Innovation adoption har etablerat sig i forskningslitteratur som den enskilda processen bestående av en serie olika etapper som man genomgår från att först höra om en produkt till att slutligen adoptera den (Rogers, 2003). Den gemensamma teorin i litteraturen för innovation adoption riktar sig till diffusionen av innovationen över tid och adoptionsprocessen som genomgår de olika s.k. “adopter groups”. Forskning belyser de osäkerheter som nya innovationer kan ha och utmaningarna med att adoptera sådana innovationer, samtidigt som man bortser från möjligheten att konceptualisera användandet av innovationen, och minska osäkerheten genom kommunikation av information som ingår i själva innovationen. Denna rapport kommer att lyfta denna klyfta i kunskap genom att bedöma inflytandet av adoptering av innovation genom att kommunicera värderingar.  Detta examensarbete baseras på litteraturstudier, kvalitativ och kvantitativ forskning samt generativa sessioner, som utgör ett komplementärt perspektiv och bidrar med kunskap och förståelse till varför, vad och hur människor adopterar innovationer samt dess konsekvenser för både företaget och dess kunder. Studien har identifierar flera kundsegment. Denna rapport visar också på möjligheterna med att minska på de upplevda osäkerheterna samtidigt som man kan öka inflytandet av adoptering av nya innovationer genom att kommunicera värderingar genom sammansättning av signaler som innehåller verbala och visuella s.k. “triggers”. Dessutom introducerar denna studie ett nytt sätt att påverka inflytandet av adoptionen av nya innovationer med avseende på tekniska tillämpningar och möjligheterna med att göra det på en mycket större skala, digitalt. / Innovation adoption has established itself in literature as the individual process which consists of series of stages one undergoes from first hearing about a product to finally adopting it (Rogers, 2003). The common theory in innovation adoption literature addresses the diffusion of innovation over time, and the adoption process it undergoes by various adopter groups. Research highlights the uncertainties novel innovations might possess and the challenges of adopting such innovations, disregarding the opportunity to conceptualize the usage of the innovation, and reduction of uncertainty through communication of information embodied in the innovation itself. This report will address this gap in knowledge by assessing the influence of innovation adoption through the communication of values. This thesis report is based on literature studies, qualitative and quantitative research and generative sessions, which serve as a complementary perspective and add knowledge and understanding about why, what and how people adopt innovations, and its implications for both the company and its customers. The study has revealed the identification of several customer segments. This report also shows the possibilities of reducing perceived uncertainties while enhancing the adoption of novel innovations by communicating values through the composition of signals containing verbal and visual triggers. Moreover, this study introduces a different way of influencing the adoption of novel innovations with regards to technological applications and the possibilities of doing so on a much larger scale, digitally.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka vad ett antal människor har för åsikter och tankar kring fenomenet tiggeri. Syftet är uppdelat i fyra huvudfrågor: Vem tror informanterna är de som tigger? Hur tror informanterna att tiggarnas livssituation ser ut? Vad tror informanterna är orsakerna till tiggeri? Anser informanterna att tiggeri är ett problem? Det empiriska materialet består information av fyra öppna kvalitativa intervjuer med fyra olika människor i Sverige. Resultatet visar att det finns en slags spänning då informanterna beskrev tiggeri som en känsla av sympati för de som tigger men också att de beskrev egna känslor som kom upp hos dem när de pratar om tiggeri. När informanterna beskrev sin känslor om tiggeri och tiggare, uppdagades kategoriseringar och beskrivningar om vad de tyckte och tänkte. Vidare hade de flesta liknade tankar. Jag upptäckte ett tema av begrepp som kom upp under intervjuerna så som EU-migranter och romer. Informanterna beskrev deras livssituation som jobbig, deprimerande och förnedrande och att de som tigger oftast bor i tält i parker eller i baracker. När de beskrev orsakerna till tiggeri, ansåg samtliga informanter att det hade och göra med det svenska samhället och att tiggeri bör åtgärdas. Informanterna ansåg även att tiggeri är ett fenomen som alltid kommer att finnas. Resultaten av denna studie är gjord i samband med tidigare forskning, och med syfte att väcka nya frågor och tankar om tiggeri relaterat till socialt arbete och människors utsatthet i samhället. / The purpose of this study is to analyse what a number of people think and believe about the phenomenon begging. The purpose is broken down into four main questions: Who are the beggars in the opinion of the informants? What do the informants think the circumstance of life of the beggars looks like? What do the informants think is the cause of begging? Do the informants think that begging is a problem? The empirical material consists of four open qualitative interviews with four different people in Sweden. The results show that there is a kind of tension since the informants described begging as feeling sympathy for the beggars but also that them described feelings arising when talking about begging. When the informants described their thoughts about begging and beggars, the informants categorized and described what they believed. Further on, they had almost similar thoughts. I discovered a theme of conceptions that came up during the interviews like EU-migrants and Romani people. The informants described the circumstance of life of the beggars as troublesome, depressing, and degrading and that the beggars often live in tents in parks or in barracks. When describing the causes of begging the informants agreed on that it had to do with the society in Sweden, and also with the society in the home countries where the beggars come from. The informants think that begging is a problem for the beggars specific but also for the society and begging should be adjusted. However the informants did think that begging is a phenomenon that always is going to exist. I can conclude that the results of this study is done with previous research, and with the purpose to arouse new questions and thoughts about begging related to social work and humans’ vulnerability in the society.

