T h e project deals with adopting children from a distance in India and the assessment of the righteousness of the process from an ethical perspective. The first part introduces current India from a political, cultural, and religious perspective. The second part focuses on the introduction of the adoption from a distance process and evaluates the suitability and purposefulness of the individual parts of the project. The third part deals with the terms of righteousness and suitability of such adoption from a catholic perspective, where we also find the justification of the ethical part of the process. Such justification is later described in the description of Caritas in the threefold service to the church. following, you will find the incorporation of the human being into the social teachings of the church and the situational ethics. The project later focuses on the terms of solidarity, subsidiarity, and the universal relationship between men and charity. The last part is a practical excursion into the life of a community center in the Indian town of Moobidri, where the author visited himself.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-26T14:53:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 OldimarCantuPinho.pdf: 350335 bytes, checksum: 391c5f7a6348d79a7068817d263190de (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-04-10 / The process of substitution of queen for Plebeia catamarcensis involves one strong attractiveness of the queen just emerged, and specify reactions of the workers, who if alternate between attacks and court the queen, the workers had still presented behaviors related to the construction and oviposition of cells in the absence of the queen. Despite this species having constructed two royal cell, all (36) normal or dwarfed virgin queens, who had emerged had happened of common cells. Although it has a regular production of queens, the colony alone accepted queens after virgin 26º day of orphaned. The tax of emergency of Rv was bigger in the months most cold (April the September) of that in the months hottest (October the March), already the workers and the males had presented with constant emergencies during the year. The frequency of emergency of Rv was around 0 and 4,64%, of the workers between 68,48% and 99,26%, and for the males were between 0,74% and 30,04%. The frequency of emergency of caste of the queens just fertilized it was enters 90,54% the 100%, 0% and 0% 14.96%, for the workers, males and Rv respectively. It was possible also to evaluate time of oviposição of queens and workers, time of life cycle, minimum age to beginning of the position, as also give metric of some structures of chaste after the its birth to its differentiation / O processo de substituição de rainha para Plebeia catamarcensis envolve uma forte atratividade da rainha recém emergida, e reações especificas das operárias, que se alternam entre ataques e corte à rainha. As mesmas apresentaram ainda comportamentos relacionados à construção e oviposição de células de cria na ausência da rainha. Apesar de ter sido construídas duas realeiras, todas as rainhas virgens (Rv) normais ou anãs, emergiram de células comuns. Embora houve uma produção regular de rainhas, a colônia só aceitou as rainhas virgens após o 26º dia de orfandade. A taxa de emergência de Rv foi maior nos meses mais frios (abril a setembro) do que nos meses mais quentes (outubro a março). Já as operárias e os machos apresentaram emergências constantes durante o ano. A freqüência de emergência de Rv esteve em torno de 0 e 4,64%, das operárias entre 68,48% e 99,26%, e para os machos esteve entre 0,74% e 30,04%. A freqüência de emergência de castas das rainhas recém fecundadas esteve entre 90,54% a 100%, 0% e 0% a 14,96%, para as operárias, machos e Rv respectivamente. Foi possível também avaliar tempo de oviposição de rainhas e operárias, tempo de ciclo de vida, idade mínima para início da postura, como também dados métricos de algumas estruturas das castas após seu nascimento para sua diferenciação

O polifenismo facultativo, observado entre rainhas e operárias em insetos altamente eussociais tem como estímulo inicial uma alimentação diferencial na fase larval que afeta tanto o desenvolvimento geral das larvas quanto a diferenciação de órgãos e sistemas, principalmente o sistema reprodutor das fêmeas. A via de sinalização por insulina (IIS) é uma das principais vias que integra o desenvolvimento geral de animais com as suas condições nutricionais. O objetivo desse trabalho foi verificar possíveis relações entre a via de sinalização por insulina e a diferenciação das castas em abelhas Apis mellifera. A partir de análises do genoma de Apis mellifera anotamos genes integrantes desta via e verificamos que há dois genes codificadores para receptores de insulina, InR1 e InR2. Os perfis de transcrição desses dois genes obtidos por RT-PCR quantitativa, em larvas de rainhas e operárias durante o período de troca de alimentação, demonstraram que há diferenças consideráveis nos padrões temporais e nos níveis dos transcritos para os receptores de insulina, InR1 (GB15492) e InR2 (GB18331), dentro de cada casta, como também entre as duas castas. Em rainhas verificamos uma interessante variação na transcrição de InR1, que no terceiro instar larval foi cerca de cinco vezes maior que a transcrição de InR2 e no quarto instar seguiu em níveis semelhantes ao de InR2. Essa variação de InR1 pode estar relacionada ao teor de proteínas da geléia real oferecida às larvas de rainhas no terceiro instar, que é maior do que teor de proteínas da geléia real oferecida a partir do quarto instar larval. Para as amostras de larvas de operárias observamos que os níveis dos transcritos dos dois receptores, InR1 e InR2, foram baixos no terceiro estágio larval e aumentaram, de maneira semelhante, até o início do quinto estágio larval, o que pode ter sido devido a algum composto existente na geléia de operária que estimule a transcrição dos genes para os receptores de insulina. Foram feitas análises complementares dos níveis de transcrição dos genes InR1 e InR2, em amostras de ovários, tanto de operárias quanto de rainhas, e em amostras de operárias adultas cultivadas em diferentes tipos de alimentações. Essas análises complementares evidenciaram que a transcrição dos genes para os receptores de insulina em Apis mellifera foi diferente nos ovários de ambas as castas, quando comparada às amostras de corpo inteiro, e que em operárias o transcrito do InR1 foi dominante ao longo de quase toda a vida adulta, sendo superado pelo transcrito InR2 apenas por volta de 13 e 15 dias.. Além disso, uma relação positiva entre o conteúdo de proteína e a transcrição de InR1 foi observada quando analisamos a sua transcrição em amostras de operárias adultas alimentadas com bee bread, uma dieta rica em proteína. Os resultados obtidos nesse trabalho, juntamente com os de Wheeler e colaboradores (2006), Seehus e colaboradores (2006), e Patel e colaboradores (2007), constituem as primeiras informações da via IIS em Apis mellifera, e servirão de base na busca da relação entre a dieta e os sinais downstream envolvidos na determinação de casta e diferenciação. / The initial stimulus that generates the facultative queen/worker polyphenism in highly social insects is a differential alimentation in the larval stages. It affects the general development of the larvae, as well as the differentiation of organs and systems, especially of the female reproductive system. The insulin signaling pathway (IIS) is one of the main pathways that integrates the general development of animals with their respective nutritional conditions. The aim of this work was to investigate the relationship between IIS and caste differentiation in the honey bee Apis mellifera. Using the available Apis mellifera genome information we annotated genes belonging to this pathway. We noted that there are two genes encoding putative insulin receptors, InR1 and InR2. The transcriptional profiles of these genes were obtained by quantitative RT-PCR of queen and workers larvae, giving special attention the period during which the larval diet changes. These results revealed considerable differences in the temporal patterns and levels of the transcripts of two the insulin receptor genes, InR1 (GB15492) and InR2 (GB18331) between the two castes and during their respective larval development. For queens we noted an interesting modulation in InR1 transcription: in the third larval instar it was about five fold higher than the transcription of InR2, but in the fourth instar both receptors were transcribed at similar levels. This variation in InR1 expression may be related to the protein content of royal jelly offered to the queen larvae in third instar, that is higher than the protein content of the royal jelly offered to fourth larvae instar. For the worker larvae samples we observed that transcripts levels of the two receptors, InR1 and InR2, were low in the third larval stage and increased in parallel until the onset of the fifth larval stage. This may have been due to some compound in the worker jelly which stimulates the transcription of both genes coding for insulin receptors. Complementary analysis of transcription levels of InR1 and InR2 were performed on ovaries of queen and worker larvae, and on adult workers maintained on different diets. These complementary analyses highlighted that transcription of the InR genes in the larval ovaries of Apis mellifera was differed from the whole body samples. In adult workers the expression of InR1 was dominant over InR2 during most of the adult life cycle, an inversion was only seen in 13 to 15 days old bees. Furthermore, a positive relationship between protein content and InR1 transcription was observed when analyzing its transcription in adult workers fed with bee bread, a protein-rich diet. The results of this work, in conjunction with those of Wheeler et al. (2007), Seehus et al. (2006) and Patel et al. (2007), are the first information on the IIS pathway in honey bees and they represent the basis for an in-depth pursuit on the relationship between diet and downstream signallng envolved in caste determination and differentiation.

