Face à l’évolution technologique rapide des produits, l’innovation incrémentale des nouveaux produits, et la mobilité du personnel le plus expérimenté, les entreprises cherchent à formaliser et à capitaliser leurs expériences et les savoir-faire des acteurs d’entreprise en vue d’une réutilisation ultérieure. Afin de répondre à cette problématique, l’approche du raisonnement à partir de cas conversationnel (RàPCC) est une réponse potentielle à la question de la capitalisation et de la réutilisation des connaissances. Notre recherche s’intéresse aux méthodes permettant de piloter le retour d’expérience (RETEX) appliqué à la résolution de problèmes techniques. Notre méthodologie pour créer un système d’aide au diagnostic des pannes est divisée en quatre phases : la description d’événements, l’élaboration de l’ensemble des solutions apportées aux pannes, la mise en place d’une aide au diagnostic grâce aux arbres de défaillances et la mise en place d’un système informatique. Afin d’extraire les connaissances tacites et les formaliser, nous avons créé des protocoles de décision dans le but d’aider l’expert à résoudre un problème industriel. Nous avons donc proposé une formulation et l’élaboration de cas conversationnels dans le domaine du diagnostic. Ces cas doivent être stockés dans une base de cas. Afin de valider notre proposition méthodologique, nous avons réalisé la phase expérimentale dans une entreprise industrielle de l’Est de la France. Nous proposons finalement une maquette informatique conçue pour l’entreprise. Cette maquette permet de réaliser un diagnostic des pannes en créant des cas dans une base de cas pour une réutilisation ultérieure / Faced with the fast technological development of products, incremental innovation of new products, and the mobility of their most experienced staff, companies are seeking to formalize and capitalize on the experiences and know-how of their personnel in order to reuse them later. To deal with these problems, the conversational case based reasoning (CCBR) approach is a potential answer to the question of capitalization and reuse of knowledge. Our research focuses on methods to manage experience feedback (EF). We are placed in the field of experience feedback applied to technical problem solving. Our methodology for creating aided failure diagnosis systems is divided into four phases: the events description, the development of all solutions to failures, the arrangement of a diagnostic aid through fault trees and setting up a computer system. We based our work on the fault tree approach in order to extract tacit knowledge and its formalization. Our objective was to create decision protocols in order to assist the expert in solving an industrial problem. Therefore, we have proposed a formulation and development of conversational cases in diagnosis. These cases must be memorised in a database of cases. To validate our proposal methodology, we have carried out the experimental phase in an industrial company in eastern France. This experiment allowed us to validate our work and highlight its advantages and limitations. Finally, we propose a computer model designed for the company. This model enables failure diagnosis by creating the case in a case base for later utilization

Dans le domaine des environnements numériques, un enjeu particulier consiste à construire des systèmes permettant aux utilisateurs de partager et de réutiliser leurs expériences. Cette thèse s'intéresse à la problématique générale des recommandations contextuelles pour des applications web dans un contexte particulier : tâche complexes, beaucoup de données, différents types d'utilisateurs (du débutant au professionnel), etc. Nous cherchons à fournir une assistance à l'utilisateur en prenant en compte le contexte et la dynamique des tâches que l'utilisateur effectue. On cherche à fournir des recommandations dynamiques qui sont enrichies au fur et à mesure des expériences. Pour fournir ces recommandations dynamiques, nous nous appuyons sur le Raisonnement à Partir de l'Expérience Tracée (RàPET). Dans le RàPET, les traces d'interaction constituent d'importants conteneurs de connaissances. Ces traces permettent de mieux comprendre le comportement des utilisateurs et leurs activités. Par conséquent, elles représentent également le contexte de l'activité. Les traces peuvent donc venir nourrir un assistant à partir d'expérience en lui fournissant des connaissances appropriées. Dans cette thèse, nous présentons un état de l'art sur les systèmes d'assistances dynamiques et nous rappelons les concepts généraux