O processo de escolha profissional pode apresentar maior ou menor complexidade, dependendo dos conflitos vivenciados, dos recursos para seu adequado enfrentamento e resolução, e do grau de maturidade para essa decisão ocupacional. A literatura científica relaciona maturidade para a escolha profissional ao desenvolvimento de certas atitudes (determinação, independência e responsabilidade) e à aquisição de conhecimentos específicos (autoconhecimento e conhecimento sobre a realidade das profissões). Dentro desse contexto, a presente investigação objetivou examinar as possibilidades informativas do BBT-Br (Teste de Fotos de Profissões) quanto a indicadores de maturidade para a escolha profissional, bem como validar e fundamentar empiricamente algumas das hipóteses interpretativas desta técnica projetiva, otimizando seus recursos para os processos de Orientação Profissional/Vocacional. Foram avaliados, individualmente, por meio do BBT-Br, 93 estudantes do terceiro ano do ensino médio público diurno de Ribeirão Preto (SP), de ambos os sexos, divididos em dois grupos com características contrastantes em relação à maturidade para a escolha profissional (GA = 55 com alta maturidade e GB = 38 com baixa maturidade), selecionados previamente pelo resultado na Escala de Maturidade para Escolha Profissional (EMEP), coletivamente aplicada. Foram realizadas análises estatísticas inferenciais dos resultados (Teste Mann-Whitney, p <= 0,05), comparando-se GA e GB e seus respectivos subgrupos (em função do sexo) nas seguintes variáveis: 1) EMEP: resultados obtidos em cada subescala (determinação, responsabilidade, independência, autoconhecimento e conhecimento da realidade profissional) e na maturidade total; 2) BBT-Br: número de escolhas positivas, negativas e neutras; freqüência de escolhas positivas, negativas e neutras de cada um dos oito fatores primários e oito fatores secundários. Também foram analisadas as estruturas de inclinação positivas e negativas, primárias e secundárias, e as fotos mais escolhidas e mais rejeitadas. Os resultados demonstraram a existência de especificidades na produção dos adolescentes em função de seu nível de maturidade para a escolha profissional e também em função do sexo. Em relação à variável sexo, alguns fatores do BBT-Br foram escolhidos com maior freqüência pelas moças (primários: W, Z, O; secundários: w e m) e mais rejeitados pelos rapazes (primários: W, Z, M; secundários: w), principalmente aqueles relacionados a atividades atribuídas ao feminino no contexto sociocultural brasileiro. Estes resultados confirmam, empiricamente, evidências da influência sociocultural na determinação dos interesses profissionais. Em relação à variável foco deste estudo, a maturidade para a escolha profissional, os adolescentes de GA sinalizaram maior abertura para as possibilidades profissionais (maior número de escolhas positivas e menor número de rejeições) comparativamente ao grupo de baixa maturidade que, por sua vez, acabou por restringir suas escolhas positivas e apresentou número alto de escolhas negativas no BBT-Br. Isso se confirmou na análise da distribuição de freqüência das escolhas positivas, negativas e neutras dos fatores primários e secundários do BBT-Br. Nesta direção pode-se notar que GA escolheu significativamente mais e rejeitou menos fotos dos fatores primários S (senso social e dinamismo), V (precisão, objetividade) e G (criatividade, pesquisa), e de cinco fatores secundários (k, s, v, g, o). Por sua vez, o GB fez o oposto disso, escolhendo menos e rejeitando mais os fatores primários mencionados e seis fatores secundários (s, g, o, z, v, m). De maneira geral, os jovens com maiores índices de maturidade para a escolha profissional consideraram um número maior de opções profissionais do BBT-Br, a serem exploradas e, conseqüentemente, integradas em suas decisões ocupacionais, enquanto que os adolescentes com menor maturidade acabaram, com suas rejeições, por restringir suas possibilidades de conhecimento e de consideração desses fatores em suas escolhas profissionais. Pode-se concluir, portanto, que o nível de maturidade para a escolha profissional (resultados da EMEP) sinalizou influenciar diretamente os índices de produtividade no BBT-Br, confirmando suas hipóteses interpretativas e, portanto, fortalecendo indicadores de validade