formed the theoretical framework for the investigation of the contextual factors such as subject choice and career choice and the biological and psychological factors such as grade, self-efficacy, self-esteem, perceived and actual academic achievement and positive possible selves in relation to career maturity. Quantitative research that involved a cross-sectional and longitudinal research design was implemented. Career choice and self-esteem were the strongest predictors of career maturity Self-efficacy showed marginal significance and possible selves explained only 2% of the variance of the dependent variable career maturity. / Psychology of Education / M. Ed. (Guidance and Counselling)

Vocational interest is a dynamic, subjective, positive attraction towards a job, occupa tion or occupational field, based on the individual's perception of the structure of occupations and situations already experienced or expected to produce pleasurable feelings. Interest test tields are usually statistically derived from characteristics of individuals. This study develops and validates an interest test based on the perceived occupationaI structure. After examining various classification models and occupational classification systems, including work by Holland, Gati and Roe, a new network access model was pro­posed, based on many-to-many correspondence in set theory. Categories are arranged on levels. Choice of a category on one level precludes access to another category on the sanK level, but does not restrict access to categories on other levels. It was hypothesised that occupational structure is perceived to consist of the three levels of lields, environments and duties. Each category is a horizontal sirus group and includes all vertical status levels. Career choice is based on preferences at each level. 1200 jobs have been classified by allocation to one category on each level, and each is described by a field, environment and duty. The field-environment-duty (FED) system was operationalised in a ten minute interest test asking testees to choose from each level the three categories that interest them for a job. Extensive use was made of x to the power of 2 and empty sets to the power of two statistics in analysing nominal measurement scores. The FED test was applied to 1280 school-leavers in Gauteng, South Africa. Research supports Gati's division of occupations into "soft" (people-oriented occupations preferred by females), and "hard" (not-people-oriented occupations preferred by males), and introduces a third "neutral" division which is preferred equally by both males and females. Construct and concurrent validity was shown with the I 9Fll, VIQ, SDS and l6PF. In a four to five year longitudinal study the FED was found to predict future studies (80%) and occupation (86%). Research with working adults found that the FED test predicts concurrent job satisfaction, job tenure and self-assessed performance. Inter-rater reliability in assigning jobs to categories is around 80%. Test-retest reliability was significant to the 0,0001 level using the x to the power of 2 goodness of fit test. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / D.Com. (Industrial Psychology)

This research was undertaken to determine factors causing career indecision of schoolleavers in Kwandebele. Literature study indicates that factors such as interest, sex, dependency, vocational immaturity, the economy and politics have a direct influence on career indecision. Literature study further indicates that parties involved in career decision-making also contribute to career indecision. 424 Kwandebele school leavers answered questionnaires. The schoolleavers were requested to indicate the importance and contributions of five categories, namely personal aspects, family, school, guidance teacher and society to his career choice making process. Most of the personal aspects were regarded as important and also the other four categories showed a significant difference between school leavers who have made a choice and those that have not made a choice. This research could not cover the implication of career education at all levels of the child, recommendations for future research have been made. / Psychology of Education / M. Ed. (Psychology of Education)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:53:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FlaviaABP_DISSERT.pdf: 1345332 bytes, checksum: d533f1e298a64a1d12f47363e43a64b1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-27 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Esta disserta??o tem como objetivo geral investigar e descrever as metodologias utilizadas pelas escolas de ensino m?dio que contribuem com a escolha do aluno pelo curso de Engenharia de Produ??o da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte. Foram identificadas as pr?ticas pedag?gicas das escolas que contribuem/auxiliam o aluno do ensino m?dio na escolha da carreira. O objeto de investiga??o foram as escolas de ensino m?dio que mais aprovam no curso de engenharia de Produ??o da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN). A abordagem da pesquisa ? qualitativa e quanto aos objetivos a pesquisa ? considerada explorat?ria, pois as informa??es obtidas n?o podem ser quantific?veis e os dados obtidos s?o analisados indutivamente. O m?todo utilizado ? o estudo de caso, pois se trata de um estudo contempor?neo dentro do contexto da vida real. A pesquisa foi realizada com os coordenadores pedag?gicos do ensino m?dio das escolas selecionadas, nos meses de setembro, outubro, novembro e dezembro de 2012. Os dados foram coletados por meio de an?lise documental, entrevista semi-estruturada e a observa??o. Os resultados mostram que as escolas que mais aprovam no curso de Engenharia de Produ??o da UFRN s?o: Instituto Federal de Educa??o, Ci?ncias e Tecnologia-(IFRN); Col?gio Salesiano S?o Jos?; Centro de Educa??o Integrada-CEI (Mirassol); Col?gio Marista de Natal; Col?gio e Curso-(CAP). Os resultados, encontrados na pesquisa, mostram que os motivos que levam a escolha pelo curso de Engenharia de Produ??o conforme os ingressantes 2000-2012 est?o relacionados ? voca??o e ? oferta de mercado de trabalho. Foi poss?vel identificar que 80% dos alunos egressos no curso de Engenharia de Produ??o da UFRN, conclu?ram o ensino m?dio em escolas particulares no turno diurno. Espera-se desta forma contribuir com estudos e pesquisas na ?rea de educa??o em engenharia de produ??o relacionando a educa??o b?sica e a escolha da carreira a fim de reduzir as taxas de evas?o em uma das profiss?es mais importantes para o crescimento sustent?vel do pa?s