O carcinoma hepatocelular (CHC) é a quinta neoplasia maligna mais frequente no mundo, sendo que, em mais de 80% dos casos, seu aparecimento está relacionado à presença de cirrose hepática (CH). A infecção crônica pelo vírus da hepatite C (VHC) é uma das principais causas de cirrose hepática no mundo e, consequentemente, de CHC. Este estudo caso-controle foi baseado na análise de variáveis clínicas, bioquímicas e sorológicas de 31 pacientes cirróticos pelo VHC com CHC de pequeno tamanho (<= 3 cm, tamanho médio = 22 mm) comparando-os com grupo controle de 62 pacientes cirróticos pelo VHC sem CHC, pareados por idade e sexo. Os principais objetivos foram identificar marcadores auxiliares ao diagnóstico de CHC e desenvolver um modelo linear para o diagnóstico presuntivo de CHC de pequeno tamanho. Os dados levantados foram submetidos à análise univariada. Demonstramos diferenças significantes entre os dois grupos com relação à presença de marcadores de infecção pregressa pelo vírus da hepatite B; às dosagens séricas de aspartato aminotransferase, de alanina aminotransferase, de gamaglutamil transpeptidase; à contagem de plaquetas, fibrinogênio plasmático, alfafetoproteína e resposta virológica sustentada ao tratamento com interferon. As variáveis significantes foram submetidas à análise multivariada com procedimento de regressão logística \"stepwise\" para ajustar o modelo linear. Esta análise multivariada selecionou duas variáveis preditoras para o diagnóstico de CHC, a aspartato aminotransferase e a alfa-fetoproteína, com uma probabilidade de 0,26; sensibilidade de 74,2% e especificidade de 66,1%. Entretanto este modelo linear, devido a sua baixa probabilidade, não pode ser empregado para o diagnóstico de CHC, porém potencializa a identificação de um grupo de pacientes com maior risco para o seu desenvolvimento, merecendo assim um programa de rastreamento mais cuidadoso / Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common cause of cancer worldwilde. In 80% of cases HCC develop in cirrhotic livers. Hepatitis C virus infection is considered one of the main causes of liver cirrhosis and HCC. We conducted a case-control study involved 31 small HCC cases (<= 3 cm, mean size = 22 mm) and 62 age and gender matched control HCV liver cirrhosis subjects. All included patients (case and controls) were HCV positive (confirmed by RT-PCR). The present study was based on the comparison of clinical, biochemical and serological data in these patients. Our aims were to identify auxiliar parameters for the diagnosis of HCC and develop a linear model that predict the diagnosis of HCC. Data were submitted to an univariate analysis. Significant differences between the groups were observed in relation to markers of hepatitis B past infection, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, gammaglutamyltransferase, platelet count, fibrinogen, alpha-fetoprotein and sustained response after Interferon therapy. The significant variables were submitted to a multivariate analysis with stepwise logistic regression procedure to adjust a linear model to estimate the probability of diagnosis of HCC. Two significant variables to HCC prediction were found, the aspartate aminotransferase and alpha-fetoprotein adjusted a linear model that allows HCC diagnosis with 0,26 probability, 74,2% sensibility and 66% specificity. However, because this model has low probability, it cannot make the HCC diagnosis but allows identify the potential group of patients with major risk to rise HCC, so that deserves more accurate surveillance strategy

