Bakgrund: I och med en ökad internationell handel har det blivit allt viktigare med en adekvat hantering av transaktionsexponering. Valutor är förknippade med olika risker och ger således upphov till skild transaktionsexponering, vid handel med utlandet. Tidigare forskning förordar att hantering av trasaktionsexponering regleras via styrdokument, och vi har identifierat en avsaknad av forskning kring hur svenska företags styrdokument är utformade. Problemformulering: I vilken utsträckning kongruerar tidigare forskning med hur svenska företag har utformat styrdokument för hantering av transaktionsexponering i olika valutor? Syfte: Syftet med studien är att, i relation till vad tidigare forskning förespråkar, undersöka och analysera hur styrdokument för hantering av transaktionsexponering är utformat i företag. Studien syftar även till att analysera skiljaktigheter i styrdokumentet för transaktionsexponering i olika valutor, samt vilka faktorer som ger upphov till eventuella avvikelser. Slutsatser: Studiens resultat tyder på en tydlig kongruens mellan tidigare forskning och etablerade tillvägagångssätt för hur styrdokument för hantering av transaktions-exponering är utformat i svenska företag. Styrdokumentet är övergripande i sin utformning; reglerar strategin för riskhantering men inte tillvägagångssättet för hanteringen. Styrdokumentet reglerar inga skillnader för hur transaktionsexponering i olika valutor ska hanteras, trots att den faktiska hanteringen uppvisar markanta skillnader. Upphov till olik hantering ger: faktorer relaterade till valutamarknadens egenskaper, företagsspecifika faktorer och andra påverkande omvärldsfaktorer. Kunskapsbidrag: Studien bidrar till en ökad förståelse och tydligare nyansering av hur svenska företag styr hantering av transaktionsexponering, utifrån ett företagsperspektiv. Vidare ämnar studien föranleda intresse för hur företag reglerar hantering av transaktions-exponering i olika valutor, och av vilken bevekelsegrund. / Background: As a result of increased international trading, adequate management of transaction exposure has become more important. Foreign currency cash flows are associated with different risks and thus give cause to distinct transaction exposure with overseas trading. Previous research advocates that management of transaction exposure is controlled through policy documents and we have identified a lack of research in how policy documents of Swedish firms are designed. Problem: To what extent is previous research agreeing with how Swedish firms have developed policy documents for managing transaction exposure of different foreign currency cash flows? Aim: The aim of the study is, compared to what previous research advocates, to examine and analyze how policy documents for managing transaction exposure are designed within the Swedish firms. The study also aims to analyze the differences in the policy document for the transaction exposure in different foreign currency cash flows, as well as the factors that give reasons to possible deviations. Conclusions: The findings of the study indicate a clear congruence between previous research and established practices of how policy documents for managing transaction exposure are designed in Swedish firms. Policy documents are comprehensive in their design; regulate the risk management strategy but not the management procedures. Even though the actual management of transaction exposure of different foreign currency cash flows indicates significant discrepancies, the policy document doesn’t regulate any of them. Giving reason for a different management are: factors related to the foreign exchange market characteristics, company-specific factors and other influencing market factors.Contribution: The study contributes to a better understanding and clearer differentiation of how Swedish firms control the management of transaction exposure, from a business perspective. Moreover, the study intends to give rise to the interest in how and on which grounds companies differently control the management of transaction exposure of different foreign currency cash flows.

