This essay is a qualitative case study and aims to research how women's human rights are being violated in India according to the rights presented in the Universal Declaration on Human Rights between 2018 and 2021 and how this affects the female population based on gender approaches. The research questions this essay will attempt to answer are, how are women's human rights being violated, and how does it affect the women in India? How does gender affect Indian society and the female population? The theories used in the research are gender studies and The Universal Declaration on Human Rights. The findings in the essay can be concluded that violation according to the declaration is present in India, but not to the extent anticipated. Gender has a contributing factor to the women's situation in India. However, the degree to which it influences the female population depends on what aspects are the focus of the studied country. Gender inequality is not the only contributing factor to the situation in India.

This thesis examines the changes Spain was forced to make toward their colonial patterns due to Nahua resistance. Each chapter assesses different periods during the colonial era, tracing how the Virgin of Guadalupe's meaning changed according to Spanish colonial needs.

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Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

This thesis addresses one of the major challenges facing education systems in developing countries: that of how to include all children, particularly those from relatively disadvantaged communities. It looks, in particular, at the example in Nepal of children from the Dalit communities, a group known to be disadvantaged and often marginalized within the formal education system. In particular, the study attempts to investigate the barriers that prevent the educational access, participation and progress of these students at the secondary level. This theme was investigated using an ethnographic approach, which examined people's life experiences and culture in natural settings (within schools and in their communities) using data collected through a series of interviews, and observations. It also involved an analysis of the relevant literature and policy documents. What was found is that the reasons for children from the Dalit community being disadvantaged are many and complex. Broadly, they can be summarized as being, first of all, about the difficulties of implementing national policies, particularly in terms of making resources available and providing effective monitoring, even though these policies are very positive about the inclusion of these children. Secondly, it is about the expectations and attitudes amongst the various Dalit communities as to what they want for their children and young people, which are to do with tradition and culture, life styles and economic circumstances. Thirdly, these two sets of factors together put pressure on the schools, which have to find a way of dealing with the challenge of diversity and various expectations. In this way, this research provides some new understanding of the issues that bear on the education of Dalit children. The knowledge gained through this research has practical implications for stakeholders: policy makers, teachers, and Dalit community members and social workers. It is argued that this would help to foster the improvement of policy initiatives and their effective implementation. It could also help to bring changes in the existing attitudes of teachers and Dalit communities that may have a positive impact on Dalit children's integration into education. Most importantly, it has brought a new way of looking at these issues that can be used to inform public debate. The study illustrates the use of a methodology that might usefully be adopted by researchers carrying out research around similar themes in other developing countries. It might also be the case that the barriers that have been identified in Nepal would represent useful starting points for such research.

