In the U.S., Black childhood has been underimagined. The representational vocabulary of Black childhood is fraught with dehumanizing and adultifying imagery and sounds—from representations of “Topsy” and “Black Sambo” to caricatures of pickaninnies and their many (re)iterations in U.S. popular culture. Popular music is one expressive domain wherein artists and audiences alike have contested and reinforced the peculiar adultification and infantilization that have long haunted Black American life. In the years surrounding the Trump presidency, numerous Black popular music artists made childhood a primary feature of their artistic output through vocal technique, lyrical content, merchandise, music videos, social media, and more. At the precise moment when white innocence was wielded most violently and obviously on the national stage, these artists challenged the assumed goodness and whiteness of innocence and its relation to childhood, performing capacious versions of free Black childhoods to various ends. This dissertation turns to the performance of childhood as a productive domain of inquiry and focuses on four artists/groups—Tank and the Bangas, Chance the Rapper, Jamila Woods, and Noname—all of whom chart a liberatory politics of Black childhood through sound. Through the poetics and aesthetics of their work, I theorize and historicize four interrelated, childhood-adjacent concepts: nostalgia, vulnerability, innocence, and freedom. Methodologically, I attempt to turn the tables on how vulnerability has normally been rendered in ethnographies. I blend (auto)ethnography about my own experiences as a white father of a multi-racial child with critical theory to analyze live and mediated performances of popular music. I look to music as a poetic and aesthetic space with which to not only grapple with the realities faced by Black children in the United States, but also to affirm Black childhood as a space of freedom, play, possibility, and joy. Ultimately, I make two interrelated assertions: (1) foregrounding Black childhood in our social analysis urges the necessity of abolition and (2) popular music is a primary conduit through which we can imagine an abolitionist future free of police, prisons, and the carceral logics that undergird their imagined necessity.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Many questions have been asked as to why sub-Saharan Africa, and particularly South Africa, has such a high incidence of HIV/AIDS. While social and economic power imbalances between the sexes, coupled by the biological vulnerability of women, play an important role in the rapid spread of South Africa’s HIV/AIDS epidemic, what truly seems to set South Africa apart from the rest of the world is the high incidence of multiple or concurrent sexual relationships. Multiple or concurrent sexual relationships are defined as sexual partnerships that overlap in time, when one partnership starts before another terminates. These types of relationships have the potential to create complex sexual networks – commonly referred to as a “sexual superhighway” – for the spread of sexually transmitted diseases, most notably HIV/AIDS. While the practice of multiple or concurrent sexual relationships is to a large extent under-reported by the South African media, a great deal of media attention is given to President Jacob Zuma’s practice of polygamy as a Zulu cultural tradition. The researcher proposes that Zuma’s intimate partnerships stray from the well-defined parameters of cultural polygamy and that he does, in fact, has multiple or concurrent sexual relationships that fall outside the boundaries of polygamy. The researcher further proposes that the example set by the President in his personal life has an effect on the general morality of the South African people and especially on women’s status in society. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Baie vrae is al gevra oor hoekom sub-Sahara Afrika, en spesifiek Suid-Afrika, so ʼn hoë voorkoms van MIV/Vigs het. ʼn Sosiale en ekonomiese magswanbalans tussen mans en vroue, tesame met die verhoogde biologiese kwesbaarheid van vroue vir seksueel-oordraagbare siektes, speel ʼn rol in die vinnige verspreiding van die MIV/Vigs epidemie in Suid-Afrika maar wat ons blykbaar onderskei van die res van die wêreld is die hoë voorkoms van veelvuldige of samelopende seksuele verhoudings. Veelvuldige of samelopende seksuele verhoudings word gedefinieer as verhoudings wat oorvleuel of waar een verhouding begin voordat ʼn vorige verhouding beëindig is. Hierdie tipe verhoudings het die potensiaal om komplekse seksuele netwerke te vorm – algemeen beskryf as “seksuele super-snelweë” – waarbinne seksueel-oordraagbare siektes, insluitende MIV/Vigs, vinnig kan versprei. Terwyl veelvuldige of samelopende seksuele verhoudings min aandag geniet in die Suid-Afrikaanse media, is daar wel ʼn fokus op President Jacob Zuma se uitlewing van sy Zulu-tradisie van poligamie. Die navorser stel egter voor dat Zuma se intieme verhoudings afwyk van die goedge-definieerde riglyne van kulturele poligamie en dat hy in werklikheid eerder veelvuldige of samelopende seksuele verhoudings het wat buite die reëls van poligamie val. Die navorser stel verder voor dat die voorbeeld wat die President in sy persoonlike lewe stel ʼn uitwerking het op die moraliteit van Suid-Afrikaners en veral op die status van vroue in die samelewing.

Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 217-239). / Electronic reproduction. / Also available by subscription via World Wide Web / xv, 239 leaves, bound ill., map 29 cm

Thesis (MA (General Linguistics))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / According to Nattrass (2007:138), the denial and questioning of the science of HIV/AIDS at government level by, amongst others, Thabo Mbeki (former State President) and Manto Tshabalala-Msimang (former Minister of Health) resulted in an estimated 343 000 preventable AIDS deaths in South Africa by 2007. Such governmental discourse of AIDS denialism has been the target of criticism in the media and by activist groups such as the Treatment Action Campaign. This study investigates the nature of this criticism, specifically considering the critical use of metaphor in visual texts such as the political cartoons of Jonathan Shapiro, who works under the pen name of “Zapiro”. The purpose is to determine whether the nature of the criticism in visual newspaper texts differs from that of corresponding verbal newspaper texts, possibly providing means of criticism not available to the verbal mode alone. A corpus of texts published between August 1999 and December 2007 that topicalise HIV/AIDS was investigated. This includes 119 cartoons by Zapiro, and 91 verbal articles in the weekly newspaper Mail & Guardian. The main theoretical approach used in the analyses is Conceptual Metaphor Theory, developed by Lakoff and Johnson (1981), and its extension to poetic metaphor, developed by Lakoff and Turner (1989). Because of the socio-political nature of the problem of HIV/AIDS, the study also draws on Critical Discourse Analysis, including complementary concepts from Systemic Functional Linguistics. The study reveals that visual and verbal texts make use of similar sets of conventional conceptual metaphors at similar frequencies, which confirms the predictions of Conceptual Metaphor Theory. The study further reveals that the cartoons enrich these metaphors through four specific mechanisms of poetic metaphor, which the verbal articles do not. This indicates a significant difference between the two types of texts. Furthermore, it is found that the use of such poetic metaphors directly contributes to the critical power of the political cartoons. The study indicates that multi-modality in cartoons, which triggers single metaphoric mappings, adds a dimension to the critical function of the text that is absent in the verbal equivalent. The finding that the visual texts enable a form of cognition that is not available to verbal texts, poses one of the most significant avenues for future research. Thus, cartoons apparently achieve a type of criticism that is not found, and may not be possible, in the verbal texts alone. This makes the political cartoon a text type with an important and unique ability to articulate political criticism.