我國股市參與者向來以自然人為主，自然人所佔之比例約80%，即是一般俗稱的「散戶」。但散戶往往對於財務報表、業績、獲利能力等基本面資訊之依賴性極低，且無法使用及消化過於複雜之資訊，導致多數散戶投資者僅是抱著投機的心態盲目跟進，極容易成為公司內部人與市場中炒手不當得利的犧牲者。故本研究擬站在小額投資人之立場，嘗試由較為小額投資人熟知、容易瞭解且能直接反映企業營運優劣之「利潤」觀點出發，藉由分析損益表及現金流量表關鍵的財報資訊，可幫助投資人判讀企業體質好壞，進而能投資具成長性之企業，同時更能有效降低因投資失敗企業而遭受重大之損失之風險。 　　本研究以我國股票上市、上櫃、興櫃及公開發行公司為研究對象，探討所篩選出之損益與現金流量項目，對於評估企業經營績效與預測財務危機的效用，即判斷篩選的損益與現金流量項目是否對企業經營績效具有評價攸關性及對企業財務危機具有預測攸關性；並以獨立樣本t檢定、迴歸分析及Logistic分析，對假說進行檢定。 　　經過實證結果，獲致以下的結論： 1.損益與現金流量項目對企業經營績效之評價攸關性：本研究所選取之關鍵損益與現金流量項目均對企業短期、中期及長期經營績效具有顯著的解釋能力； 2.損益與現金流量項目對企業財務危機之預測攸關性：本研究所選取之關鍵損益與現金流量項目均對企業爆發財務危機前3年度內，區分出財務危機公司與正常公司之顯著差異，顯示所採取的變數具有差異性價值。 / The individual investors account for 80% as compared to 20% institutional investors, which characterized Taiwan’s stock market. Individual investors lack the capability to comprehend financial statements. They seldom rely on fundamental analysis of corporate performance to make investment decisions. In a stock market with the characteristics as Taiwan the individual investors are usually the victims of insider trading and market speculation. The purpose of this study is to identify certain financial items from income statement and the statement of cash flows which are easy to understand by the individual investors and are valuation relevant as well as possessing the capability to predict the financial distress of listed companies. Nine financial items from income statement and the statement of cash flows were selected for test and the results indicate that: 1.All selected financial items are valuation relevant in distinguishing short term, mid-term and long term operating performance. 2.All selected financial items are capable of predicting financial failure of enterprises three years preceding the financial distress emerge.

Property market forecasts play a crucial role in modern real estate valuation methodologies and, consequently, flawed forecasts can have adverse impacts on the accuracy of valuations. This thesis identifies property industry inconsistencies in the formulation and application of office rent forecasts adopted in discounted cash flow (DCF) studies used to assess the value of commercial properties and the viability of proposed projects. Existing research on commercial property cycles and office property market modelling is examined in order to identify the dominant market drivers adopted by researchers. Forecasting techniques are also explored towards specifying space and rent models for the Brisbane CBD office market using the perceived dominant drivers as explanatory variables. Surveys of property valuers and developers are undertaken to underpin the selection of these variables. The implications of varying rent forecasts applied in DCF based valuation assessments are tested through the use of a case study involving four Brisbane office buildings. Innovative research is conducted through adopting geographic information system supported land use and historical valuation studies to delineate market precincts within the Brisbane CBD. The rent model is then re-estimated using precinct based office rent data to allow the generation of forecasts for the individual precincts. Out-of-sample accuracy test results for the precinct forecasts are compared with the results produced by the model specified using whole-of-city data. The literature reviews, surveys and model testing determine a relatively consistent range of dominant explanatory variables applicable to office markets. The case study, in a local context, confirms that varying forecasts do have a significant impact on property valuations. Tests of the forecast results generated by the Brisbane CBD model provide some evidence that more plausible office rent forecasts stem from the use of market models as compared with solely applying professional judgement based forecasts. Subject to data availability limitations, the precinct based rent model is found to produce rent forecasts superior to those generated by the whole-of-city model. Finally, the thesis makes a range of industry recommendations towards enhancing forecasts and recommendations are also made for potential future research projects.

The aim of the thesis entitled "Analysis of liquidity and cash flow" is to analyze liquidity and cash flow of the company. The theories then apply in terms of the selected company. The first part of the thesis contains theoretical knowledge about cash flow, liquidity and bankruptcy and credibility models. It describes what is cash flow and its division. Furthermore, the preparation methods of the statement of cash flows and what is the difference between cash flow and profit. The following is a division of liquidity in the current ratio, quick asset ratio and cash position ratio. This thesis also deals with the definition of the concept of net working capital. At the end of the theoretical part describes selected bankruptcy and credibility models with calculation procedures. The second part deals with the analysis of liquidity, cash flow and bankruptcy and credibility models. For this purpose were used statements of the selected company VESAS, s.r.o. (balance sheet and statement of profit and loss). On the basis of these statements was prepared the statement of cash flows which was supplemented by additional indicators containing cash flow. Furthermore, all three types of liquidity were calculated and subsequently concluded that if the company has problems with the payment obligations. Based on bankruptcy and credibility models was rated financial health of the company.