In 1948 and 1949, three doctoral students in sociology and anthropology conducted ethnographic fieldwork in York, SC (called Kent), a mill town. Through interviews, white town elites, black mill workers, and white mill workers revealed their lives to the scholars. What resulted were three remarkable studies on southern town life in the immediate post World War II period. Although segregation had begun to weaken in the face of postwar socioecomic change, it still held whites and blacks in its grip. The “thick description” of community life provided by the ethnographic interviews, as well as the authors’ analysis of life in York, makes these three books invaluable still to scholars of the history and sociology of the South.

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The impact of religious conversion on cultural identity is a study of conversion story of South African Indian Anglican Christians rooted in the oppressive history of casteism in India and Racism in South Africa. This study has used multi discipline approach using various schools of human sciences and broader theological framework in dealing with moral and ethical issues. This study defends the religious conversions and highlights the impact it has made on cultural identity of converts from social, economic, psychological and spiritual perspectives. While highlighting the positive impact of religious conversion on cultural identity this study has also pointed out some ambiguities attached to this process. This study looks into the possibilities of Native and Indian Christians working together to create a healing culture in South Africa. An attempt is made to point out the interrelatedness of the experiences of suffering of Native Christians and Indian Christians from indentured backgrounds in South Africa. This study does not cover disparity issues between native Africans and the Indian Community in South Africa. However, an attempt is made to encourage Indian Christians in South Africa to connect with the pain and pathos of poor communities in South Africa. This study encourages the Indian Christians hi South Africa to read Dalit theology and get involved with Black theologians in formulating appropriate mission praxis for their mission and ministry in post apartheid South Africa. This study concludes on a positive note and hope based on my eight years of ministry in Lenasia. During my ministry I had experienced that South African Anglican Indian Christians and native Christians have the developing ability and capacity to become a spiritual resource in building a transformed and transforming society in South Africa. I could see in them a reconciled 'wounded healers' and for me this is a powerful impact of religious conversion on their cultural identity, "Victims' now have the capacity to act as 'Wounded Healers'. / Religious Studies & Arabic / D.Th. (Religious Studies)

Evangelicals have an unquestionable heritage for involvement in the world and its social problems and the Bible provides a basis for a liberative gospel. For the God of the Bible is not only a God of love and peace, but also of justice and he is therefore on the side of the poor, oppressed and suffering. he has given us a spirit of engagement with the world as salt and light and not escapism. As we give serious consideration to the challenges of liberation theologies, we need to hear the voice who calls his people in every age to go out into the lost and lonely world (as he did), in order to live and love, to witness and serve like him and for him and that is what African Evangelicalism is all about. / Systematic Theology and Theological Ethics / M. Th. (Religious Studies)

During the last decades, a Hindi Dalit literary movement has emerged in North India. This essay is a study and comparison on character portrayals in short stories by two authors from this movement, Jayprakash Kardam and Ajay Navaria. The aim of this essay is to explore the implications of these portrayals considering these authors’ views on social change, their literary affiliations and a theoretical discussion on Dalit literature. The methodical basis for this study is a detailed character analysis of these short stories’ protagonists, antagonists and other relevant characters, supported by narrative- and conceptual analyses. This essay argues that the theoretical abstraction of Dalit consciousness [cetnā] has a mainstreaming effect on the Dalit experience [anubhūti] when it is portrayed in literature. These dynamics are visible in Kardam’s stories, in which his portrayals of the Dalit protagonist follow the conventional Dalit character template, a forthright and innocent archetype juxtaposed against an evil