CAPES / O estudo busca analisar tiras cômicas na internet, a partir de três autores diferentes: Carlos Ruas, criador do "Um Sábado Qualquer", André Farias, do "Vida de Suporte", e William Leite, autor do "Willtirando". O debate engloba a relação entre quadrinhos e tecnologia, esmiuçando o sentido das tiras. Essa discussão qualitativa é agregada por dados quantitativos, através dos quais o trabalho evidencia possíveis desdobramentos para a linguagem das tiras cômicas online, tais como a tendência de expansão no formato; a crescente hibridação com imagens de variados tipos; e o fenômeno de aproximação entre as esferas autor/leitor no suporte digital. Também foram discutidas produções de um tipo mais incomum: as tiras digitais, que incorporam animação em sua narrativa. Ao fim do estudo, discutimos um protótipo de tira cômica online a partir dos formatos mais utilizados pelos autores, a fim de reiterar a natureza deste gênero discursivo: uma narrativa breve, cujo desfecho é inesperado e resulta no humor. / The study aims to analyze comic strips on the internet, from three different artists: Carlos Ruas, creator of "Um Sábado Qualquer", André Farias, of "Vida de Suporte," and William Leite, author of "Willtirando". The discussion covers the relationship between comics and technology by analyzing the comic strip and the construction of its meaning. The qualitative reflection is aggregated by quantitative data, through which the work shows possible outcomes for the language of the online comic strips, such as the expansion in the format; increased hybridization with various types of images; and the approach phenomenon between the spheres author/reader in digital format. Productions of a most unusual kind also were discussed: the digital comic strips, that incorporate animated effects on its narrative. At the end of the study, we present an online comic strip prototype from the most popular formats used by the authors, in order to reiterate the nature of the comic strips: a brief narrative whose outcome is unexpected and results in humor.

CAPES / No presente trabalho serão analisadas representações de feminilidades em dois periódicos distintos: as Melindrosas na revista Para Todos... e a coluna Garotas na revista O Cruzeiro. Os recortes compreendem os anos de 1922 a 1930 para as Melindrosas e de 1938 a 1946 para as Garotas, privilegiando uma sequência entre décadas subsequentes, de modo a entender como as representações de feminilidades se modificaram ou se mantiveram. Interessa também investigar de que maneira o humor e a visualidade contribuíram para normatizar papéis e relações entre gênero, em conjunto com políticas públicas. As revistas visavam trazer a identificação com discursos hierarquizantes, atuando como pedagogia de gênero. Contudo, percebe-se que o humor buscou, nas fissuras das representações, a dupla moral, na qual as mulheres negociavam espaços de atuação e liberdade. Tanto Melindrosas quanto Garotas possuíam táticas de convencimento e de sedução que as levaram a realizar desejos e a conquistar alguns de seus objetivos. Elas questionaram e enfatizaram as contradições e tensões das respectivas décadas. Por vezes, indicavam pretextos para pensar nas mudanças sociais, de comportamentos e no modo como os homens se colocavam neste quadro. / In the present work femininity representations will be analyzed in two separate journals: the Flappers in the magazine Para Todos... and the Garotas column in the magazine O Cruzeiro. The cuts include the period from 1922 to 1930 for the Flappers and 1938-1946 for Garotas, favoring to a sequence of subsequent decades, in order to understand how representations of femininity have changed or remained. We also want to investigate how the mood and visuality contributed to standardize roles and relationships between gender, together with public policy. Magazines aimed to bring identification with hierarchized speeches, acting as gender pedagogy. However, we notice that humor sought in the fissures of the representations, the double standard, in which women were negotiated spaces of action and freedom. Both the Flappers and the Garotas used tactics to convince and seduction that led them to grant wishes and achieve some of their goals. They questioned and emphasized the contradictions and tensions of their respective decades. Sometimes indicated pretexts to think about the social changes of behavior and how men were placed in this board.