The aim of this master´s thesis is to estimate the value of company P + P spol. s.r.o. to the date 31. 12. 2015, using publicly available information and internal sources. The work is divided into two main parts. The first part is theoretical, describing methods, techniques and terms that are used in company valuation. In the practical part there is first introduced the company, as well as strategic and financial analyses are made to assess external and internal potential of the company, evaluated the financial health and verifying whether the so-called "going concern" principle is retained. Furthermore, there are made analysis of value drivers, the financial plan for the years from 2016 to 2020 and the final valuation of the company.

The master's thesis focuses on retail company Koruna, s. r. o. valuation by using income-based methods of discounted cash flows of an entity and economic value added. The thesis is divided into two main parts. The first part defines the theoretical basis of the thesis and the second part deals with the practical application of knowledge to the specific company. The practical part contains strategic and financial analysis and application of income-based methods which leads to the determination of the company's value to the 1. 1. 2016.

Africa still has the lowest electrification rates in the world with over 600 million people estimated to be living without access to electricity. What makes the challenge even greater for Africa is that the continent is so sparsely populated that building grid infrastructure is not viable in many cases. However, “pay-as-you-go” solar home systems have provided the continent with the opportunity to correct its electrification deficit. These innovations are not new and many of the costs of operating these systems have reached grid parity when one considers the Levelized Cost of Energy Model. However, these projects still fail to meet institutional investors' bankability criteria. The aim of this study is to try and understand whether solar home systems provide the investor with an opportunity to make a larger risk-adjusted return versus existing grid-based power station projects being considered on the continent. This study uses Ghana's recently built Kpone power station as a case study to complete this analysis. The study also seeks to assess what viability criteria is employed by a broad base of investors if they were to consider funding off-grid power. The study makes use of the Net Present Value model to compare the returns for Kpone and Zola Electric's Infinity solar home system. The study also conducts inductive qualitative analysis to try and ascertain what criteria is assessed for project viability and then builds a conceptual framework for assessing future projects. The study found that Kpone provided a better risk-adjusted return to that of Zola Electric's solar home system, largely because of Kpone's project finance structure reducing the risk of the investment. Our findings also show that investment ticket size, company track record and management track record are among the most highly considered criteria for investments into off-grid companies.

This diploma thesis deals with the evaluation of the economic efficiency of a development project. The theoretical part of the thesis explains the basic concepts in the field of development activities, defines the phases of the project life cycle and the feasibility study. It describes the creation of cash flows, indicators of economic efficiency and possible ways of financing development projects. Furthermore, an analysis of the current economic situation and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on development companies is performed in this section. The practical part is devoted to the development project, especially the creation of cash flows and the resulting evaluation of the economic efficiency of the project. This is the construction of three apartment buildings in Pardubice.

The diploma thesis is focused on evaluation of the economic efficiency of investment projects of transport infrastructure in the Czech Republic. These projekcts are evaluated according to the methodological documents of the Ministry of Transport of the Czech Republic, the State Fund for Transport Infrastructure and thr Directorate of Roads and Motorways of the Czech Republic. The diploma thesis also deals with the comparison od individual methodological procedures and their influence on the resulting indicators of economic efficiency of transport infrastructure condtructions.

В магистерской диссертации обобщается информация о существующих методиках проведения финансового анализа и предлагается авторской концепции финансового анализа деятельности коммерческой организации. Научную новизну представляют авторские определение финансового анализа деятельности коммерческой организации и его концепция, основанные на данной концепции методики оценки статического финансового состояния, управления денежными потоками и финансового риска коммерческой организации, а также соответствующая автоматизированная модель. Полученные в процессе диссертационного исследования основные положения, результаты и рекомендации могут быть использованы коммерческими организациями в качестве основы совершенствования финансового анализа их деятельности. / The master's thesis summarizes information about the existing methods of financial analysis and proposes the author's concept of financial analysis of a commercial organization. The scientific novelty is represented by the author's definition of financial analysis of a commercial organization and its concept, based on this concept of methods for assessing the static financial condition, cash flow management and financial risk of a commercial organization, as well as the corresponding automated model. Obtained in the course of the dissertation research, the main provisions, results and recommendations can be used by commercial organizations as a basis for improving the financial analysis of their activities.