des systèmes à base de traces. Nous avons proposé une formalisation des traces modélisées et des processus qui permettent de manipuler ces traces. Nous avons notamment défini une méthode pour établir des mesures de similarité afin de comparer des traces modélisées. Nous avons implémenté ces propositions dans un outil appelé TStore. Cet outil permet le stockage, la transformation, la gestion et la réutilisation des traces modélisées. Ensuite, nous avons proposé un mécanisme de rejouage de traces pour permettre aux utilisateurs de revenir à un état précédent de l'application. Enfin, nous avons décrit une approche de recommandations à partir de traces. Le moteur de recommandations est alimenté par les traces d'interactions laissée par les précédents utilisateurs de l'application. Cette approche s'appuie sur les mesures de similarité proposées plus haut. Nous avons validé nos contributions théoriques à l'aide de deux applications web : SAP BusinessObjects Explorer pour l'analyse de données, et Wanaclip pour la génération semi-automatique de clips vidéos. Le mécanisme de rejouage de traces est démontré dans SAP BusinessObjects Explorer. Les recommandations à base de traces sont illustrées dans l'application Wanaclip. Dans la dernière partie du manuscrit, nous mesurons les performances de TStore et la qualité des recommandations et des mesures de similarité qu'il implémente. Nous discutons aussi des résultats du sondage que nous avons appliqué aux utilisateurs de Wanaclip pour mesurer leur satisfaction. Nos évaluations montrent que notre approche offre des recommandations satisfaisantes et un bon temps de réponse. / In the field of digital environments, a particular challenge is to build systems that enable users to share and reuse their experiences. In this thesis, we are interested in the general problem of contextual recommendations for specific web applications in a particular context: complex tasks, huge amount of data, various types of users (from novice to professional), etc. We focus on providing user assistance which takes into account the context and the dynamics of users’ tasks. We seek to provide dynamic recommendations that are enriched by new experiences over time. To provide these dynamic recommendations, we make use of Trace-Based Reasoning (TBR). TBR is a recent artificial intelligence paradigm that draws its inspiration from Case-Based Reasoning. In TBR, interaction traces act as an important knowledge container. They help to understand users’ behaviors and their activities. Therefore, they reflect the context of the activity. Traces can feed an experience-based assistant with the adequate and appropriate knowledge. In this thesis, we introduce a state of the art about dynamic assistance systems and the general concepts of Trace-Based Systems. In order to provide experience-based assistance, we have made several contributions. First, we propose a formal representation of modeled traces and a description of the processes involved in their manipulation. Notably, we define a method for computing similarity measures for comparing modeled traces. These proposals have been implemented in a framework named TStore for the storage, transformation, management, and reuse of modeled traces. Next, we describe a trace replay mechanism enabling users to go back to a particular state of the application. This mechanism supports impact propagation of changes during the replay process. Last, we define a recommendation approach based on interaction traces. The recommendation engine is fed by interaction traces left by previous users of the application and stored in a manager, such as TStore. This approach facilitates knowledge sharing between communities of users and relies, among other things, on the similarity measures mentioned above. We have validated our theoretical contributions on two different web applications: SAP BusinessObjects Explorer for data reporting and Wanaclip for generating video clips. The trace replay mechanism is demonstrated in SAP BusinessObjects. Trace-Based Reasoning recommendations are illustrated with Wanaclip to guide users in both video selection, and the actions to perform in order to make quality video clips. In the last part of this manuscript, we measure the performances of TStore and the quality of recommendations and similarity measures implemented in TStore. We also discuss the results of the survey that the users of Wanaclip answered in order to measure their satisfaction. Our evaluations show that our approach offers satisfactory recommendations and good response time.