Abstract This study focuses on a son's violence against his father. It consists of three substudies. The first substudy examines the incidence of patricide in Finland. The incidence was essentially the same in the beginning and in the end of 20th century: 0.07 and 0.06 cases of patricide per 100 000 per year respectively. At the same time the incidence of matricide increased from 0.01 to 0.07 per 100 000 respectively. The proportion of patricide and matricide of all homicides increased due to the decrease of all homicides in Finland during the study period. The incidences of parricides seem to be of the order of other western countries. In the second substudy, all the reports of 107 serious violent offences by a son against his father were extracted from among all the forensic psychiatric examination reports made in Finland in 1973-96. These index cases were compared to 107 control cases of homicide against other people. Various statistically significant differences were found between the groups. The controls had the following characteristics more commonly than the indexes: developmental problems (especially conduct disorders) in childhood, personality disorders, dependence on alcohol or drugs and criminal histories as adults. They were also married and left their childhood home before the crime more commonly than the indexes. The indexes had psychotic diseases and dependence on parents more commonly, but also better educational and professional success. The indexes were more commonly diagnosed as 'without legal responsibility' (33% vs. 12%) and the controls more commonly 'with diminished legal responsibility'. In the third substudy, five major predisposing factors for a son's violence against his father were identified (incidence in parenthesis): A son's dependence on his parents (70%), a son's tendency to violence (65%), psychotic disease of the son (31%), the fathers oppressive and violent behaviour against the son (36%), protection of the mother against the father's violence by the son (21%). One or more of these factors could be involved in any single case. It was found that oedipality could not explain the violence of a son against his father. Distant and aggressive fathering and close and caring mothering can be seen as predisposing factors both to violence against the father and to the claimed general high prevalence of oedipality in our culture. / Tiivistelmä Tämä työ koostuu kolmesta osatutkimuksesta. Ensimmäisessä tutkittiin pojan tekemän patrisidin eli isän surmaamisen esiintyvyyttä Suomessa. Patrisidin esiintyvyys pysyi suunnilleen samana, 0.07 ja 0.06 tapausta 100 000 asukasta kohti vuodessa, 1900-luvun alussa ja lopussa. Sen sijaan matrisidin eli äidin surmaamisen esiintyvyys kasvoi 0.01:stä 0.07:ään tapaukseen 100 000 asukasta kohti vuodessa. Patrisidien ja matrisidien osuus kaikista henkirikoksista Suomessa kasvoi 1900-luvun aikana, koska yleinen henkirikoskuolleisuus aleni kyseisen jakson aikana. Patrisidin ja matrisidin esiintyvyys vastaa muissa länsimaissa havaittuja esiintyvyyslukuja. Työn toisessa osassa tutkittiin mielentutkimuksessa vuosina 1973-96 olleiden 107 isänsä surmanneen tai pahoinpidelleen pojan ja heidän 107 verrokkinsa teon taustalla olleita tekijöitä. Useita tilastollisesti merkitseviä eroja havaittiin: verrokit kärsivät indeksejä yleisemmin lapsuudessa kehitysongelmista, etenkin käytöshäiriöistä, ja aikuisena persoonallisuushäiriöistä ja päihderiippuvuudesta sekä tekivät yleisemmin rikoksia. He myös solmivat parisuhteen ja lähtivät kotoa ennen väkivallantekoaan yleisemmin kuin indeksit Indeksit olivat yleisemmin psykoottisia ja riippuvaisia vanhemmistaan, mutta menestyivät paremmin koulussa ja työelämässä kuin verrokit. Indeksit todettiin mielentilatutkimuksessa yleisemmin syyntakeettomiksi kuin verrokit ja verrokit taas yleisemmin alentuneesti syyntakeiseksi kuin indeksit. Tutkimuksen kolmannessa osassa isään kohdistuneelle väkivallalle todettiin viisi keskeistä altistavaa tekijää (tekijöiden esiintyvyys 107 indeksin joukossa suluissa prosentteina): Pojan riippuvuus vanhemmistaan (70%), pojan väkivaltataipumus (65%), pojan psykoottinen sairaus (31%), isän alistava ja väkivaltainen käytös poikaa kohtaan (36%), äidin suojelu isän väkivallalta (21%). Kuhunkin tapaukseen saattoi liittyä samanaikaisesti yksi tai useampia tekijöitä. Oidipaalisuuden ei havaittu olevan keskeinen altistava tekijä pojan väkivallalle isää kohtaan. Etäinen ja väkivaltainen isyys ja suojaava ja huolehtiva äitiys voivat olla altistavia tekijöitä paitsi isään kohdistuvalle väkivallalle myös aiemmissa tutkimuksissa havaitulle oidipaalisuuden yleisyydelle kulttuurissamme.

Orientador: Vera Lúcia Gil da Silva Lopes / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T00:02:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Araujo_TaniaKawasakide_D.pdf: 3447671 bytes, checksum: 97911848c6334882843e4b270b9c6771 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: A fenda de labiopalatal (FLP) isolada é o defeito craniofacial mais comum em humanos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar associações entre 39 genes e a etiologia de FLP isolada em uma amostra da população brasileira. Este estudo de associação do tipo caso-controle foi desenhado com um poder estatístico de 81,29% por meio de regressão logística. O grupo de casos foi composto por 182 pacientes com FLP isolada registrados na Base Brasileira de Dados Clínicos e Familiais de Fendas Orofaciais Típicas. O grupo controle foi formado por 355 indivíduos saudáveis, sem história de fendas orais em três gerações. Toda a amostra foi genotipada por meio do sistema OpenArray®TaqManTM para 253 polimorfismos de nucleotídeo único (SNPs) em 39 genes, incluindo dois genes que, recentemente, haviam sido descritos por este grupo de pesquisa. A seleção de SNPs foi feita com o programa SNPbrowser 4.0 (Applied Biosystems) para verificar o número e a localização dos SNPs apropriados para explorar a associação de cada gene com FLP isolada. A análise de associação foi realizada por meio de regressão logística e regressão stepwise. Os resultados foram corrigidos para múltiplos testes (correção de Bonferroni). Vinte e quatro SNPs em 16 genes foram significativamente associados com a etiologia da FLP isolada, incluindo MSX1, SPRY1, MSX2, PRSS35, TFAP2A, SHH, VAX1, TBX10, WNT11, PAX9, BMP4, JAG2, AXIN2, DVL2, KIF7 e TCBE3. A análise de regressão stepwise revelou que 11 genes contribuiram em 15,5% do fenótipo de FLP isolada nessa amostra. Este é o primeiro estudo a associar os genes KIF7 e TCEB3 à FLP isolada / Abstract: Nonsyndromic cleft lip and palate (NSCLP) is the most common craniofacial birth defect. The aim of this study was to evaluate associations between 39 genes and the etiology of NSCLP in a Brazilian population. This case-control association study was designed with 81.29% statistical power according to logistic regression. The case group was composed of 182 patients with NSCLP enrolled in the Brazilian Database on Orofacial Clefts. The controls included 355 healthy individuals with no history of oral clefting in the past three generations. All samples were genotyped by TaqMan®OpenArrayTM system for 253 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 39 genes, including two that had recently been associated with this process. The SNPs selection was made by SNPbrowser 4.0 (Applied Biosystems) in order to establish the best SNPs to explor the association between each gene and NSCLP. The association analysis was performed using logistic regression and stepwise regression. The results were corrected for multiple testing (Bonferroni correction). Twenty-four SNPs in 16 genes were significantly associated with the etiology of NSCLP, including MSX1, SPRY1, MSX2, PRSS35, TFAP2A, SHH, VAX1, TBX10, WNT11, PAX9, BMP4, JAG2, AXIN2, DVL2, KIF7 and TCBE3. Stepwise regression analysis revealed that 11 genes contributed to 15.5% of the phenotype of NSCLP in the sample. This is the first study to associate KIF7 and TCEB3 with NSCLP / Doutorado / Ciencias Biomedicas / Doutora em Ciências Médicas

Foram selecionados 231 indivíduos, no período de abril de 1997 a janeiro de 1998, divididos em dois grupos controle com 88 indivíduos e 143 pacientes com doença arterial coronária. Os pacientes foram subdivididos em dois grupos: 59 com angina estável e 84 com IAM. Foram analisadas as características clínicas, fatores de risco, pressão arterial sistólica e diastólica, perfil lipídico, glicemia, tabagismo, apoliproteína Al, apoliproteína B, lipoproteína (a), fibrinogênio, ácido úrico e hemograma completo. Análise multivariada mostrou que a idade, o HDL-colesterol, leucócitos e monócitos foram fatores de risco independentes para doença arterial coronária. / Between april 1997 and january 1998, 231 patients were selected and divided into two groups: control group with 88 patients and 143 patients with coronary artery disease. The latter group was then divided into two subgroups: 59 patients with stable angina and 84 patients with AMI. Clinical characteristics, risk factors, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, lipid profile, glycemia, smoking, apoliprotein Al, apoliprotein B, lipoprotein(a), fibrinogen, uric acid and total blood cell count were analyzed. Multivariate analysis showed age, HDL-cholesterol, leukocytes and monocytes as independent risk factors for coronay heart disease.