CAPES / No presente trabalho serão analisadas representações de feminilidades em dois periódicos distintos: as Melindrosas na revista Para Todos... e a coluna Garotas na revista O Cruzeiro. Os recortes compreendem os anos de 1922 a 1930 para as Melindrosas e de 1938 a 1946 para as Garotas, privilegiando uma sequência entre décadas subsequentes, de modo a entender como as representações de feminilidades se modificaram ou se mantiveram. Interessa também investigar de que maneira o humor e a visualidade contribuíram para normatizar papéis e relações entre gênero, em conjunto com políticas públicas. As revistas visavam trazer a identificação com discursos hierarquizantes, atuando como pedagogia de gênero. Contudo, percebe-se que o humor buscou, nas fissuras das representações, a dupla moral, na qual as mulheres negociavam espaços de atuação e liberdade. Tanto Melindrosas quanto Garotas possuíam táticas de convencimento e de sedução que as levaram a realizar desejos e a conquistar alguns de seus objetivos. Elas questionaram e enfatizaram as contradições e tensões das respectivas décadas. Por vezes, indicavam pretextos para pensar nas mudanças sociais, de comportamentos e no modo como os homens se colocavam neste quadro. / In the present work femininity representations will be analyzed in two separate journals: the Flappers in the magazine Para Todos... and the Garotas column in the magazine O Cruzeiro. The cuts include the period from 1922 to 1930 for the Flappers and 1938-1946 for Garotas, favoring to a sequence of subsequent decades, in order to understand how representations of femininity have changed or remained. We also want to investigate how the mood and visuality contributed to standardize roles and relationships between gender, together with public policy. Magazines aimed to bring identification with hierarchized speeches, acting as gender pedagogy. However, we notice that humor sought in the fissures of the representations, the double standard, in which women were negotiated spaces of action and freedom. Both the Flappers and the Garotas used tactics to convince and seduction that led them to grant wishes and achieve some of their goals. They questioned and emphasized the contradictions and tensions of their respective decades. Sometimes indicated pretexts to think about the social changes of behavior and how men were placed in this board.

I’m interested in the way we stage our identity through objects. How objects relate to identity and body. I have been looking into how the self conception and creation of identity is affected by living in an individualistic, capitalistic and mass medial time. I carry a question, how much of the self is really just a replica of a replica? In this essay I discuss how the consumption of different kinds of media gives us knowledge and experiences of the world that is secondary. I explain how I experience that social media creates a thinking where I’m looking at my self from the outside and that this thinking makes my experiences indirect. I look at the individualization of the society and how I think the individualization affects the way we create collective and individual identities. Furthermore, I discuss how object become signifiers of identity and how we, within the consumer society, consume signs rather than objects. I look at the home, as a keeper of identity and memory, I also resemble the home with an organism where the human body only become a part of a bigger body. I discuss how body and object are intertwined both mentally and physically. Jewellery art and corpus is located between art and utility objects, my field gives me the opportunity to discuss the symbolism of the objects we surround ourselves with. In this essay I give a summary of my thinking around materials, methods and sources of inspiration in my work with Replika på replika. I go through my thinking around padded textile objects, the colour pink, the use of aluminium and how I work with reflection and figurative painting. I connect my work with my thoughts on caricatures, cartoons, pop musicians ways of working with characters and to art within different fields.