para esta técnica projetiva no contexto sócio-cultural contemporâneo. / Career choice is a process which can present different levels of complexity, depending on the conflicts one goes through, the resources for adequately dealing with and solve it, and the maturity degree for this occupational decision. Scientific literature relates maturity for career choice to developing certain attitudes (determination, independence and responsibility) and acquiring specific knowledge (about oneself and careers\' realities). Within this context, the present investigation aimed to examine the informative possibilities of the BBT-Br (Photos of Professions Test), regarding its indicators of maturity for career choice, as well as validate and ground some of the interpretative hypotheses for this projective technique, optimizing its resources for Vocational Guidance processes. The participants were 93 high-school students in the last year of a day-shift public school in Ribeirão Preto (State of São Paulo, Brazil), from both genders. The participants were divided in two groups of contrasting characteristics regarding their maturity for career choice (GA = 55, highly mature, GB = 38, lowly mature), previously selected for their results on the Maturity for Career Choice Scale (Escala de Maturidade para Escolha Profissional - EMEP), which had been applied collectively. All participants were then assessed individually using the BBT-Br. Inferential statistical analyses were performed for the results (Mann-Whitney Test, p <= 0,05), comparing GA and GB, as well as their respective subgroups (as a function of gender), for the following variables: 1) EMEP results on each subscale (determination, responsibility, independence, self-knowledge and knowledge about career reality) and for total maturity; 2) BBT-Br: number of positive, negative and neutral choices; choice frequency (positive, negative and neutral) for primary and secondary factors (eight of each one). Also, inclination structures were analyzed (positive and negative, primary and secondary ones), as well as the most chosen and most rejected photos. The results show the existence of adolescents\' production specificities, regarding their level of career choice maturity and gender. For the latter variable, some BBT-Br factors, were chosen more frequently by females (primary factors: W, Z, O; secondary ones: w and m) and more rejected by males (primary factors: W, Z, M; secondary ones: w), mainly those related to activities attributed to femininity in the brazilian sociocultural context. These results empirically confirm evidences of the sociocultural influence in determining career-related interests. In relation to the focus variable for the present study, that is, career choice maturity, GA adolescents showed wider attitudes for professional possibilities (higher number of positive choices and lower number of rejections), comparatively to the low maturity group, which in their turn restricted their positive choices and presented a high number of negative choices in the BBT-Br. Such data is confirmed in the analysis of frequency distribution for positive, negative and neutral choices of both primary and secondary BBT-Br factors. In the same direction, it can be noted that GA chose significantly more and rejected less photos from factors S (social sense and dynamism), V (precision, objectivity) and G (creativity, research) and five secondary factors (k, s, v, g, o). As for GB, the opposite was observed, or, less positive choices and more rejections to the primary factors mentioned before and six secondary factors (s, g, o, z, v, m). In general, adolescents with higher maturity indexes for career choice considered a higher number of BBT-Br\'s professional options, which can be explored and, consequently, integrated in their occupational decisions. On the other hand, lower mature adolescents end up, with their rejections, to restrict their possibilities to know and consider these factors for their professional choices. Thus, it can be concluded that maturity level for career choice (EMEP results) is related to a direct influence in productivity indexes of the BBT-Br, confirming their interpretative hypothesis and, so, increasing validity indicators for this projective technique in the contemporary sociocultural context.