Avaliar por ressonância magnética (IRM), placa e remodelamento coronários, comparar estenose por IRM e cinecoronariografia (CINE) e correlacionar achados de US de carótidas em pacientes (pts) com DAC. Avaliamos 10 controles(ctls) e 26 pts (lesão > 50% à CINE). Realizamos cortes transversais em artérias DA e CD (2Dblack-blood). Calculamos espessamento parietal (EP), área luminal (AL), área da parede (AP) e área total do vaso (ATV). Detectamos significantes aumentos em EP, AP e ATV nos pts vs. ctls, sem diferenças quanto a AL. Ajustando AL pela ATV, houve redução desta relação nos pts vs. ctls (remodelamento positivo). Em conclusão, a IRM identifica a parede e remodelamento de coronárias em pts com DAC, não houve correlação entre IRM e CINE quanto à estenose e placa em carótidas foi mais prevalente nos pts / To test magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in detecting atherosclerotic plaque and coronary remodeling in patients (pts) with CAD, to compare stenosis grade (MRI vs. angiography), and to correlate carotid plaque by US and CAD. Cross-sectional slices (2D black-blood) was performed in LAD and RCA in 10 controls (ctls) and 26 pts ( > 50% stenosis) by MRI. Maximum wall thickness (WT), vessel wall area (VWA), luminal area (LA) and total vessel area (TVA) were analyzed. MRI detected increases in WT, VWA and TVA in pts vs. ctls, but not for LA. Adjusting LA for TVA, reduction was found in pts (positive remodeling). In conclusion, MRI allowed vessel abnormalities and coronary remodeling in pts with CAD, there was no correlation between stenosis grade (MRI vs. angiography) and carotid plaque was more prevalent in pts

No / BACKGROUND: Glaucoma is a progressive eye disease and a leading cause of visual disability. Automated assessment of the visual field determines the different stages in the disease process: it would be desirable to link these measurements taken in the clinic with patient's actual function, or establish if patients compensate for their restricted field of view when performing everyday tasks. Hence, this study investigated eye movements in glaucomatous patients when viewing driving scenes in a hazard perception test (HPT). METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: The HPT is a component of the UK driving licence test consisting of a series of short film clips of various traffic scenes viewed from the driver's perspective each containing hazardous situations that require the camera car to change direction or slow down. Data from nine glaucomatous patients with binocular visual field defects and ten age-matched control subjects were considered (all experienced drivers). Each subject viewed 26 different films with eye movements simultaneously monitored by an eye tracker. Computer software was purpose written to pre-process the data, co-register it to the film clips and to quantify eye movements and point-of-regard (using a dynamic bivariate contour ellipse analysis). On average, and across all HPT films, patients exhibited different eye movement characteristics to controls making, for example, significantly more saccades (P<0.001; 95% confidence interval for mean increase: 9.2 to 22.4%). Whilst the average region of 'point-of-regard' of the patients did not differ significantly from the controls, there were revealing cases where patients failed to see a hazard in relation to their binocular visual field defect. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Characteristics of eye movement patterns in patients with bilateral glaucoma can differ significantly from age-matched controls when viewing a traffic scene. Further studies of eye movements made by glaucomatous patients could provide useful information about the definition of the visual field component required for fitness to drive.