Der armenisch-türkische Konflikt ist eines der zentralen Themen in der armenischen Wochenzeitung Agos. Die Karikaturisten Aret Gicir, Ohannes Saskal und Sarkis Pacaci bebildern diesen Konflikt in der Sprache der Karikaturen. Die Zeitung ist dabei auch ein Medium für das kollektive Gedächtnis der Armenier in der Türkei und in der Diaspora. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht die Rolle der Karikaturen als Erinnerungsfiguren und die Rolle der Karikaturisten als Erinnerungsträger in den armenischen Medien, hier namentlich die Wochenzeitung Agos, für den kollektiven Konstruktionsprozess. Ohne Medien sind keine Erinnerungen möglich und Karikaturen sind ein Medium der Erinnerung. Die Karikaturisten Aret Gicir, Ohannes Saskal und Sarkis Pacaci verwenden unterschiedliche Techniken und Bildersprachen. Ihre Karikaturen gleichen Graffitis, Piktogrammen oder erotischen Darstellungen, sie sind Botschaften und Symbole einer kulturellen Hinterlassenschaft, so wird beispielsweise der tabuisierte Diskurs der Sexualität mit dem tabuisierten Diskurs des armenischen Genozids in der Türkei verbunden, ein Tabu wird durch ein anderes Tabu ersetzt. Die vorliegende Arbeit zeigt, dass die Karikaturisten die Funktion von modernen armenischen Aschugs, den Minnesängern der Gemeinschaft, übernehmen. Anstatt die Erinnerungen wie früher persönlich von Dorf zu Dorf tragen, oder wie im europäischen Mittelalter von Burg zu Burg, übernimmt diese Reise der Erinnerung die Zeitung Agos, um den Rezipienten mit Botschaften aus der Heimat zu versorgen. Durch die Zeitung wird der Rezipient an die (armenische) Vergangenheit erinnert. An diese Erinnerung wird versucht, die kollektive Gedächtnis der Armenier als Ersatz für das fehlende kommunikative Gedächtnis zu etablieren. / The Armenian-Turkish conflict is among the key subjects treated in the Armenian weekly Agos. The caricaturists Aret Gicir, Ohannes Saskal, and Sarkis Pacaci illustrate this conflict in the language of caricatures. The newspaper is thus also a medium for the collective memory of Armenians in Turkey and in the diaspora. This dissertation examines the role of caricatures as memory figures and the role of the caricaturists as carriers of memory in the Armenian media, here specifically the Agos weekly, for the collective process of construction. Memories are not possible without media, and caricatures are a medium of memory. The caricaturists Aret Gicir, Ohannes Saskal, and Sarkis Pacaci use different techniques and imagery. Similar to graffiti, pictograms, or erotic depictions, their caricatures are messages and symbols of a cultural legacy. The tabooed discourse on sexuality, for example, is related to the tabooed discourse of the Armenian genocide in Turkey; one taboo replaces another. This thesis shows that the caricaturists assume the function of modern Armenian ashughs, the bards of the community. Instead of the earlier practice of transmitting the memories personally from village to village, or from castle to castle, as was done in medieval Europe, this journey of remembrance is carried out by the Agos newspaper in order to provide recipients with messages from home. The newspaper serves to remind recipients of the (Armenian) past. Through this memory, an attempt is made to establish the collective memory of the Armenians as a substitute for the lacking communicative memory.

<p>У дисертацији су проучени српски хумористичко-сатирички листови с краја XIX и почетка XX века, тачније из периода 1881&ndash;1903. године. Трагано је за хумористичко-сатиричким прилозима како би се они укључили у корпус српске књижевности тог периода. Истраживање је спроведено применом критичко-методичког апарата за изучавање књижевно-уметничких дела. Основна идеја била је да се покаже да раније маргинализована грађа завређује пажњу историчара српске књижевности, јер прилози који су анализирани у раду показују да су у њима коришћене стилске фигуре и поступци као и у другим родовима и жанровима који су били третирани као норма српске књижевности. Прилози у српској хумористичко-сатиричкој периодици овог времена могу да буду одлична грађа не само за књижевну историју, већ и за историјску, социолошку, психолошку, културолошку или родну анализу. То је важно, јер се кроз хумористичке прилоге проговарало о темама које су биле табуиране и цензурисане у озбиљним политичким листовима. У шаљивој периодици готово увек је постојао и ликовни део у виду карикатура које су пратиле текст. У раду се наглашава повезаност ликовног и текстуалног слоја тих прилога, тако да се помињу и неки од најзначајнијих твораца карикатуре код Срба из тог периода (Драгутин Дамјановић, Јосип Даниловац, Јован Јовановић Змај и други). Стога ови прилози могу да се проучавају и са аспекта ликовне уметности. Текстуални елемент&nbsp;карикатура имао је увек подтекст који је могао бити историјски, књижевни, па чак и религиозни, али који је обавезно био кључ за разумевање карикатуре. Данашњем читаоцу тај подтекст је далек и циљ рада био је да се он појасни и да се карикатура на прави начин протумачи. Показало се да су се аутори хумористичко-сатиричких прилога бавили пре свега политиком на микро и макро нивоу, црквеним темама, родним темама, путописним темама и другим. Рад показује велику актуелност хумористичко-сатиричке периодике у оно време и да су српски листови пратили трендове који су постојали у истоврсној литератури у Европи и шире.