No período da adolescência a formação da identidade configura-se como ponto central, embora como um processo contínuo ao longo da vida. No contexto sociocultural brasileiro, o período da adolescência convida para uma definição da escolha profissional. Para concretizar esta tarefa do desenvolvimento, a Orientação Vocacional/Profissional constitui-se como intervenção relevante, podendo ser auxiliada por recursos da avaliação psicológica. Dentre as técnicas de exame psicológico autorizadas pelo Conselho Federal de Psicologia (CFP) no Brasil, destaca-se, nesta área, o Teste de Fotos de Profissões (BBT-Br), instrumento projetivo para avaliação de inclinações motivacionais (interesses), elementos formadores da identidade e decisivos para a escolha profissional. Almejando buscar evidências empíricas de hipóteses interpretativas do BBT-Br e da concepção teórica dos oito fatores de inclinação motivacional do autor deste instrumento (Achtnich), procurou-se delinear uma estratégia de validação convergente deste teste por meio de resultados obtidos com outra técnica de avaliação psicológica já consagrada no contexto científico internacional como instrumento de avaliação de interesses, o Self-Directed Search (SDS). Em termos gerais procurou-se, inicialmente, examinar as estruturas de interesses de adolescentes em momento de escolha profissional (terceiro ano do Ensino Médio), analisando-se possível efeito da variável sexo sobre as inclinações motivacionais. Objetivou-se ainda avaliar as características psicométricas do SDS e BBT-Br, especificamente estimando a precisão (Alfa de Cronbach) e a validade (análise dos componentes principais - ACP) destes instrumentos, além de examinar a convergência dos resultados destes dois instrumentos (correlação de Pearson p 0,05). Foram avaliados 497 estudantes de 16 a 19 anos de idade, do terceiro ano do Ensino Médio (público e diurno) de Ribeirão Preto (SP), sendo 295 do sexo feminino e 202 do sexo masculino. Os dois instrumentos foram aplicados coletivamente em uma mesma sessão, simultaneamente em duas salas de aula, sendo os meninos separados das meninas, devido às duas formas do BBT-Br. Os resultados indicaram elevado nível de consistência interna nas duas técnicas de avaliação psicológica (índices entre 0,80 e 0,90 para o SDS e entre 0,57 e 0,80 para o BBT-Br). A ACP sinalizou estrutura interna fatorial, tanto no SDS quanto nas duas formas do BBT-Br, compatível com os fatores teoricamente previstos por estas técnicas. A partir das análises de correlação entre os seis tipos psicológicos do SDS e os oito fatores primários positivos do BBT-Br foram encontradas as seguintes correlações significativas: tipo R com fatores K, V, S e M (grupo masculino) e com os fatores K,V,M,Z e G (grupo feminino); tipo Intelectual com fatores G e V (masc.) e G,V e M (fem.); tipo Artístico com fatores Z e G (masc. e fem.); tipo Social com fatores G, W, S, Z, O e M (masc.) e S, G e O (fem.); tipo Empreendedor com fatores O e V (masc.) e V e Z (fem.); tipo Convencional com o fator V (masc. e fem.). Estes resultados pareceram promissores no sentido de apontar evidências que reforçam a fidedignidade e a validade do BBT-Br a partir das associações significativas encontradas com o modelo RIASEC do SDS. O SDS de Holland é, certamente, uma técnica de avaliação psicológica internacionalmente reconhecida enquanto instrumento adequado para avaliação de motivações relacionadas à escolha profissional, portanto, fortalecendo os fundamentos das hipóteses interpretativas do BBT-Br, como pretendido neste trabalho. / During adolescence, identity formation becomes a central issue, although it is a continuous process along life. In the Brazilian social-cultural context, adolescence is a period during which professional career definition is expected. In order to accomplish such developmental task, Vocational Guidance stands as a relevant intervention, which can be aided by psychological assessment resources. Among the psychological assessment techniques approved by the Federal Counsel of Psychology in Brazil, the Berufsbilder Test (BBT-Br) stands itself as a projective instrument for Vocational Guidance. The BBT-Br can assess motivational inclinations (interests), which are elements of identity formation and decisives for career choice. In order to gather empirical evidence of BBT-Brs interpretative hypotheses, as well as for the underlying theory for this instrument, that is, Achtnichs eight-factor motivational inclinations model, a convergent validation strategy was designed with the Self-Directed Search (SDS), a widely, well-accepted