Tout comportement défectueux d’un système temps-réel critique, comme celui utilisé dans le réseau avionique ou le secteur nucléaire, peut mettre en danger des vies. Par conséquent, la vérification et validation de ces systèmes est indispensable avant leurs déploiements. En fait, les autorités de sécurité demandent d’assurer des garanties déterministes. Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons à obtenir des garanties temporelles, en particulier nous avons besoin de prouver que le temps de réponse de bout-en-bout de chaque flux présent dans le réseau est borné. Ce sujet a été abordé durant de nombreuses années et plusieurs approches ont été développées. Après une brève comparaison entre les différentes approches existantes, une semble être un bon candidat. Elle s’appelle l’approche par trajectoire; cette méthode utilise les résultats établis par la théorie de l'ordonnancement afin de calculer une limite supérieure. En réalité, la surestimation de la borne calculée peut entrainer la rejection de certification du réseau. Ainsi une première partie du travail consiste à détecter les sources de pessimisme de l’approche adoptée. Dans le cadre d’un ordonnancement FIFO, les termes ajoutant du pessimisme à la borne calculée ont été identifiés. Cependant, comme les autres méthodes, l’approche par trajectoire souffre du problème de passage à l’échelle. En fait, l’approche doit être appliquée sur un réseau composé d’une centaine de commutateur et d’un nombre de flux qui dépasse les milliers. Ainsi, il est important qu’elle soit en mesure d'offrir des résultats dans un délai acceptable. La première étape consiste à identifier, dans le cas d’un ordonnancement FIFO, les termes conduisant à un temps de calcul important. L'analyse montre que la complexité du calcul est due à un processus récursif et itératif. Ensuite, en se basant toujours sur l’approche par trajectoire, nous proposons de calculer une limite supérieure dans un intervalle de temps réduit et sans perte significative de précision. C'est ce qu'on appelle l'approche par trajectoire scalable. Un outil a été développé permettant de comparer les résultats obtenus par l’approche par trajectoire et notre proposition. Après application sur un réseau de taille réduite (composé de 10 commutateurs), les résultats de simulations montrent que la durée totale nécessaire pour calculer les bornes des milles flux a été réduite de plusieurs jours à une dizaine de secondes. / In critical real-time systems, any faulty behavior may endanger lives. Hence, system verification and validation is essential before their deployment. In fact, safety authorities ask to ensure deterministic guarantees. In this thesis, we are interested in offering temporal guarantees; in particular we need to prove that the end-to-end response time of every flow present in the network is bounded. This subject has been addressed for many years and several approaches have been developed. After a brief comparison between the existing approaches, the Trajectory Approach sounded like a good candidate due to the tightness of its offered bound. This method uses results established by the scheduling theory to derive an upper bound. The reasons leading to a pessimistic upper bound are investigated. Moreover, since the method must be applied on large networks, it is important to be able to give results in an acceptable time frame. Hence, a study of the method’s scalability was carried out. Analysis shows that the complexity of the computation is due to a recursive and iterative processes. As the number of flows and switches increase, the total runtime required to compute the upper bound of every flow present in the network understudy grows rapidly. While based on the concept of the Trajectory Approach, we propose to compute an upper bound in a reduced time frame and without significant loss in its precision. It is called the Scalable Trajectory Approach. After applying it to a network, simulation results show that the total runtime was reduced from several days to a dozen seconds.

After the students in high school have learned to integrate a function, the calculation of the volume of a solid of revolution, like a rotated parabola, is taken as a good applied example. The next step is to calculate the volume of an object of reality which is interpreted as a solid of revolution of a given function f(x). The students do all these calculations in the same way and get the same result. Consequently the teachers can easily decide if a result is right or wrong. If the students have learned to work with a graphical or CAS calculator, they can calculate the volume of solids of revolution in reality by modelling a possible fitted function f(x). Every student has to decide which points of the curve that generates the solid of revolution can be taken and which function will suitably fit the curve. In Austrian high schools teachers use GeoGebra as a software which allows you to insert photographs or scanned material in the geometric window as a background picture. In this case the student and the teacher can control if the graph of the calculated function will fit the generating curve in a useful way.