Objectifs: Examiner les tendances temporelles, les déterminants en lien avec le design des études et la qualité des taux de réponse rapportés dans des études cas-témoins sur le cancer publiées lors des 30 dernières années. Méthodes: Une revue des études cas-témoins sur le cancer a été menée. Les critères d'inclusion étaient la publication (i) dans l’un de 15 grands périodiques ciblés et (ii) lors de quatre périodes de publication (1984-1986, 1995, 2005 et 2013) couvrant trois décennies. 370 études ont été sélectionnées et examinées. La méthodologie en lien avec le recrutement des sujets et la collecte de données, les caractéristiques de la population, les taux de participation et les raisons de la non-participation ont été extraites de ces études. Des statistiques descriptives ont été utilisées pour résumer la qualité des taux de réponse rapportés (en fonction de la quantité d’information disponible), les tendances temporelles et les déterminants des taux de réponse; des modèles de régression linéaire ont été utilisés pour analyser les tendances temporelles et les déterminants des taux de participation. Résultats: Dans l'ensemble, les qualités des taux de réponse rapportés et des raisons de non-participation étaient très faible, particulièrement chez les témoins. La participation a diminué au cours des 30 dernières années, et cette baisse est plus marquée dans les études menées après 2000. Lorsque l'on compare les taux de réponse dans les études récentes a ceux des études menées au cours de 1971 à 1980, il y a une plus grande baisse chez les témoins sélectionnés en population générale ( -17,04%, IC 95%: -23,17%, -10,91%) que chez les cas (-5,99%, IC 95%: -11,50%, -0,48%). Les déterminants statistiquement significatifs du taux de réponse chez les cas étaient: le type de cancer examiné, la localisation géographique de la population de l'étude, et le mode de collecte des données. Le seul déterminant statistiquement significatif du taux de réponse chez les témoins hospitaliers était leur localisation géographique. Le seul déterminant statistiquement significatif du taux de participation chez les témoins sélectionnés en population générale était le type de répondant (sujet uniquement ou accompagné d’une tierce personne). Conclusion: Le taux de participation dans les études cas-témoins sur le cancer semble avoir diminué au cours des 30 dernières années et cette baisse serait plus marquée dans les études récentes. Afin d'évaluer le niveau réel de non-participation et ses déterminants, ainsi que l'impact de la non-participation sur la validité des études, il est nécessaire que les études publiées utilisent une approche normalisée pour calculer leurs taux de participation et qu’elles rapportent ceux-ci de façon transparente. / Objectives: To examine the time trends, study design determinants, and quality of reporting of response rates in published case-control studies of cancer over the past 30 years. Methods: A review was conducted of case-control studies of cancer. Inclusion criteria required publications in 15 major journals, during four publication periods spanning three decades (1984-86, 1995, 2005 and 2013). 370 studies were selected and reviewed. Information on study base ascertainment, data collection methods, population characteristics, response rates, and reasons for non-participation was extracted. Quality of response rate reporting was assessed based on the amount of information reported. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the quality of the reporting, time trends and the determinants of response rates; linear regression models were used to analyse time trends and determinants of response rates. Results: Overall, the quality of reporting of response rates and reasons for non-participation was very poor, especially for control series. Participation has declined over the past 30 years, and this decline was steeper in studies conducted after 2000. When comparing the response rates in recent studies to that in studies conducted during 1971-1980, there was a greater decline of this rate in population controls (-17.04%, 95% CI: -23.17%, -10.91%) than in cases (-5.99%, 95% CI: -11.50%, -0.48%). Statistically significant determinants of response rates among cases were: cancer type examined, location of the study population, and mode of data collection. The only statistically significant determinant of response rates among medical source controls was location of the study population. The only statistically significant determinant of response rates among population controls was type of respondent (self only or self and proxy) accepted by studies. Conclusion: Response rates in case-control studies of cancer seem to have declined and this decline has accelerated in recent studies. In order to appreciate the true level of non-participation and its determinants, as well as the impact of non-participation on validity of studies, there is a need for more transparent reporting and standardized calculation of response rates in published studies.