instrument in the international scientific context for interest assessment. In short terms, the initial aim was to examine interest structures of adolescents during their career choice period (last year of high-school), checking whether gender had an effect on motivational inclinations. Also, the aim was to assess psychometric properties of both the SDS and the BBT-Br, through estimations of reliability using Cronbachs Alpha and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for validity estimations. Pearson correlations were also calculated for result convergence between both instruments (p 0,05). Four-hundred ninety-seven students were assessed, ages varying from 16 to 19 years old, studying in public schools in Ribeirão Preto (State of São Paulo Brazil), on their last year of high school (daily period). The participants were 295 females and 202 males. Both instruments were applied collectively, in a single, simultaneous session, with males and females in separate rooms. This procedure was adopted due to different forms of the BBT-Br for both genders. The results indicate high internal consistency of both psychological assessment instruments, with indexes varying from 0,80 to 0,90 for the SDS and from 0,57 to 0,80 for the BBT-Br. The PCA indicated internal factorial structures that matched theory-predicted factors for both instruments. The correlations between SDSs six psychological types and the BBT-Brs eight positive, primary factors were significant for the following: Realistic type with factors K, V, S and M (male group) and factors K, V, M Z and G (female group); Investigative type with factors G and V (male) and factors G, V and M (female); Artistic type with factors Z and G (both group); Social type with factors G, W, S, Z,O and M (male) and factors S, G and O (female); Enterprising type with factors O and V (male) and factors V and Z (female); Conventional type with factor V (both group). These results seem promising, in terms of the evidence supported for both reliability and validity of the BBT-Br, considering its significant associations with SDSs RIASEC model. The SDS is, certainly, an internationally acknowledged instrument for psychological assessment of career choice-related motivations, which can, thus, increase the assumptions power of interpretative hypotheses based on the BBT-Br, as aimed for this study.

Uma das tarefas mais importantes do desenvolvimento pessoal, na adolescência e início da idade adulta, é a escolha de uma carreira. A fim de tomar uma decisão informada e autônoma, espera-se que a pessoa tenha um certo nível de maturidade. Com perspectiva desenvolvimentista, este estudo objetiva avaliar a maturidade para a escolha da carreira em adolescentes usuários de um serviço-escola de orientação profissional. Mais especificamente, este estudo visa: (a) descrever o perfil sociodemográfico dos clientes; (b) descrever o nível de maturidade; (c) verificar se o nível de maturidade varia de acordo com as características sociodemográficas (sexo, idade, escolaridade, escola pública ou privada e nível de escolaridade dos pais), com a modalidade de atendimento e a permanência no serviço de atendimento; (d) avaliar a evolução da maturidade dos usuários do serviço após a conclusão atendimento e (e) comparar o nível de maturidade dos clientes que concluíram o atendimento com o dos que não concluíram. Os dados originam-se dos registros das intervenções com 748 clientes, com idades entre 14 e 21 anos, realizadas no Serviço de Orientação Profissional de uma universidade pública no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, no período de 2001 a 2006. O corpus de análise consiste em informações dos seguintes documentos: Registro da entrevista de triagem, Resumo do atendimento e Escala de Maturidade para a Escolha Profissional (EMEP). A análise dos dados foi realizada por meio de procedimentos estatísticos: análises descritivas, testes de hipóteses, modelo linear de efeitos mistos e construção de valores percentis para a amostra. A caracterização sociodemográfica dos clientes mostra a predominância de participantes do sexo feminino (69,39%), de alunos da terceira série do Ensino Médio (55,21%) e provenientes de escolas privadas (65,64%). Do total de usuários, 74,33% concluíram o atendimento e 89,71% participaram do atendimento em grupo. Os filhos de pais que concluíram o Ensino Superior prevalecem (56,70%), seguidos por aqueles cujos pais concluíram o Ensino Médio (31,80%). A maioria dos sujeitos classificou-se com nível de maturidade abaixo de médio na escala total (62,9%) e em três subescalas: determinação (70,99%), autoconhecimento (60,03%) e conhecimento da realidade (59,89%). Houve variações apontando nível médio de maturidade para as subescalas responsabilidade (50,67%) e independência (54,95%). A comparação da maturidade antes e depois da intervenção, com 492 adolescentes, mostrou evolução com resultados estatisticamente significativos para a maturidade total e subescalas (p <0,001) na amostra total, com exceção do sexo masculino na subescala responsabilidade e dos filhos de pais sem escolaridade formal nas subescalas responsabilidade e independência. Destacam-se resultados estatisticamente significativos na evolução da maturidade total, favoráveis ao sexo feminino e aos clientes que foram atendidos na modalidade individual. Os alunos de escolas particulares destacaram-se no conhecimento da realidade e os clientes que não concluíram a intervenção destacaram-se na subescala determinação, no início do processo. Os resultados mostram que a intervenção vocacional/profissional favoreceu o desenvolvimento da maturidade para a escolha da profissão. Este estudo espera contribuir para aprofundar a compreensão sobre o construto maturidade para a escolha da carreira e para a produção do conhecimento em avaliação de resultados de intervenções no domínio da Orientação Vocacional/Profissional. / One of most important tasks for personal development, in adolescence and early adulthood, is choosing a career. In order to make an informed and autonomous decision, the person is expected to have a certain level of maturity. According to the developmental approach, this study aims at assessing the maturity for career choice with adolescents attending a career guidance service. More specifically, this study aims at: (a) describing the clients socio-demographic profile; (b) describing their maturity level; (c) verifying whether their maturity level varies with the socio-demographic characteristics (sex, age, schooling level, public or private school and the parents schooling level), with type of attendance and adherence to attendance; (d) assessing the maturity progress of the service users after completing attendance; and (e) comparing maturity level of clients who had concluded attendance with that of the ones who had not concluded attendance. The data came from records of interventions with 748 clients, aged 14 to 21 years, carried out at the career guiding service of a public university in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, from 2001 to 2006. The corpus for analysis consists of information from the following documents: assessment interview, attendance record and Career Choice Maturity Scale (Escala de Maturidade para a Escolha Profissional, EMEP). Data analysis was done by statistics procedures: descriptive analysis, hypothesis tests, linear model of mixed effects, and construction of percent values for the sample. The socio-demographic characterization of clients shows the prevalence of female sex (69.39%), high school seniors (55.21%) and attending private schools (65.64%). Out of the total users, 74.33% had completed attendance and 89.71% had joined group attendance. Children of parents who had completed higher education prevail (56.70%), followed by those whose parents had finished high school (31.80 %). The maturity profile, when starting attendance, was below average (62.9%), divided into three subscales: determination (70.99%), self-knowledge (60.03%) and knowledge of reality (59.89%). There were variations for average level of maturity for the subscales responsibility (50.67%) and independence (54.95%). The comparison of maturity before and after intervention, with 492 adolescents, showed progress with statistically significant results for total maturity and subscales (p< 0.001) for the total sample, excepting the male sex in the responsibility subscale and the children of low schooling parents in the subscales responsibility and independence. Statistically significant results stand out for progress in total maturity, favoring the female sex and the clients who were attended individually. Knowledge of reality favored students from private schools before intervention. The clients who had not concluded intervention stood out in the determination subscale at the beginning of the process. The results show that career intervention favored the development of maturity for career choice. This study is expected to contribute for improving the comprehension about the construct maturity for career choice and for the production of knowledge about assessment of results of career guidance interventions.

