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171	Une géographie sociale et culturelle de l'hindouisme tamoul - Le culte de Murugan en Inde du Sud et dans la diaspora Trouillet, Pierre-Yves 13 December 2010 (has links) (PDF) Murugan est un dieu du panthéon hindou dont la figure religieuse est présente dans le sud de l'Inde depuis plus de deux millénaires. Son culte est associé aux montagnes et à l'identité culturelle du Tamil Nadu (le " pays tamoul "), un État fédéré de l'Union indienne dont les orients sont balisés par les six grands centres de pèlerinage dédiés à cette divinité. Ce type d'interaction symbolique et géographique entre les temples de Murugan, le territoire et les circulations religieuses date au moins de l'époque médiévale, et se retrouve aussi désormais tant à l'échelle de la localité qu'à celle de la diaspora. L'étude montre plus largement que le culte de Murugan suscite des actions humaines imprimées dans l'espace géographique - telles que l'édification d'un temple, un pèlerinage, ou l'instrumentalisation politique d'un lieu saint - et qu'il est donc doté d'une véritable spatialité. L'expression de cette spatialité dépend de la position de Murugan dans le panthéon et de ce qu'il représente pour la société tamoule. Ainsi, la présence d'un temple de Murugan sur la colline du village de Mailam (au Tamil Nadu) repose autant sur l'association du dieu avec les sommets, que sur la géographie socio-religieuse locale, où les dieux, les castes et leurs espaces sont à la fois classés et classants. À l'échelon du pays tamoul, le Mouvement Dravidien a mobilisé le culte de Murugan pour alimenter son idéologie régionaliste au XXe siècle, au nom de la territorialisation historique du culte dans cette région. À l'Ile Maurice, la popularité des processions pour Murugan et la surreprésentation de ses temples font écho à l'affirmation identitaire des Tamouls face à la majorité hindoue originaire du nord de l'Inde. Elles illustrent encore combien les lieux et les circulations liés à ce culte sont signifiants au point de produire des actes territoriaux. La thèse démontre au final l'intérêt des méthodes de la géographie sociale et culturelle pour l'étude géographique du fait religieux. Inde Tamil Nadu Ile Maurice Géographie sociale et culturelle Hindouisme Temple Lieu Circulation Territoire Echelle Panthéon Caste Ethnicité Diaspora Murugan Anthropologie
172	Decolonising Anglo-Indians : strategies for a mixed-race community in late colonial India during the first half of the 20th century Charlton-Stevens, Uther E. January 2012 (has links) Anglo-Indians, a designation acquired in the 1911 Indian Census, had previously been known as Eurasians, East Indians, Indo-Britons and half-castes. ‘Anglo-Indian’ had previously denoted, and among some scholars continues to denote, Britons long resident in India. We will define Anglo-Indians as a particular mixed race Indo-European population arising out of the European trading and imperial presence in India, and one of several constructed categories by which transient Britons sought to demarcate racial difference within the Raj’s socio-racial hierarchy. Anglo-Indians were placed in an intermediary (and differentially remunerated) position between Indians and Domiciled Europeans (another category excluded from fully ‘white’ status), who in turn were placed below imported British superiors. The domiciled community (of Anglo-Indians and Domiciled Europeans, treated as a single socio-economic class by Britons) were relied upon as loyal buttressing agents of British rule who could be deployed to help run the Raj’s strategically sensitive transport and communication infrastructure, and who were made as a term of their service to serve in auxiliary military forces which could help to ensure the internal security of the Raj and respond to strikes, civil disobedience or crises arising from international conflict. The thesis reveals how calls for Indianisation of state and railway employment by Indian nationalists in the assemblies inaugurated by the 1919 Government of India Act threatened, through opening up their reserved intermediary positions to competitive entry and examination by Indians, to undermine the economic base of domiciled employment. Anglo-Indian leaders responded with varying strategies. Foremost was the definition of Anglo-Indians as an Indian minority community which demanded political representation through successive phases of constitutional change and statutory safeguards for their existing employment. This study explores various strategies including: deployment of multiple identities; widespread racial passing by individuals and families; agricultural colonisation schemes; and calls for individual, familial or collective migration. 954.03