INTRODUÇÃO: Os astrocitomas difusamente infiltrativos são os tumores mais freqüentes de Sistema Nervoso Central (SNC) com uma taxa de 5-7 novos casos por 100.000 pessoas ano. São tumores altamente invasivos e estão associados com alterações de alguns genes como EGF (fator de crescimento epidérmico) e o EGFR (receptor do fator de crescimento epidérmico), que podem criar um aumento da atividade mitogênica, acarretando aumento de proliferação e maturação celular, apoptose, angiogênese e metástase. O nível de expressão destes genes pode ser influenciado por alterações genéticas, como a presença de polimorfismos. Uma mudança única de base (SNP) pode alterar a expressão gênica e, sendo assim, estar associada ao aumento do risco de desenvolver astrocitomas. Nesse trabalho, foram analisados 2 SNPs na região não traduzida (c.-191C>A e c.-216G>T) e um SNP no exon 16 (c.2073A>T) do gene EGFR, e um outro SNP na região não traduzida no gene EGF (c.61A>G). Os SNPs foram associados a expressão gênica do EGFR e a sobrevida dos pacientes. MÈTODOS: Foi realizado um estudo caso-controle com 193 casos de astrocitomas difusamente infiltrativos e 200 controles por amplificação por PCR seguido de digestão enzimática. Os produtos digeridos das amostras foram analisados por eletroforese em gel de agarose e poliacrilamida e corados com brometo de etídeo. A expressão gênica foi realizada após extração de RNA do tecido tumoral seguida de transcrição reversa e PCR em tempo real. Testes de qui-quadrado, odds ratio (OR), intervalo de confiança 95% (IC95%), t de Student e curvas de Kaplan-Meier foram realizados para análises estatística. RESULTADOS: A análise das freqüências dos genótipos dos polimorfismos mostrou uma diferença na distribuição entre casos e controles para o polimorfismo c.2073A>T. Pacientes com o genótipo TT apresentou um menor risco para astrocitoma quando comparados com o genótipo AA (OR=0,51, IC95%=0,29-0,99). Nenhuma correlação foi encontrada para os outros polimorfismos analisados. Também não foi encontrada correlação entre os genótipos dos polimorfismos e os níveis de expressão de EGFR e a sobrevida dos pacientes. CONCLUSÃO: Nosso trabalho mostrou haver um possível fator de proteção quando o paciente é portador do genótipo TT, o que pode levar a uma diminuição do risco de desenvolver o tumor. Pacientes com genótipo TT do polimorfismo c.2073A>T do gene EGFR apresentam um menor risco para astrocitomas difusamente infiltrativos do que os com o genótipo AA. / INTRODUCTION: Diffusely infiltrative astrocytomas are the most frequent tumors of the Central Nervous System (CNS) with a rate of 5-7 new cases in 100,000 individuals per year. They are highly invasive, and they are associated to alterations in some genes as EGF (epidermal growth factor) and EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor), which may increase mitogenic activity, leading to increase of proliferation, cellular maturation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Genetic alterations, as presence of polymorphisms of single nucleotide change (SNP) could influence their expression level, and thus could be associated to increased risk in developing astrocytomas. In the present study, two SNP of non-coding region (c.-191C>A and c.