Transições profissionais são cada vez mais comuns no mundo do trabalho. Para o médico, estas tomam uma dimensão maior considerando o tempo e o custo da formação, sendo ainda tema pouco estudado. O objetivo deste trabalho é compreender as vivências de médicos que reescolheram a especialidade, investigando os fatores envolvidos e o significado da mudança. Em uma abordagem qualitativa, foram realizadas entrevistas com médicos que mudaram de especialidade depois de trabalhar na área pelo menos um ano. Foi observado que poucos médicos trocaram sua especialidade por mudança ou ampliação de interesse. A maioria ficou insatisfeita com a primeira área escolhida já com pouco tempo de prática. Sobrecarga, organização do trabalho, estresse com o cotidiano da prática e estilo de vida decorrente da área foram os fatores de desgaste. Apesar das críticas do meio social, a transição foi possível, com rápida empregabilidade. Referiram grande satisfação com a nova prática e não representaram a mudança como falência na trajetória profissional. Como estratégia individual para lidar com a insatisfação, a mudança de especialidade parece positiva. Por outro lado, é importante refletir se com a reescolha não existe o risco de um vazio de significações, para o próprio sujeito e as práticas médicas como um todo / Professional transitions are complex and more frequent in the work environment. The professional change gets a greater importance to doctors due to the cost and duration of the study period. This is a subject still with few studies. The objective of this study is to understand doctors experiences from the ones submitted to redefinition of their medical specialties, analyzing the issues involved and the meaning of the change. The method used was a qualitative study based on speeches of doctors that concluded the first graduation and worked at least one year in one medical specialty. The results show that few doctors changed specialties considering development in other areas of interest. Excessive workload, stress with daily activities, work organization, lifestyle were the main reasons for wear. Despite of experienced social criticism, quickly obtained another job and described their new experience with great satisfaction. It does not mean failure in the career path. Conclusion: As a strategy to deal with dissatisfaction, the change on medical specialty is positive. On the other hand, it is important to evaluate whether or not the new choice involves risk of no meanings to individual or to medical practices

Background: Today, women constitute about half of medical students. However, women are still underrepresented in prestigious specialties such as surgery. Some suggest that this could be explained by women being more oriented towards work-life balance. Aim: The overall aim of this dissertation was to explore aspects of gender in work-life priorities, career plans, clinical experiences and negotiations of professional ideals among medical students and newly graduated doctors, all in a Swedish setting. Method: We based the analysis on data from two different sources: an extensive questionnaire exploring gender and career plans among medical students (paper I-III) and interviews with newly graduated doctors (study IV). In paper I, four classes of first- and final-year medical (N=507, response rate 85%) answered an open-ended question about their future life, 60% were women. We conducted a mixed methods design where we analyzed the answers qualitatively to create categories that could be analyzed quantitatively in the second stage. In paper II, five classes of final-year medical students  were included (N = 372, response rate 89%), and 58% were women. We studied their specialty preference and how they rated the impact that the motivational factors had for their choice. In order to evaluate the independent impact of each motivational factor for specialty preference, we used logistic regression. In paper III, final-year medical students answered two open-ended questions: “Can you recall an event that made you interested of working with a certain specialty?” and “Can you recall an event that made you uninterested of working with a certain specialty?”. The response rate was 62% (N = 250),  and 58% were women. The analysis was similar to paper I, but here we focused on the qualitative results. In paper IV, thematic interviews were conducted in 2014 and 2015. We made a purposeful sampling of 15 junior doctors, including nine women and six men from eight different hospitals. Data collection and analysis was inspired by constructivist grounded theory methodology. Results: When looking at the work-life priorities of medical students and junior doctors it is clear that both men and women want more to life than work in their ideal future. The junior doctors renounced fully devoted and loyal ideal and presented a self-narrative where family and leisure was important to cope and stay empathic throughout their professional lives. The specialty preferences and the highly rated motives for choosing them were relatively gender neutral. However, the gender neutrality came to an end when the final-year medical students described clinical experiences that affected their specialty preference. Women were more often deterred by workplace cultures, whereas men were more often deterred by knowledge area, suggesting that it is a male privilege to choose a specialty according to interest. Among the newly graduated doctors, another male privilege seemed to be that men were able to pass more swiftly as real doctors, whereas the women experienced more dissonance between their self-understanding and being perceived as more junior and self-doubting. Conclusions: The career plans and work-life priorities of doctors-to-be were relatively gender neutral. Both female and male doctors, intended to balance work not only with a family but also with leisure. This challenges the health care system to establish more adaptive and flexible work conditions. Gender segregation in specialty choice is not the result of gender-dichotomized specialty preferences starting in medical school. This calls for a re-evaluation of the understanding where gender is seen as a mere background characteristic, priming women and men for different specialties.