The following essay is based on an anonymous organization. We are calling the organization Company X. Our main goal is to emphasize Company X internal communication with a focus on the company's values. We have chosen to start from the company's values and brand, as this should set the tone for their internal communication and brand strategy. The analyzes are based on Company X's employee magazine which consists of informational texts. The method is based on the rhetorical situation and social identity theory. We have chosen to analyze from a top-down perspective within the company. The analysis is divided in two parts, 7.1 is written by Sanna and 7.2 is written by Michaela. The result shows that Company X has varied success in communicating their values. Our result shows that Company X personal magazine as an internal communication channel could be more effective if they did a rhetorical situation analysis. The discussion includes a result from interviews we conducted to investigate whether our analysis is consistent or not and how our study is complemented by previous research.

The success of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) is critical to Europe’s economic health, however, our understanding of SME strategic behaviour is predominantly based on large enterprise theory. This study uses the Miles and Snow (1978) typology to examine the strategic behaviour of 150 UK SMEs. It also investigates whether strategy type, environment adaptation and organisational performance can be predicted by several contingency factors: organisation size, age, industry type, and management style. The findings confirm that the typology is not well suited for categorising SMEs; organisations that rarely develop through all three domains of the adaptive cycle to be sufficiently eligible for categorisation by one of the four pure archetypes. However, similar patterns of strategic behaviour were observed for certain dimensions, largely independent of the industry type or size of the SME, suggesting that an optimal configuration of mixed strategies may exist. Furthermore, Reactors, or those with mixed strategies, were found to perform similarly as Analysers and better than Defenders. The study also found that by fitting nominal logistic regression models to organisation age and size data, it was possible to predict strategic behaviour and environment adaptation, and to a lesser degree, financial performance. Surprisingly, the industry type and management style data were observed to exert minimal influence on the outcome variables. Finally, this research provides important insight relating to the validity concerns of the Miles and Snow typology and categorisation method employed, and demonstrates how these can be avoided.

People with a diagnosis of schizophrenia have been found to perform poorly on tasks assessing semantic memory, and these impairments have been proposed to be related to certain symptoms, in particular Formal Thought Disorder (FTD). A systematic literature review and meta-analysis identified the need a) to determine whether semantic memory is a primary impairment in schizophrenia and not secondary to other cognitive impairments and b) what cognitive models could provide the best explanation for the impairment. With these aims, Studies One and Two compared the performance of a group of people with schizophrenia across a battery of semantic memory tests (Hodges, Salmon and Butters, 1992). In order to eliminate confounding variables, two clinical control groups were recruited for comparison, one with a probable degraded semantic memory arising from Alzheimer‘s Dementia (AD) and the other with a primary dysexecutive syndrome caused by acquired brain injury (ABI). From these comparisons, it was possible to profile the semantic memory impairment in schizophrenia with the conclusion that any deficits are task-specific. Unlike the AD group, the impairment did not seem to arise from a loss of stored knowledge but nor did a retrieval problem, in its simplest terms, offer the best explanation. Since the ABI group performed normally on the battery it is clear that a dysexecutive syndrome does not necessarily explain poor semantic memory performance. Qualitatively, the associations and categories formed by people with schizophrenia on tasks of semantic categorisation e.g. the Category Generation Test (CGT) (Green, Done, Anthony, McKenna and Ochocki, 2004) often resemble loosening of associations and psychotic speech. In order to understand more about the processes involved in the formation of these bizarre categories, I compared performance on the CGT of groups of people with schizophrenia, AD and ABI. I found that the people with AD performed fairly similarly to the people with schizophrenia in that they sorted cards in an idiosyncratic way but the ABI group performed normally, adhering to taxonomic categories. Although this result might suggest that the bizarre associations on the CGT in people with schizophrenia are caused by a deficit in semantic memory (and not a dysexecutive syndrome), further analysis found important differences between the AD and the schizophrenia group in the way the card sorts were formed. In addition, both these groups showed intact semantic memory knowledge of the items they mis-sorted, indicating that categorisation problems do not necessarily arise from a degraded memory store. The difficulties people with schizophrenia appear to have on tests of associations and categorisation (e.g. CGT) could arise from a disorganised semantic memory i.e. differences in the way in which concepts are interconnected. On the CGT, patients with schizophrenia were far more likely to sort items on the basis of thematic (situational) information suggesting a preference for thematic over taxonomic associations. To test this, participants were tested using a triadic comparison task which requires choosing whether an item is best associated with a taxonomic, thematic or perceptually related item. On this test patients performed comparably to controls suggesting that their semantic memory is organised normally and that the abnormalities in the way in which items are associated on some semantic memory tests, including the CGT, are task-specific. It has been proposed that one of the core problems in schizophrenia is that there is ―an aberrant assignment of salience‖ (Kapur 2003) to contextually inappropriate concepts due to a dysregulated dopamine system (Kapur 2003; Kapur et al 2005). It is possible that this could also explain the semantic memory impairments in schizophrenia i.e. certain less relevant concepts/ associations are chosen because they are experienced as more salient. To test this, a group of patients with schizophrenia were assessed using a test of semantic salience. Compared to controls, the patients made significantly more errors of salience including significantly more errors where large aberrant attributions of importance were given to items. The tendency to make errors on the salience test was highly correlated with errors on the CGT and also the semantic association tests, indicating a common underlying mechanism. Therefore, it can be concluded that the semantic memory impairments in schizophrenia are task-specific, not caused by a loss of semantic knowledge or a dysexecutive syndrome, but due to an aberrant assignment of salience to less relevant semantic concepts. More work is needed to understand the cognitive processes underlying this aberrant attribution process, and also the biological substrates involved.