Brahmin. The pivoting moment in Kardam’s stories is when consciousness awakens in the Dalit protagonist and he joins the corporate resistance against a casteist society. In comparison, Navaria makes the individual the site for change in his stories—reflecting the Gandhian notion of hṛday parivartan (“change of heart”). Navaria foregrounds alternative perspectives to Dalit cetnā in his stories and seeks to understand his characters from a broader human experience. I further argue that Navaria’s stories are suggestive of an expansion of the binary discussion on anubhūti (“experience”) and sahānubhūti (“sympathy”) by the term samānubhūti (“empathy”) since Navaria, by his more complex, nuanced and personalised characterisation of both Dalits and Brahmins, provides a common ground that invites to reconciliation. This study concludes that while Kardam could be designated as a conventional Dalit author, Navaria should rather be situated in the boundaries between the Dalit and the mainstream Hindi literary field. It further concludes that more research is needed on theoretical concepts used in the Dalit literary discourse. / <p>Kandidatuppsats i indologi</p>

Com o avanço da meliponicultura, a utilização das abelhas sem ferrão, assim como de seus subprodutos, tem abrangido novas áreas, como a polinização de culturas agrícolas. Assim, a demanda pelo aumento do número de colônias tem sido constante, porém devido ao pouco conhecimento sobre a biologia reprodutiva dessas abelhas, há dificuldade de produção de colônias em larga escala, acarretando uma séria limitação quanto à utilização comercial desses polinizadores. Buscamos com este trabalho, oferecer ferramentas que possibilitem a multiplicação de colônias de abelhas sem ferrão em grande quantidade em um curto período de tempo. Nas abelhas indígenas sem ferrão (exceto no gênero Melipona e nos casos onde ocorrem rainhas-miniatura) a quantidade de alimento ingerido pelas larvas fêmeas é o fator responsável pela diferenciação das castas, pois as larvas que se tornam rainhas ingerem mais alimento que as larvas de futuras operárias, não havendo diferença qualitativa entre o alimento fornecido às larvas que originarão ambas as castas. De acordo com este modelo de determinação de castas, buscamos estabelecer a produção in vitro de rainhas em Tetragonisca angustula oferecendo maior quantidade de alimento às larvas de operárias, induzindo seu desenvolvimento em rainhas, que após a emergência foram introduzidas em mini-colônias órfãs para verificação da sua viabilidade (fecundação natural e postura de ovos). Em condições naturais as larvas de T. angustula que se tornam rainhas e operárias recebem respectivamente 55 µL e 8 µL de alimento em média. Assim, para a produção in vitro de rainhas oferecemos 55 µL de alimento a larvas de operárias coletadas em estágio pré-alimentação de ninhos naturais e conseguimos uma taxa de sobrevivência de até 51% e de 19% na obtenção de rainhas fisiogástricas, configurando um avanço em relação à taxa natural de emergência de rainhas, que foi de 0,21%. Das mini-colônias onde foram introduzidas rainhas virgens, 41% tiveram sucesso e se tornaram colônias perenes. A utilização de larvas de operárias na produção in vitro de rainhas é possível devido ao fato de as larvas serem totipotentes, assim como a utilização de alimento coletado de células de cria de operárias/machos, pois os resultados das análises comparativas do conteúdo protéico e de aminoácidos totais e livres dos alimentos contidos em células de cria de operárias/machos e células reais mostraram não haver diferenças significativas. A utilização de alimento larval de Scaptotrigona aff. depilis na criação in vitro de rainhas de T. angustula mostrou a possibilidade de produção de rainhas viáveis com esta nova técnica embora os perfis protéicos dos alimentos larvais de ambas as espécies sejam diferentes. Os experimentos de produção in vitro de rainhas com diferentes quantidades de alimento oferecido às larvas mostraram a existência de uma quantidade limite de alimento entre 35 µL e 45 µL acima da qual todos os indivíduos se tornam rainhas e abaixo da qual todos se tornam operárias, não havendo a ocorrência de indivíduos intermediários (intercastas). Introduzindo as rainhas produzidas in vitro em mini-colônias órfãs, conseguimos o estabelecimento de 16 colônias perenes a partir de seis colônias doadoras de material no período de seis meses, o que configura um avanço de 33% em relação às técnicas tradicionais de multiplicação de colônias que conseguiriam formar, no máximo, 12 colônias no mesmo período. A verificação da freqüência de produção de sexuados nas colônias naturais ao longo do ano mostrou que