173	Unlikely bedfellows? : the media and government relations in West Bengal (1977-2011) Lahiri, Indrani January 2014 (has links) This thesis examines the relationship between the Communist Party of India (Marxist)-led Left Front Government and the media in the provincial state of West Bengal, India, during the thirty four years (1977-2011) period when the party was in government. The main aim of the thesis is to investigate the relation between the CPI (M) led Left Front Government and the media in West Bengal (1977-2011), the role of the media in stabilising or destabilising the Left Front Government, the impact of neoliberalism on the Left Front Government and their relation with the media, the role of the media in communicating developmental policies of the LFG to the public and finally the role which the mainstream and the party controlled media played in the public sphere. These questions are addressed through document research of CPI (M)’s congress and conference reports, manifestos, press releases, pamphlets, leaflets, booklets; and interviews with the CPI (M) leadership and the Editors and Bureau Chiefs of the key newspapers and television channels in West Bengal. The findings are contextualised within a broader discussion of the political and historical transitions India and West Bengal have gone through in this period (chapter 4). This is the first study looking at the relationship between the media and the CPI (M) led Left Front Government over a period of thirty four years (1977-2011). The thesis finds that neoliberalism in India had considerable effects on the CPI (M), the media and their relationship. The research finds a continuous effort from the mainstream and the party-controlled media to dominate the public sphere leading debates in order to seek some form of political consensus in order to govern. The media in West Bengal were politically divided between the left and the opposition. The research finds that this generated a market for political advertisements and political news contributing to a politically polarised media market in West Bengal that assisted in generating revenue for the media. The findings also suggest that the media contributed to rather than played a determining role in destabilising the Left Front Government. Finally the research finds that the CPI (M) had an arduous relation with the media since 1977 when the party decided to participate in the parliamentary democracy. The LFG and the mainstream media entered into an antagonistic relationship post 1991 contributing to a politically polarised media market in West Bengal. 320.01
174	Livelihood assets and survival strategies in coastal communities in Kerala, India Divakarannair, Nandakumar 30 November 2007 (has links) Marine fish stocks are under serious threat of depletion due to increasing numbers of resource users with competing interests, resulting in degradation and the decline of fish catch. Using qualitative and quantitative techniques such as in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, household surveys and remote sensing and GIS, this study addresses: (1) the complex and inter-related nature of resource dependency, (2) the role of assets in determining survival strategies of households in artisanal fishing communities in Ponnani, India, (3) how asset degradation impacts resource-dependent households, (4) how households develop survival strategies, and (5) considers access to social, political, physical, human and financial assets. Information is organized using the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework (SLF) with modifications to suite the local complexities. Results show that households - engaged in diverse activities, including fishing, fish processing/marketing/culture and daily labour - evolved property rights of natural resources over generations. The Pathemari cargo business’s limited knowledge of fisheries compared to artisanal fishers, and the government led modernization resulted in resource degradation. Therefore, artisanal fishers living in coastal wards threatened by intense erosion, abandoned traditional occupations in pursuit of livelihood security. Results from image analysis and derived thematic maps indicate increased erosion of 0.35 sq km shoreline coinciding with government development initiatives. To improve livelihood options, the results indicate that 50% surveyed accessed political assets such as fishers’ cooperatives and only 20% accessed financial assets such as government sponsored schemes and loans. In-depth interviews and focus group discussions revealed many limiting factors of access, specifically marginalization and lack of financial assets: only 6% surveyed could raise enough money to migrate. With changes in technology, from harvesting to processing, gender roles are being radically altered. Women are losing jobs and income. Politically, the study revealed that local participation helped governing bodies prioritize on housing, roads, water and sanitation. Analysis of the information through the modified SLF suggests three strategies to enhance the asset base of coastal poor: strengthening grassroots organizations; transforming state relations; and developing new alternatives to conventional coastal development practice. Finally, the study suggests resource management policies to improve the households’ livelihood options and well-being. Artisanal fishing Fishing communities Livelihoods Livelihood strategies Kerala India Natural resources Resource dependency Fish resources Marine fish stocks Resource depletion Resource degradation Ponnani Malappuram In-depth interview Focus group discussion Household survey Remote sensing GIS Multi-method Sustainable Livelihoods Framework Property righrts Pathemari Chapa Livelihood security Panchayat Gender Decentralized planning Qualitative methods Poverty Well-being Occupational diversification Small-scale fishing Caste system Human assets Political assets Social assets Physical assets Financial assets Push factors Vulnerability