O polifenismo facultativo, observado entre rainhas e operárias em insetos altamente eussociais tem como estímulo inicial uma alimentação diferencial na fase larval que afeta tanto o desenvolvimento geral das larvas quanto a diferenciação de órgãos e sistemas, principalmente o sistema reprodutor das fêmeas. A via de sinalização por insulina (IIS) é uma das principais vias que integra o desenvolvimento geral de animais com as suas condições nutricionais. O objetivo desse trabalho foi verificar possíveis relações entre a via de sinalização por insulina e a diferenciação das castas em abelhas Apis mellifera. A partir de análises do genoma de Apis mellifera anotamos genes integrantes desta via e verificamos que há dois genes codificadores para receptores de insulina, InR1 e InR2. Os perfis de transcrição desses dois genes obtidos por RT-PCR quantitativa, em larvas de rainhas e operárias durante o período de troca de alimentação, demonstraram que há diferenças consideráveis nos padrões temporais e nos níveis dos transcritos para os receptores de insulina, InR1 (GB15492) e InR2 (GB18331), dentro de cada casta, como também entre as duas castas. Em rainhas verificamos uma interessante variação na transcrição de InR1, que no terceiro instar larval foi cerca de cinco vezes maior que a transcrição de InR2 e no quarto instar seguiu em níveis semelhantes ao de InR2. Essa variação de InR1 pode estar relacionada ao teor de proteínas da geléia real oferecida às larvas de rainhas no terceiro instar, que é maior do que teor de proteínas da geléia real oferecida a partir do quarto instar larval. Para as amostras de larvas de operárias observamos que os níveis dos transcritos dos dois receptores, InR1 e InR2, foram baixos no terceiro estágio larval e aumentaram, de maneira semelhante, até o início do quinto estágio larval, o que pode ter sido devido a algum composto existente na geléia de operária que estimule a transcrição dos genes para os receptores de insulina. Foram feitas análises complementares dos níveis de transcrição dos genes InR1 e InR2, em amostras de ovários, tanto de operárias quanto de rainhas, e em amostras de operárias adultas cultivadas em diferentes tipos de alimentações. Essas análises complementares evidenciaram que a transcrição dos genes para os receptores de insulina em Apis mellifera foi diferente nos ovários de ambas as castas, quando comparada às amostras de corpo inteiro, e que em operárias o transcrito do InR1 foi dominante ao longo de quase toda a vida adulta, sendo superado pelo transcrito InR2 apenas por volta de 13 e 15 dias.. Além disso, uma relação positiva entre o conteúdo de proteína e a transcrição de InR1 foi observada quando analisamos a sua transcrição em amostras de operárias adultas alimentadas com bee bread, uma dieta rica em proteína. Os resultados obtidos nesse trabalho, juntamente com os de Wheeler e colaboradores (2006), Seehus e colaboradores (2006), e Patel e colaboradores (2007), constituem as primeiras informações da via IIS em Apis mellifera, e servirão de base na busca da relação entre a dieta e os sinais downstream envolvidos na determinação de casta e diferenciação. / The initial stimulus that generates the facultative queen/worker polyphenism in highly social insects is a differential alimentation in the larval stages. It affects the general development of the larvae, as well as the differentiation of organs and systems, especially of the female reproductive system. The insulin signaling pathway (IIS) is one of the main pathways that integrates the general development of animals with their respective nutritional conditions. The aim of this work was to investigate the relationship between IIS and caste differentiation in the honey bee Apis mellifera. Using the available Apis mellifera genome information we annotated genes belonging to this pathway. We noted that there are two genes encoding putative insulin receptors, InR1 and InR2. The transcriptional profiles of these genes were obtained by quantitative RT-PCR of queen and workers larvae, giving special attention the period during which the larval diet changes. These results revealed considerable differences in the temporal patterns and levels of the transcripts of two the insulin receptor genes, InR1 (GB15492) and InR2 (GB18331) between the two castes and during their respective larval development. For queens we noted an interesting modulation in InR1 transcription: in the third larval instar it was about five fold higher than the transcription of InR2, but in the fourth instar both receptors were transcribed at similar levels. This variation in InR1 expression may be related to the protein content of royal jelly offered to the queen larvae in third instar, that is higher than the protein content of the royal jelly offered to fourth larvae instar. For the worker larvae samples we observed that transcripts levels of the two receptors, InR1 and InR2, were low in the third larval stage and increased in parallel until the onset of the fifth larval stage. This may have been due to some compound in the worker jelly which stimulates the transcription of both genes coding for insulin receptors. Complementary analysis of transcription levels of InR1 and InR2 were performed on ovaries of queen and worker larvae, and on adult workers maintained on different diets. These complementary analyses highlighted that transcription of the InR genes in the larval ovaries of Apis mellifera was differed from the whole body samples. In adult workers the expression of InR1 was dominant over InR2 during most of the adult life cycle, an inversion was only seen in 13 to 15 days old bees. Furthermore, a positive relationship between protein content and InR1 transcription was observed when analyzing its transcription in adult workers fed with bee bread, a protein-rich diet. The results of this work, in conjunction with those of Wheeler et al. (2007), Seehus et al. (2006) and Patel et al. (2007), are the first information on the IIS pathway in honey bees and they represent the basis for an in-depth pursuit on the relationship between diet and downstream signallng envolved in caste determination and differentiation.

<p>This essay seeks to explore the societal institution of caste from a socio-spatial perspective. The focus is on everyday routine of individuals and on the places this routine is connected with. A special interest is the access that different people have to different places. For this purpose, information has been collected from interviews and observations with women of different caste belonging in the area of Assi, Varanasi, India. A time-geographical approach has been used. It is argued that caste, which is a social concept, and space, which is a geographical dimension, are related to each other in a socio-spatial dialectic. The conclusion is that not all castes do have access to the same kinds of places, i.e. some religious or public spaces. Although caste is not the only factor that influences, it still has a major impact on people’s actions and feelings of belonging.</p>

In reading the literary criticism on Janet Frame's work it soon turns out that Frame was deconstructive before the concept was even invented. Thus, deconstruction is used in this essay to close-read a passage in the title story of her collection of short stories, The Lagoon (1951). The main hierarchical dichotomy of the passage is found to be the one between "the sea" and "the lagoon," in which the sea is proven to hold supremacy. "The sea" is read as an image of the great sea of English literary/cultural reference whereas "the lagoon" is read as an image of the vulnerably interdependent, peripheral pool of it, in the form of New Zealand literary/cultural reference. Through this symbolic and post-colonial reading the hierarchical dichotomy between "the sea" and "the lagoon" is deconstrued and reversed. In the conclusion, a post-colonial trace of Maori influence displaces the oppositional relation between "the sea" and "the lagoon."

This essay seeks to explore the societal institution of caste from a socio-spatial perspective. The focus is on everyday routine of individuals and on the places this routine is connected with. A special interest is the access that different people have to different places. For this purpose, information has been collected from interviews and observations with women of different caste belonging in the area of Assi, Varanasi, India. A time-geographical approach has been used. It is argued that caste, which is a social concept, and space, which is a geographical dimension, are related to each other in a socio-spatial dialectic. The conclusion is that not all castes do have access to the same kinds of places, i.e. some religious or public spaces. Although caste is not the only factor that influences, it still has a major impact on people’s actions and feelings of belonging.

With the changing significance of caste and caste identity, this thesis explores the role of affirmative action or "reservations" in Indian higher education. Specifically, it aims to reopen the debate on the dominance of a "creamy layer" among the OBCs in an increasingly nationalist India. Viewing caste through the lens of ethnic identity, this thesis draws comparisons between the identity of OBCs and Scheduled Castes and Tribes, OBCs of the "Hindi Belt" and OBCs of the South, followed by an analysis of the politicization of caste identity today. The thesis concludes with an evaluation of affirmative action today and possible policy avenues that the State must prioritize.