os machos são produzidos sazonalmente com alta taxa no período de fevereiro a abril, e embora as rainhas possuam uma produção baixa e homogênea ao longo do ano, concluímos que aquelas produzidas no período onde ocorre maior disponibilidade de machos possuem maiores chances de serem fecundadas. Assim, foi extremamente importante sincronizar a produção in vitro de rainhas com o período de maior disponibilidade de machos, uma vez que a fecundação destas ocorreu naturalmente. A produção in vitro de rainhas e a multiplicação de colônias nas abelhas sem ferrão se tornam ferramentas importantes para as técnicas de manejo que visam obter colônias em larga escala, com emprego na polinização, meliponicultura e conservação. / With the improvement of meliponiculture, the use of stingless bees, as well as their byproducts, has comprised new areas, such as the pollination of crops. Thus, the requirement by increasing the number of colonies has been constant, but due to poor knowledge about reproductive biology of these bees, have been difficult produce colonies on a large scale, what causes serious limitations on the commercial use of these pollinators. Our goals were to offer tools that allowed the multiplication of stingless bees colonies in large quantities in a short time. In stingless bees (except in the genus Melipona and in cases where there are miniature-queens) the amount of food ingested by female larvae is the responsible feature for caste differentiation, because the larvae that will become queens must to ingest more food than the larvae of future workers, and there is no qualitative difference between the food provided to larvae of both castes. According to this model of caste determination, we aimed at to establish the in vitro production of queens in Tetragonisca angustula, offering a large quantity of larval food to the workers larvae, thus inducing their development into queens that after rearing were introduced in orphaned mini-colonies to verify their feasibility (natural mating and egg laying). Under natural conditions the larvae of T. angustula that become queens and workers receive respectively, 55 µL and 8 µL of food on average. Thus, for the in vitro production of queens we offered 55 µL of food to workers larvae collected in pre-feeding stage from natural nests and we were able to get a survival rate up to 51 % and 19% in obtaining viable queens, which is an improvement compared to 0,21% of rearing queens observed in natural hives. About 41% of mini-colonies, where viable queens were introduced were successful and have become perennial colonies. The use of workers larvae on in vitro production of queens is possible because the larvae are totipotent, as well as the use of food collected from workers/males brood cells, because the results of comparative analysis of protein content and total and free amino acids of food stored in worker/males brood cells and royal cells showed no significant differences. The use of larval food from Scaptotrigona aff. depilis on in vitro rearing of T. angustula queens showed the possibility of producing viable queens, with this new technique, although the protein profiles of larval food of both species were different. The experiments of in vitro production of queens with different amounts of food offered to the larvae showed the existence of a threshold quantity of food between 35 mL and 45 mL above which all individuals become queens and below which all individuals become workers, without the occurrence of intermediate individuals (intercaste). Inserting the queens produced in vitro in orphaned mini-colonies, we were able to establish 16 perennial colonies as from six colonies donors of material in six months, constituting an increase of 33% compared to traditional techniques of multiplication of colonies which would form up only 12 colonies in the same period. Verification of frequency of sexuals reared in natural colonies over the year showed that males are produced seasonally with high rate in the period from February to April, and although the queens have a low and homogeneous occurrence over the year, we concluded that the queens produced during the period where there is greater availability of males, have higher chances of being fertilized. Thus, was extremely important synchronize the in vitro production of queens with the period where there is greater availability of males, since fertilization of these queens occurred naturally. The in vitro production of queens and multiplication of colonies in stingless bees become important tools for handling techniques that aim to obtain colonies on a large scale, with employment in pollination, meliponiculture and conservation.