</p> / <p>U disertaciji su proučeni srpski humorističko-satirički listovi s kraja XIX i početka XX veka, tačnije iz perioda 1881&ndash;1903. godine. Tragano je za humorističko-satiričkim prilozima kako bi se oni uključili u korpus srpske književnosti tog perioda. Istraživanje je sprovedeno primenom kritičko-metodičkog aparata za izučavanje književno-umetničkih dela. Osnovna ideja bila je da se pokaže da ranije marginalizovana građa zavređuje pažnju istoričara srpske književnosti, jer prilozi koji su analizirani u radu pokazuju da su u njima korišćene stilske figure i postupci kao i u drugim rodovima i žanrovima koji su bili tretirani kao norma srpske književnosti. Prilozi u srpskoj humorističko-satiričkoj periodici ovog vremena mogu da budu odlična građa ne samo za književnu istoriju, već i za istorijsku, sociološku, psihološku, kulturološku ili rodnu analizu. To je važno, jer se kroz humorističke priloge progovaralo o temama koje su bile tabuirane i cenzurisane u ozbiljnim političkim listovima. U šaljivoj periodici gotovo uvek je postojao i likovni deo u vidu karikatura koje su pratile tekst. U radu se naglašava povezanost likovnog i tekstualnog sloja tih priloga, tako da se pominju i neki od najznačajnijih tvoraca karikature kod Srba iz tog perioda (Dragutin Damjanović, Josip Danilovac, Jovan Jovanović Zmaj i drugi). Stoga ovi prilozi mogu da se proučavaju i sa aspekta likovne umetnosti. Tekstualni element&nbsp;karikatura imao je uvek podtekst koji je mogao biti istorijski, književni, pa čak i religiozni, ali koji je obavezno bio ključ za razumevanje karikature. Današnjem čitaocu taj podtekst je dalek i cilj rada bio je da se on pojasni i da se karikatura na pravi način protumači. Pokazalo se da su se autori humorističko-satiričkih priloga bavili pre svega politikom na mikro i makro nivou, crkvenim temama, rodnim temama, putopisnim temama i drugim. Rad pokazuje veliku aktuelnost humorističko-satiričke periodike u ono vreme i da su srpski listovi pratili trendove koji su postojali u istovrsnoj literaturi u Evropi i šire.</p> / <p>The dissertation examines a set of Serbian humorous-satirical journals at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century, in the period between 1881 and 1903. It aimed at identifying the humorous-satirical articles in order to include them in the Serbian literature of that period. The research was carried out by using the critical and methodical apparatus for studying literary and artistic works. The main idea was to demonstrate that previously marginalized material deserved proper attention of literary historians, since the articles analyzed in the dissertation contained both the figures of speech and literary procedures seen in other works and genres treated as normative in the Serbian literature. Articles in the Serbian humorous-satirical periodicals of that time could be an excellent material not only for literary history, but also for historical, sociological, psychological, cultural and gender research. This is important, having in mind that the comical articles spoke about the topics that were forbidden or censored in serious political journals. In comic periodicals, there was almost always a segment of fine art, displayed through caricatures accompanying the text. The dissertation emphasises this connection between the caricatures and the text. Therefore, it references some of the most prominent Serbian caricature artists of that&nbsp;time (Dragutin Damjanović, Josip Danilovac, Jovan Jovanović Zmaj, etc.). Furthermore, these articles can be analysed from the point of view of fine arts. The textual element of caricatures always had the subtext which could be historical, literary, or even religious, and it was always the key to understaninding the caricature. To the contemporary reader, this subtext is out of reach. The dissertation aims at making it understandable so as to correctly interpret the caricature. It became obvious that the authors of humorous-satirical articles predominanty dealt with politics on the micro and macro levels, clerical topics, gender issues, travel literature, and so on. The dissertation shows that the humorous-satirical periodical was highly resonant of its time and that Serbian journals followed the trends of the same kind of literature in Europe and elsewhere.</p>