-216G>T) and one SNP in exon 16 (c.2073A>T) of EGFR, and another SNP of non-coding region of EGF (c.61A>G) were analyzed. The SNPs were associated to EGFR expression level and to survival time. METHOD: a case-control study of 193 of diffusely infiltrative astrocytomas and 200 controls was carried out, with PCR amplification and enzymatic digestion, which products were analyzed in agarose gel or polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis stained by ethidium bromide. EGFR expression level was studied by real time PCR after RNA extraction followed by reverse transcription of tumor tissues compared to epileptic non-neoplastic brain tissues. Stastistical analysis were performed by chi-square, odds ratio (OR), 95% confidence interval (95% CI), Student-t test and Kaplan Meier. RESULTS: The polymorphic genotype frequency was different between case and controls for the polymorphism c.2073A>T. Patients with TT genotype presented lower risk to develop astrocytoma when compared to genotype AA (OR=0.51, CI95%=0.29- 0.99). No other correlation was observed for the remaining studied polymorphisms. There was neither correlation between the polymorphic genotypes and the EGFR expression levels nor with survival time. CONCLUSION: The present study showed a possible protection factor in developing astrocytomas for the patients harboring the genotype TT of c.2073A>T polymorphism of EFGR, thus the patients presenting TT genotype have lower risk to develop diffusely infiltrative astrocytoma than patients presenting the genotype AA.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o risco de óbito por leucemia, neoplasias do sistema nervoso central e esclerose lateral amiotrófica em adultos em relação à exposição a CM, no Município de São Paulo. Foi realizado um estudo do tipo caso-controle populacional envolvendo 6224 sujeitos. Casos e controles foram extraídos da base de dados do PROAIM, e foram pareados por sexo, faixa etária e distrito administrativo de residência. Foram considerados casos todos os óbitos pelos desfechos específicos, em adultos com 40 anos ou mais, residentes no Município de São Paulo, ocorridos entre 2001 e 2005. Controles foram constituídos por óbitos por todas as outras causas ocorridos no mesmo período. A exposição foi avaliada de acordo com a distância das residências dos sujeitos para a linha de transmissão (LT) mais próxima. Foi encontrado um aumento do risco de óbito por leucemia entre os indivíduos que moravam mais próximo às LT, com OR ajustado de 1,8 (IC 95%: 0,8 - 4,3) e 2,5 (IC 95%: 1,0 - 7,2) entre os sujeitos que moravam a 50 m e entre 50 e 100 m das LT, respectivamente, em relação aos que moravam a mais de 400 m. / This work aimed at evaluating the risk of death by leukemia, brain tumor and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in adults in relation to magnetic field exposure, in the city of São Paulo. A population-based case-control study was held, and 6224 subjects were enrolled. Cases and controls were selected from the PROAIM database, and were matched by sex, age and district of residence. Cases were all deaths ocurred between 2001 and 2005 by the specific causes, ocurring in adults 40 years and older, living in the city of São Paulo. Controls were selected from all other deaths ocurred at the same period. Exposure to magnetic fields was accessed according to the distance of the dwelling to the closest transmission line (TL). The risk of death by leukemia was elevated within the subjects living closest to the TL, with an adjusted OR of 1,8 (CI 95%: 0,8 - 4,3) and 2,5 (CI 95%: 1,0 - 7,2) for people living within 50 m and within 50 to 100 m away from the TL, respectively, in relation to people living at 400 m or further.