<p>This thesis analyses how romanies look upon schooling and how they reflect upon the possibility of getting an education. Many inquiries relating to romanies have been published in Sweden but very few are based on fieldwork among romanies. The aim of this thesis is therefore to through fieldwork focus on how romanies themselves look upon their educational situation.</p><p>The main questions for this study are: How is the image of romanies as a problem constructed in school? How are romanies separated from other students? How is the interplay between romanies and school representatives formed? How do romanies look upon the possibility of getting an education and does their perception differ from the usual official apprehension?</p><p>An important conclusion concerns how social workers and teachers continuously categorize romanies as different. The group is constantly differentiated from other ethnic groups and is often the target of integration projects. This leads to a constant stigmatization of the group but also to “weak power”. In certain situations where the ethnic identity may be an advantage the ethnic identity is over communicated while it is under communicated in an inferior situation.</p>

<p>The background to this thesis lies in the great changes that have occurred in the disability field during the last threes decades. The purpose of this thesis is to describe, analyze and try to understand how these changes impact on life conditions for adult persons with mild intellectual disabilities. The main focus in this study is to listen to the experiences of people with intellectual disabilities themselves. The questions addressed in the study are; how do people with intellectual disabilities experience participation, citizen-ship, social exclusion and social inclusion in society? Where are their daily arenas and what characterizes those arenas in terms of citizenship, exclusion and inclusion? What type of experiences do they have from encountering people in the community, from encountering the organisations and staff that provide support and service and from the consequences of disability policies in practise? How do staff close to them work to reach the goals of participation? What role can professionals play in supporting participation? Which possibilities and barriers do the staff experience?</p><p>Empirical data for the study has been gathered by qualitative methods, mainly participant observations and interviews but also from document analysis of local authority documents, official guidelines, laws and national and international disability policy documents.</p><p>The theoretical framework is based on theories about citizenship and participation. Social exclusion and social inclusion are the sensitizing concepts in this study. For the interpretation and analysis theories about citizenship, participation and categorization were used.</p><p>In the light of the empirical findings the results of the study show that three main themes were promi-nent. The first theme concerned the daily arenas, were there were both excluded arenas and included are-nas with various forms of interaction with the society. The arenas for support and service in housing and daily activities are described as excluded arenas with mainly internal social interaction. On the other hand the new arenas such as daily activity centres, located in the community, such as cafés, shops run by peo-ple with intellectual disabilities together with staff had frequent interaction with other people in the soci-ety. The second theme concerned the content in the encounters between respondents with intellectual disabilities and different actors in the community. The informants had both positive and negative experi-ences of these encounters. The encounter with the disability policy was, according to this dissertation, that the user informants hade many experiences of lacking social citizenship but also that they experienced structural inclusion when politicians listen to them and answered their questions. The third theme con-cerned how the staff works to reach the goals of participation where both possibilities and barriers exist on structural and individual levels. This study illustrates the user informants’ many experiences of citi-zenship and social exclusion but also examples of social inclusion.</p><p>In the concluding chapter the results are discussed and analyzed in relation to the theoretical frame-work, where the concept of categorisation was very important. Finally, the description of the process clearly illustrates the difficulties for disability service organisations to develop support and services that are adapted to the actual disability policy. The results shed light on the gap between theory and practise.</p><p>Some of the most positive changes towards inclusion in society for people with intellectual disabilities come from services run by users and staff close to them. Final conclusions and reflections of the results in the study are that support and service also can be discussed in terms of universalism in order to reduce the process of categorisation.</p>

The background to this thesis lies in the great changes that have occurred in the disability field during the last threes decades. The purpose of this thesis is to describe, analyze and try to understand how these changes impact on life conditions for adult persons with mild intellectual disabilities. The main focus in this study is to listen to the experiences of people with intellectual disabilities themselves. The questions addressed in the study are; how do people with intellectual disabilities experience participation, citizen-ship, social exclusion and social inclusion in society? Where are their daily arenas and what characterizes those arenas in terms of citizenship, exclusion and inclusion? What type of experiences do they have from encountering people in the community, from encountering the organisations and staff that provide support and service and from the consequences of disability policies in practise? How do staff close to them work to reach the goals of participation? What role can professionals play in supporting participation? Which possibilities and barriers do the staff experience? Empirical data for the study has been gathered by qualitative methods, mainly participant observations and interviews but also from document analysis of local authority documents, official guidelines, laws and national and international disability policy documents. The theoretical framework is based on theories about citizenship and participation. Social exclusion and social inclusion are the sensitizing concepts in this study. For the interpretation and analysis theories about citizenship, participation and categorization were used. In the light of the empirical findings the results of the study show that three main themes were promi-nent. The first theme concerned the daily arenas, were there were both excluded arenas and included are-nas with various forms of interaction with the society. The arenas for support and service in housing and daily activities are described as excluded arenas with mainly internal social interaction. On the other hand the new arenas such as daily activity centres, located in the community, such as cafés, shops run by peo-ple with intellectual disabilities together with staff had frequent interaction with other people in the soci-ety. The second theme concerned the content in the encounters between respondents with intellectual disabilities and different actors in the community. The informants had both positive and negative experi-ences of these encounters. The encounter with the disability policy was, according to this dissertation, that the user informants hade many experiences of lacking social citizenship but also that they experienced structural inclusion when politicians listen to them and answered their questions. The third theme con-cerned how the staff works to reach the goals of participation where both possibilities and barriers exist on structural and individual levels. This study illustrates the user informants’ many experiences of citi-zenship and social exclusion but also examples of social inclusion. In the concluding chapter the results are discussed and analyzed in relation to the theoretical frame-work, where the concept of categorisation was very important. Finally, the description of the process clearly illustrates the difficulties for disability service organisations to develop support and services that are adapted to the actual disability policy. The results shed light on the gap between theory and practise. Some of the most positive changes towards inclusion in society for people with intellectual disabilities come from services run by users and staff close to them. Final conclusions and reflections of the results in the study are that support and service also can be discussed in terms of universalism in order to reduce the process of categorisation.

This thesis analyses how romanies look upon schooling and how they reflect upon the possibility of getting an education. Many inquiries relating to romanies have been published in Sweden but very few are based on fieldwork among romanies. The aim of this thesis is therefore to through fieldwork focus on how romanies themselves look upon their educational situation. The main questions for this study are: How is the image of romanies as a problem constructed in school? How are romanies separated from other students? How is the interplay between romanies and school representatives formed? How do romanies look upon the possibility of getting an education and does their perception differ from the usual official apprehension? An important conclusion concerns how social workers and teachers continuously categorize romanies as different. The group is constantly differentiated from other ethnic groups and is often the target of integration projects. This leads to a constant stigmatization of the group but also to “weak power”. In certain situations where the ethnic identity may be an advantage the ethnic identity is over communicated while it is under communicated in an inferior situation.

<p>Better methods and tools are needed in the fight against child pornography. This thesis presents a method for file type categorisation of unknown data fragments, a method for reassembly of JPEG fragments, and the requirements put on an artificial JPEG header for viewing reassembled images. To enable empirical evaluation of the methods a number of tools based on the methods have been implemented.</p><p>The file type categorisation method identifies JPEG fragments with a detection rate of 100% and a false positives rate of 0.1%. The method uses three algorithms, Byte Frequency Distribution (BFD), Rate of Change (RoC), and 2-grams. The algorithms are designed for different situations, depending on the requirements at hand.</p><p>The reconnection method correctly reconnects 97% of a Restart (RST) marker enabled JPEG image, fragmented into 4 KiB large pieces. When dealing with fragments from several images at once, the method is able to correctly connect 70% of the fragments at the first iteration.</p><p>Two parameters in a JPEG header are crucial to the quality of the image; the size of the image and the sampling factor (actually factors) of the image. The size can be found using brute force and the sampling factors only take on three different values. Hence it is possible to use an artificial JPEG header to view full of parts of an image. The only requirement is that the fragments contain RST markers.</p><p>The results of the evaluations of the methods show that it is possible to find, reassemble, and view JPEG image fragments with high certainty.</p>