Background: To be able to counter the increasing shortage of general practitioners (GPs) in many countries, it is crucial to remain up‑to‑date with the decisive reasons why young physicians choose or reject a career in this field. Materials and Methods: Qualitative content analysis was performed using data from a cross‑sectional survey among German medical graduates (n = 659, response rate = 64.2%). Subsequently, descriptive statistics was calculated. Results: The most frequent motives to have opted for a GP career were (n = 74/81): Desire for variety and change (62.2%), interest in a long‑term bio‑psycho‑social treatment of patients (52.7%), desire for independence and self‑determination (44.6%), positively perceived work‑life balance (27.0%), interest in contents of the field (12.2%), and reluctance to work in a hospital (12.2%). The most frequent motives to have dismissed the seriously considered idea of becoming a GP were (n = 207/578): Reluctance to establish a practice or perceived associated risks and impairments (33.8%), stronger preference for another field (19.3%), perception of workload being too heavy or an unfavorable work‑life balance (15.0%), perception of too low or inadequate earning opportunities (14.0%), perception of the GP as a \"distributor station\" with limited diagnostic and therapeutic facilities (11.6%), perception of too limited specialization or limited options for further sub‑specialization (10.6%), rejection of (psycho‑) social aspects and demands in general practice (9.7%), and perceived monotony (9.7%). Conclusion: While some motives appear to be hard to influence, others reveal starting points to counter the GP shortage, in particular, with regard to working conditions, the further academic establishment, and the external presentation of the specialty.

The study aims to examine students on the Natural Sciences program and their thoughts on their choice of program as well as what may have influenced their decision. Semi-structured interviews have been used as a data collection method and a phenomenological approach has been taken to seek answers to the study's research questions. The study shows that there are many similarities between the interviewees' ways of reasoning about their choice. Influencing factors that are prominent among the interviewees are, for example, the importance of the grades for program selection and interest. The study shows that students tend to sort themselves into a compartment based on self-perception and then adapt the program choice. As a theoretical framework for the study, Hodkinson's and Sparkes's sociological theory of career choice has been used. / Studien har undersökt elever på det Naturvetenskapliga programmet och deras tankar runt sitt programval samt vad som kan ha påverkat deras beslut. Semistrukturerade intervjuer har använts som datainsamlingsmetod och ett fenomenologiskt förhållningssätt har intagits för att söka svar på studiens forskningsfrågor. Studien har visat att det finns många likheter mellan intervjupersonernas sätt att resonera kring sitt val. Påverkansfaktorer som visade sig framträdande mellan intervjupersonerna var exempelvis betygens betydelse för val av program samt intresse. Studien visar att eleverna hade en tendens att sortera in sig själva i ett fack utifrån självuppfattning och därefter anpassa programvalet. Som teoretiskt ramverk för studien har Hodkinsons och Sparkes sociologiska teori om karriärval använts.

This diploma thesis entitled "Possible Use of Career Counseling in Secondary school" focuses primarily on the possible way of introduction of career counseling into secondary schools that are within the czech standard eduacational system. The aim of this diploma thesis is to analyze both the possibilities of use and ways of realization of career counseling in secondary schools, which is now provided primarily within educational counseling. Aim of the thesis was, based on given research assumptions, to analyze opinions of both students and educational counselor on the level of services provided by the career counseling in secondary school. The first part of the thesis will discuss terms related to the area of career counseling and professional orientation of students. It will also analyze occupation selection theories and career development of students, aspects of counseling process, and it will also list knowledge about adolescence period. There will also be identified those subjects and institutions providing career counseling servises that are situated in the Czech Republic. The research part of the thesis will focus on the topic of career counseling itself, more specificly on its concrete form in one selected secondary school which is part of czech standard educational system. A questionnaire...

The study investigates the factors that encouraged six Swedish students to choose a femaleor male-dominated field of study in higher education. This is of interest as gender normsand stereotypes may inflict and limit students' educational choices. The purpose is likewiseto elucidate the educational choices from a gender perspective. The study explores twoquestions: “Which factors may have encouraged the students to opt for a non-traditionalcareer?” “How can the students’ educational choices be understood from a genderperspective?”. To fulfil the purpose and question of issue a qualitative method was used,including female and male students aged 22–36. For the analyse of the interviews, the studyrelies on the theoretical framework of Linda Gottfredson – The Theory of Circumscription,Compromise and Self-Creation, Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT) by Lent, Brown &Hackett and The Stereotypical Gender Contract by Hirdman. The results indicate thatstudents' non-traditional educational choices consist of both internal and external factors.On the one hand, it is possible to find explanations in upbringings that have been moretolerant regarding gender roles. It has also been shown that several of the students invarious ways have been exposed to the profession through past experiences. Nevertheless,there are also personal motives that led to the choice of education as well as a supportivenetwork in form of family members and significant persons in the environment. From agender perspective, this means that the students, through their upbringing, where it appearsto have been less strict attitudes concerning gender roles, also contributed to lessrestrictions on their educational choice. On the other hand, the results imply that harmfulgender norms and stereotypes still affect students’ choice of occupation why more work isneeded in order to stop these negative patterns.

Enligt en prognos från Skolverket (2021) visar det att lärarbristen på behöriga lärare är alldeles för hög, vilket kan orsaka allvarliga konsekvenser om detta inte åtgärds. Vilket gör det intressant att undersöka vad som får folk att välja läraryrket eller får folk att lämna. I denna studie kommer sociologiska teorier till valet av läraryrket undersökas, med ett mer specifikt syfte att undersöka idrottslärares perspektiv på sitt yrkesval och vad som får dem att stanna kvar i yrket. Detta med hjälp av en kvalitativ studie med semistrukturerade intervjuer, där fem erfarna idrottslärare som har arbetat i högstadiet under minst fem års tid är respondenter i studien. Resultatet framlyser att ett allmänt intresse för idrott, engagemanget att arbeta med ungdomar och även tanken av att bidra till samhället var essentiella orsaker till yrkesvalet och vad som får dem att stanna. Resultatet påvisade även att psykosociala arbetsmiljön har en stor påverkan på varför folk lämnar yrket, och anses vara något som behövs fokuseras mer på för att åtgärda aktuella yrkesproblematiken. Sammanfattningsvis visar studien att idrottslärares sociala bakgrund och värderingar har en samband till yrkesvalet där positiva upplevelser av tidigare idrottserfarenhet kan anknytas ihop med yrkesvalet kombinerad med goda värderingar att vilja bidra till samhället. Respondenterna såg på sitt uppdrag som krävande och utmanade i och med de höga kraven som sätt på deras arbete, men även givande av tanken att veta hur betydelsefull yrket är för samhället. Det åtgärder som behövs är att satsa mer på en bra psykosocial arbetsmiljö och dessutom har ett bra samarbete i arbetslaget. / A study from Skolverket (2021) indicate that the shortage of qualified teachers is exceedingly high, which can cause serious consequences if not remedied. Making it interesting to examine what makes people choose the teaching profession and see what keeps them from leaving. The purpose of this study is therefore too specific examine physical education teachers’ perspective on their choice of profession and what makes them stay. To achieve results a qualitative study with semi-structured interviews is going to be composed, with five experienced physical educations teachers’ who have worked in a high school for at least five years as respondents. The results shows that a general interest in sports, the commitment to work with the youths and the idea of contributing to society were essential reasons for the choice of profession and the reasoning to stay. The results also showed that the psychosocial work environment has a great impact to pursue more people to stay at the profession, and in addition the most important case that address the current occupational issues. In conclusion, this study show that physical education teachers’ social background and values have a connection to the choice of profession, where positive experience of previous sports experience can be linked to the choice of profession combined with good values of wanting to contribute to society. The respondents saw their assignment as demanding and challenging due to the high work demands, however just the idea of knowing how important the profession is to society makes it worth it. The remedies needed are to invest more in a good psychosocial work environment and have a good collaboration between the work team.