Objetivo: Comparar o comprimento do úmero em fetos portadores de síndrome de Down (T21) com o comprimento do úmero em fetos normais, utilizando instrumentos de referência da população local. Método: Estudo caso-controle retrospectivo que comparou o comprimento do úmero de fetos normais com os fetos com T21, entre 18 semanas e 23 semanas e 6 dias. Os exames dos fetos com T21 foram realizados entre 1994 e 2012. Os controles normais foram avaliados entre 2007 e 2009. Foram analisadas as médias, medianas e desvios-padrão da idade materna, idade gestacional e medida do úmero. Posteriormente, foi feita análise da correlação entre as medidas dos úmeros e a idade gestacional, sendo seus valores expressos em múltiplos da mediana (MoMs). O comprimento do úmero dos fetos com T21 foram confrontados com os fetos normais utilizando o teste t-Student. A medida do úmero foi avaliada considerando-se os níveis de corte abaixo do percentil 10, 5 e 2,5 a fim de obter as respectivas taxas de sensibilidade. Calculou-se, ainda, a razão de verossimilhança (RV). A seguir, foi utilizado um modelo linear geral tendo a idade materna como covariável para controlar na comparação. Comparou-se, também, a medida do comprimento do úmero dos fetos normais da população local com o comprimento do úmero esperado baseado na curva de Jeanty. Os testes foram realizados com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Foram incluídos 58 casos com T21 e 1888 controles normais. A sensibilidade do comprimento do úmero para a detecção da T21 utilizando o nível de corte abaixo do percentil 10 foi de 44,8 % com RV de 4,4, abaixo do percentil 5 foi de 34,4 % com RV de 6,9 e abaixo do percentil 2,5 foi de 31,0 % com RV de 12. O valor médio dos úmeros, em MoMs, de fetos com T21 é estatisticamente inferior ao dos fetos normais (p < 0,001), utilizando o teste t-Student. Quando controlada a idade materna na comparação entre os grupos, a diferença permaneceu estatisticamente significativa (p < 0,001). Fez-se uma análise para comparar o comprimento do úmero nos fetos normais da população local com o comprimento do úmero esperado para a curva de Jeanty, e viu-se que os fetos normais locais têm comprimento do úmero estatisticamente significante menor. Conclusões: Existe diferença estatisticamente significante entre o comprimento do úmero de fetos normais e de fetos com T21 na população local (p < 0,001). A sensibilidade para detecção de T21 foi de 44,8%, 34,4% e 31%, para o úmero abaixo do percentil 10, 5 e 2,5, respectivamente. A curva de Jeanty não tem rendimento adequado para uso como controle do crescimento umeral em fetos normais locais, acarretando com seu uso o inevitável aumento da taxa de falsos positivos de úmeros curtos / Objective: This study aimed to compare the humeral length (HL) in fetuses with Down syndrome (T21) with HL in normal fetuses, by using instruments of reference of the local population. Method: A case-control study was conducted comparing HL in normal fetuses with HL in fetuses with T21, aged between 18 weeks and 23 weeks and 6 days. Fetuses with T21 who were examined between 1994 and 2012 were included. The normal controls were evaluated between 2007 and 2009. The averages, medians, and standard deviations were obtained for maternal age, gestational age, and HL. Afterwards, we analyzed the correlation between the HL and the gestational age, with values expressed as multiples of the median (MoMs). The HLs of fetuses with T21 were compared with the HLs in normal fetuses by using Student\'s t-test. The humeri were evaluated considering the cut-off levels below the 10th, 5th, and 2,5th percentiles to obtain the sensitivity. The likelihood ratios (LR) were also calculated. Next, a general linear model was used with maternal age as a covariate to control for comparison of the groups. Comparison was also made between the HL of fetuses in the local population and the expected HL, based on the Jeanty curve. The tests were performed with a significance level of 5%. Results: The study included 58 cases with T21 and 1888 normal controls. The sensitivity of the HL to detect T21 by using a cut-off level below the 10th percentile was 44.8% with a LR of 4.4; below the 5th percentile, the sensitivity was 34.4% with a LR of 6.9; and below the 2.5th percentile, the sensitivity was 31.0% with a LR of 12. The average value of the humerus, in MoMs, of fetuses with T21 is statistically lower than that of normal fetuses (p < 0.001), as measured by using Student\'s t-test. When maternal age was controlled as a covariant in the comparison between groups, the difference remained statistically significant (p < 0.001). An analysis to compare the HL in normal fetuses of the local population with expected HL based on the Jeanty curve concluded that the HL in normal fetuses of the local population is lower than expected. Conclusions: There is a statistically significant difference between the HL of normal fetuses and HL of fetuses with T21 in the local population (p < 0.001). The sensitivity for detection of T21 was 44.8%, 34.4%, and 31% for the humerus below the 10th, 5th and 2.5th percentile, respectively. The Jeanty curve is not adequate to use as growth control for humeri in local normal fetuses, as its use leads to an increase in false positive rates when measuring the proportion of short humeri