175	Affirmative action: a comparative study Deane, Tameshnie 30 November 2005 (has links) Racial and gender inequality, as well as other forms of discrimination has been a part of the South African, American and Indian histories for a very long time. Even today racial disparity is still very evident in the South African and American societies whilst discrimination based on caste is still prevalent in the Indian society. This is illustrated by continued racial discrimination and the remaining signs of societal segregation. Due to continuing disparities amongst the people, it became necessary to implement affirmative action programmes. Focusing in particular on education and jobs, affirmative action policies require active measures to be taken to ensure that blacks and other minorities enjoy the same opportunities for career advancement and school admissions that had been the nearly exclusive province of whites in SA and the USA, or for the forward castes in India. Affirmative action has been both praised and denounced, as an answer to racial inequality. One of the key issues that arise when affirmative action is discussed is whether or not affirmative action in fact promotes equality and atones for past prejudices. Another concern is whether the current affirmative action policy is the right policy to use. The issues surrounding affirmative action seems to be universal as are the circumstances. Perhaps the most widespread similarity among the programmes in these very different countries has been that group preferences and quotas are almost always discussed. The debate on affirmative action exists because it is a very divisive issue and it affects different groups of people in different ways, and some groups or persons seemingly benefit more from affirmative action than other persons or groups. In addition, it causes people to be classified into groups, and at the same time, strives to break down group barriers. It is an issue that is difficult to resolve because people have varied ideas about how the problems of racial inequality and historical discrimination should be addressed / Jurisprudence / LLD Merit principle Equality Caste discrimination Apartheid Affirmative action Affirmative action terminology Beneficiaries of affirmative action Backward classes Reservation system Scheduled castes Suitably qualified Unfair discrimination Anti-discrimination legislation 342.87 Constitutional law -- South Africa Constitutional law -- United States Constitutional law -- India
176	Affirmative action: a comparative study Deane, Tameshnie 30 November 2005 (has links) Racial and gender inequality, as well as other forms of discrimination has been a part of the South African, American and Indian histories for a very long time. Even today racial disparity is still very evident in the South African and American societies whilst discrimination based on caste is still prevalent in the Indian society. This is illustrated by continued racial discrimination and the remaining signs of societal segregation. Due to continuing disparities amongst the people, it became necessary to implement affirmative action programmes. Focusing in particular on education and jobs, affirmative action policies require active measures to be taken to ensure that blacks and other minorities enjoy the same opportunities for career advancement and school admissions that had been the nearly exclusive province of whites in SA and the USA, or for the forward castes in India. Affirmative action has been both praised and denounced, as an answer to racial inequality. One of the key issues that arise when affirmative action is discussed is whether or not affirmative action in fact promotes equality and atones for past prejudices. Another concern is whether the current affirmative action policy is the right policy to use. The issues surrounding affirmative action seems to be universal as are the circumstances. Perhaps the most widespread similarity among the programmes in these very different countries has been that group preferences and quotas are almost always discussed. The debate on affirmative action exists because it is a very divisive issue and it affects different groups of people in different ways, and some groups or persons seemingly benefit more from affirmative action than other persons or groups. In addition, it causes people to be classified into groups, and at the same time, strives to break down group barriers. It is an issue that is difficult to resolve because people have varied ideas about how the problems of racial inequality and historical discrimination should be addressed / Jurisprudence / LLD Merit principle Equality Caste discrimination Apartheid Affirmative action Affirmative action terminology Beneficiaries of affirmative action Backward classes Reservation system Scheduled castes Suitably qualified Unfair discrimination Anti-discrimination legislation 342.87 Constitutional law -- South Africa Constitutional law -- United States Constitutional law -- India

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