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Submitted by Clebson Anjos (clebson.leandro54@gmail.com) on 2016-03-10T21:04:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2589803 bytes, checksum: b920704887c22a48700cc509f77c8735 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-10T21:04:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2589803 bytes, checksum: b920704887c22a48700cc509f77c8735 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-10-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Public and private organizations are both experiencing a moment when the intellectual capital has become a source of differentiation and success for them to achieve their goals, so that they can produce wealth and a more important value than those ones previously generated by capital and labor. This new point of view is influenced by Knowledge Management (KM), which has raised the knowledge to an important administrative role in the organizational routine activities. In public service, KM has changed the focus of the sectors that deal with knowledge. With it, favorable conditions for creating new skills to improve efficiency and quality of services provided to citizens and society are being raised among the newest concerns of the managers. Given the above, this study aims to analyze GC practices in the Attendance Center for Civil Servants (CAS) of the Dean of Human Resources Management (PROGEP) of the Federal University of Paraiba (UFPB), and to raise subsidies that promote KM improvement initiatives for carrying out their activities. The research consisted of a case study of applied nature, descriptive and bibliographic character, and its target population was all CAS servers involved in care processes. The method used to gather data collection was the Knowledge Management Diagnostic (KMD) elaborated by Bukowitz and Williams (2002), which consists of a questionnaire containing 140 questions with indicators for appreciation of seven sections of the knowledge. The result analysis was based on documentary evaluations associated to methodological procedures and metrics criteria established by KMD method. In view of this, the final results enabled the recognition of shortcomings and gaps in the areas of KM, as well as indicate some initiatives for building an action plan in the section ‘Evaluate’ which got the lowest score - 57%. For this, we can see that CAS develops in approximate proportions KM initiatives in the seven sections of KMD, with performances considered acceptable in all sections of the method and, in addition, it reached 63 percentile points in the overall result. This performance is higher than that found by Bukowitz and Williams in their field tests, 55%. Although the results are favorably disposed to GC practices, it is clear that much remains to be done, because there is no official, regular or continuous process to facilitate the engagement and learning conditions to be part of the organizational culture of CAS. / As organizações, tanto públicas quanto privadas, vivem um momento em que o capital intelectual tem se tornado fonte de diferenciação e de sucesso para que elas alcancem seus objetivos e, sobretudo, produzam riqueza e valor muito mais importantes do que aqueles antes gerados pelo capital e pelo trabalho. Essa nova visão é influenciada pela Gestão do Conhecimento (GC), que elevou o conhecimento a uma importante função administrativa nas atividades rotineiras das organizações e, no serviço público, tem mudado o foco dos setores que trabalham com o conhecimento, pois, através dela, condições favoráveis para criar novas competências e melhorar a qualidade dos serviços prestados ao cidadão e à sociedade estão sendo suscitadas nas novas preocupações dos gestores. Diante do exposto, objetivou-se, com este trabalho, analisar as práticas de gestão do conhecimento na Central de Atendimento ao Servidor (CAS) da Pró-Reitoria de Gestão de Pessoas (PROGEP) da Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB) e levantar subsídios que promovam iniciativas de melhorias de GC no exercício de suas atividades. A pesquisa consistiu em um estudo de caso de natureza aplicada, de caráter descritivo e bibliográfico, e teve como população-alvo todos os servidores da CAS envolvidos nos processos de atendimento. Na coleta dos dados foi utilizado o instrumento KMD (Knowledge Management Diagnostic), elaborado por Bukowitz e Williams (2002), o qual é composto por um questionário estruturado com 140 questões, com indicadores para apreciação de sete seções do conhecimento. A análise dos resultados foi feita com base em avaliações documentais associadas aos procedimentos metodológicos e critérios de métricas estabelecidos pelo método KMD. À vista disso, os resultados finais possibilitaram reconhecer deficiências e lacunas nas áreas de GC da organização e indicaram iniciativas para construção de um plano de ação na seção ‘Avaliar’ que obteve menor pontuação – 57%. Para tanto, percebe-se que a CAS desenvolve em proporções aproximadas iniciativas de GC nas sete seções do KMD, com desempenhos considerados aceitáveis em todas as seções do método, além do que atingiu 63 pontos percentuais no resultado geral. Esse desempenho foi superior ao encontrado por Bukowitz e Williams em seus testes de campo, que foi de 55%. Apesar de os resultados se mostrarem favoráveis para as práticas de Gestão do Conhecimento, muito ainda deve ser feito, porquanto não existe um processo oficial, regular e contínuo para que condições facilitadoras de aprendizagem e envolvimento possam fazer parte da cultura organizacional da CAS.

Doctorat en sciences psychologiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Doctorat en sciences psychologiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Doctorat en philosophie et lettres / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Doctorat en sciences psychologiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished