Apresentamos uma generalização para as classes das álgebras quase inclinadas e quase hereditárias, que chamamos de álgebras m-quase inclinadas e m-quase hereditárias. Para estas últimas, pode-se obter uma trissecção de suas categorias de módulos determinada pelas subcategorias L^m = {X indecomponível; dimensão projetiva de Y é menor ou igual a m, para cada antecessor Y de X} e R = {X indecomponível; dimensão injetiva de Y é menor ou igual a 1, para cada sucessor Y de X}, além de ser possível mostrar que se existe um módulo E_m de forma a obtermos a igualdade de conjuntos {X módulo; Hom(E_m, \\tau X) = 0} = {X módulo; dimensão projetiva de X é menor ou igual a m}, então E_m é soma de somandos de módulos em R e todo caminho de indecomponíveis com início em um somando E de E_m e final em um módulo projetivo pode ser refinado a um caminho de morfismos irredutíveis, que é ainda seccional. Como consequência desse resultado obtém-se que as álgebras m-quase hereditárias são caracterizadas pelo fato de que todos seus módulos projetivos pertencem a L^m. É possível verificar que toda álgebra m-quase inclinada de dimensão global m+1 é m-quase hereditária e, consequentemente, que toda álgebra hereditária por partes de tipo mod H, para alguma álgebra hereditária H, com dimensão global m+1 é m-quase hereditária. Apresentamos ainda um exemplo de uma álgebra 2-quase hereditária que não é 2-quase inclinada, não sendo válida, portanto, a recíproca do resultado acima. Buscamos, dessa forma, estabelecer condições que quando assumidas sobre uma álgebra 2-quase hereditária possam garantir que esta é 2-quase inclinada e, em particular, hereditária por partes. Recorremos, para isso, à aplicação obtida por meio de uma adaptação de resultados de Happel, Reiten e Smalo, que sob certas hipóteses permite concluir que uma álgebra é álgebra de endomorfismos de um objeto inclinante. Como resultado, mostra-se que uma álgebra 2-quase hereditária com certas outras propriedades e que satisfaz as condições (H1), (H2) e (H3) é 2-quase inclinada. / We present a generalization of the classes of quasitilted and almost hereditary algebras, which we call m-quasitilted and m-almost hereditary algebras. For the latter one, we can obtain a trisection of their module categories determined by the following subcategories L^m = {X indecomposable; projective dimension of Y is at most m for each predecessor Y of X} and R = {X indecomposable; injective dimension of Y is at most 1 for each successor Y of X}. Moreover, if there exists a module E_m such that {X; Hom(E_m, \\tau X) = 0} = {X; projective dimension of X is at most m} then E_m is a sum of direct summands of modules in R and any path of indecomposable modules starting in a module E which is a direct summand of E_m and ending in a projective module can be refined to a path of irreducible morphisms, which is also sectional. This result on paths allow us to obtain a characterization for m-almost hereditary algebras in terms of their projective modules. It is also possible to prove that any m-quasitilted algebra with global dimension m+1 is a m-almost hereditary algebra and as a consequence we can obtain that any piecewise hereditary algebra of type mod H, for some hereditary algebra H, and with global dimension m+1 is m-almost hereditary. We present an example of a 2-almost hereditary which is not 2-quasitilted, which entails that the converse of the above mentioned result does not hold true. Thus we seek for conditions which can ensure that a given 2-almost hereditary is 2-quasitilted and, in particular, a piecewise hereditary algebra. For this, we use the correspondence obtained as an adaptation of results of Happel, Reiten and Smalo, which under certain assumptions shows that an algebra is an endomorphism algebra of a tilting object. It is shown that a 2-almost hereditary algebra with some other properties and satisfying (H1), (H2) and (H3) is 2-quasitilted.

O objetivo geral deste estudo foi escalonar os diferentes tipos de dor, comparativamente entre si, por meio de diferentes métodos psicofísicos e diferentes amostras. Os objetivos específicos foram: comparar o escalonamento dos diferentes tipos de dor entre as diferentes amostras; comparar as escalas derivadas de julgamentos ordinais com as escalas derivadas dos julgamentos de razão; verificar por meio da comparação entre as estimativas de magnitudes e as estimativas de categorias se o contínuo intensidade de dor tem características protéticas ou metatéticas; verificar se a variabilidade das estimativas de magnitudes, de categorias e de comprimento de linhas, é uma função linear das médias geométricas dessas estimativas, ou seja, seguem a Lei de Ekman; validar a escala de razão derivada para o contínuo não métrico de intensidade dos diferentes tipos de dor por meio do método de emparelhamento intermodal; verificar se a variabilidade das estimativas de categorias expandidas aumenta linearmente em função do aumento das estimativas de categorias, tal como ocorre com as estimativas de magnitude; verificar se as ordenações dos diferentes tipos de dor derivadas dos respectivos métodos psicofísicos são similares entre si. Para atingir os objetivos foram realizados 3 experimentos, cada experimento utilizou diferentes métodos psicofísicos: Experimento 1 - Comparação entre os métodos psicofísicos escalares de estimação de magnitude, estimação de categorias e estimação de postos; Experimento 2 - Validação da escala de razão dos diferentes tipos de dor por meio do método de estimação de magnitude e de emparelhamento intermodal com a modalidade de resposta comprimento de linhas; Experimento 3 - Comparação entre os métodos psicofísicos escalares de estimação de magnitude e estimação de categorias expandidas. Participaram do estudo 90 pacientes ambulatoriais de diferentes clínicas, 90 médicos e 90 enfermeiros, sendo 30 de cada grupo que participaram de cada Experimento. Os participantes avaliaram, de acordo com cada método psicofísico, o grau de intensidade de dor, comparativamente entre 20 diferentes tipos de dor. Os resultados foram: 1)A Dor no Câncer, a Dor por Infarto do Miocárdio, a Dor por Cólica Renal, a Dor por Queimadura e a Dor no Parto foram considerados os tipos de dor de maior intensidade, independente do método psicofísico utilizado ou da amostra estudada; 2) Há divergências na percepção das intensidades de alguns tipos de dor, estas divergências foram observadas principalmente entre profissionais e pacientes (médicos-pacientes, enfermeiros-pacientes); 3)As ordenações de posições da intensidade dos diferentes tipos de dor, comparando os diferentes métodos psicofísicos utilizados, resultaram em níveis de concordância significativa; 4)O contínuo não métrico de intensidade dos diferentes tipos de dor, possui características protéticas, ou seja, a percepção da intensidade de um tipo de dor aumenta à medida que se percebe esta com maior intensidade; 5)A variabilidade das respostas dos sujeitos (estimação de magnitudes) foi maior quanto mais intenso foram julgados os diferentes tipos de dor, ou seja, segue a Lei de Ekman; 6)A relação entre as estimativas de magnitudes e as estimativas de emparelhamento de comprimento de linhas é uma função de potência e a escala dos diferentes tipos de dor é válida, estável e consistente. / The general aim of this study was to scale the different types of pain comparatively, by means of various psychophysical methods and different samples. The specific aims were: to compare the scaling of the different types of pain between the different samples; to compare the derived scales of ordinal judgments with the derived scales of ratio judgments; to verify them by comparing between the magnitude estimates and the category estimates whether the continual pain intensity had prothetic or metathetic characteristics; to verify the variability of the magnitude estimates, line-length categories and the linear functions of the geometric means of these estimates, or rather, according to Ekman\'s Law; to validate the ratio scale derived from the non-metric continual of the different types of pain intensities by means of the cross-modal matching; to verify whether the variability of the expanded category estimates increases linearly in function of the increase of the category estimates, as it occurs with the magnitude estimates; to verify whether the rank order of the different types of pain derived from the respective psychophysical methods are similar to each other. In order to achieve these goals three experiments were performed, each utilizing different psychophysical methods: Experiment 1 - Comparison among the psychophysical scaling methods of magnitude estimations, category estimations and rank order estimations; Experiment 2 - The ratio scale validation for the different types of pain utilizing line-lengths response modality; Experiment 3 - A comparison between the psychophysical scaling methods of magnitude estimations and expanded category estimations. The study was comprised of 90 outpatients from various specialty clinics, 90 physicians and 90 nurses, in which there were 30 subjects in each group for each of the experiments. The participants assessed the degree of pain intensity among the 20 different types according to each psychophysical method. The results were: 1) A Cancer Pain, Myocardium Infarct Pain, Renal Colic, Burn Injury Pain, and Childbirth Labor Pain were regarded as the pains of greater intensity, regardless of the psychophysical method utilized or the studied sample; 2) it has divergences in the perception of the intensities of some types of pain, these divergences had been mainly evidenced between professionals and patients (doctors-patients, nurses-patients); 3)A the rank order of pain intensity for the different types of pain, comparing the different psychophysical methods used resulted in levels of significant concordance; 4) A the non-metric continual of the pain intensity for the different types possesses prothetic characteristics, that is, the perception of one type of pain intensity increases as it is perceived with greater intensity; 5) A the variability of the subjects\' responses (magnitude estimations) was greater, the more the different types of pain were judged, or rather, it fallows Ekman\'s Law; 6) A the relation between the magnitude estimates and the cross modal matching estimates of the line-lengths is a power function, and the scale for the different types of pain is valid, stable and consistent.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-06-02T14:51:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 flaviacarvalhofaria.pdf: 1606221 bytes, checksum: 51227a764c6f1f3ec1b3b2f9dde179b3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-07-02T13:12:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 flaviacarvalhofaria.pdf: 1606221 bytes, checksum: 51227a764c6f1f3ec1b3b2f9dde179b3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-02T13:12:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 flaviacarvalhofaria.pdf: 1606221 bytes, checksum: 51227a764c6f1f3ec1b3b2f9dde179b3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-17 / A tese investiga os aspectos do pronome possessivo relevantes para sua aquisição no português brasileiro (PB) e se desenvolve dentro de uma perspectiva psicolinguística da aqui-sição da língua materna. Assume-se, de acordo com o Programa Minimalista (Chomsky, 1995 e obras posteriores) uma gramática universal (GU) inata correspondente ao estado inicial da aquisição da linguagem e a concepção de uma língua I (interna) composta por um sistema computacional e um léxico. Assume-se, também, modelos de processamento que explique como a criança adquire esse léxico: o Bootstrapping Fonológico (Morgan & Demuth, 1996; Christophe et al., 1997), que considera que, antes de adquirir um léxico, a criança faz uso de habilidades perceptuais para segmentar informações do input em unidades linguísticas, e o Bootstrapping Sintático (Gleitman, 1990; 1994), segundo o qual a criança usa dados da estru-tura sintática para deduzir o significado das palavras. Dessa forma, pode-se dizer que a crian-ça em processo de aquisição do PB identifica o possessivo através de uma análise perceptual do fluxo da fala e, uma vez disponível no léxico, o sistema computacional opera sobre seus traços formais, relacionando-o numa estrutura hierárquica correspondente a uma expressão linguística. Tais itens são identificados na interface fônica através de um tratamento estatístico da fala recebida no input e seus traços semânticos/formais são adquiridos via processamento na interface semântica. O possessivo, apesar de se tratar de um elemento de comportamento complexo, surge relativamente cedo na produção inicial da criança, se comparado a outros itens determinantes. Em PB, tal elemento apresenta variação semântica de acordo com as pos-sibilidades de posicionamento na sentença, o que motivou uma proposta de divisão categorial dos pronomes possessivos em dois tipos: pronomes possessivos antepostos ao nome são de-terminantes e, portanto, considerados itens funcionais, enquanto os pospostos são adjetivos e, nesta tese, considerados itens semifuncionais. A fim de verificar a importância, para a aquisi-ção do pronome possessivo, de aspectos (i) fonológicos, como sua forma fônica, (ii) semânti-cos, como a relevância do traço de posse e (iii) sintáticos, como posicionamento na sentença, foram realizados três experimentos cujos resultados sugerem que a criança aos 11 meses de idade é sensível à forma fônica do pronome possessivo e, aos 3 anos e meio, é sensível ao seu traço de posse, assim como ao posicionamento destequando anteposto em SN adjetivado. / This thesis investigates relevant aspects of the acquisition of the possessive pronounsby Brazilian children in a psycholinguistic view of language acquisition. According to Minimalism Program (Chomsky, 1995 and subsequent works) an innate Universal Gram-mar (UG) corresponding to the initial state of language acquisition and the conception of I-language (internal) - that consists of a lexicon and a computational system – are assumed. We also assume Phonological Bootstrapping Model (Morgan & Demuth, 1996; Christophe et al., 1997), that explains how children acquire the lexicon using perceptual abilities to segment the input data into linguistic units, and Syntactic Bootstrapping Model (Gleitman, 1990; 1994). According to this model, children use information from syntactic structure to deduce the meaning of the words. We hypothesized that children acquiring BP identify the possessive pronouns through perceptual analysis of speech and, once they are available in the lexicon, the computational system operates on their formal features correlating them into a hierarchical structure as a linguistic expression. The possessives are identified in the phonologi-cal interface by a statistical analysis of speech and the semantic features are acquired via pro-cessing in the semantic interface. Despite the possessive behavior being considered complex, this pronouns appear before other functional items in children early production. Because pos-sessive pronoun semantic value changes according to its position in a sentence, we propose a categorical division of it into two types: functional and semi-functional items. Three experi-ments were conducted in order to verify phonological, semantic and syntactic aspects of pos-sessive pronouns learning. The results suggest that children at 11 months are sensitive to their phonetic forms, at 3 ½ years are sensitive to their semantic possession features as well as to their syntactic position in DP.

Semantic memory is part of the long-term memory system, and there are several theories concerning this type of memory. Some of these will be described in this essay. There are also several types of neuropsychological semantic memory deficits. For example, test results have shown that patients tend to have more difficulties naming living than nonliving things, and one probable explanation is that living things are more dependent on sensory than on functional features. Description of concrete concepts is a new test of semantic memory, in which cueing is used, both to capture the maximum performance of patients, and to give insight into the access versus storage problem. The theoretical ideas and empirical results relating to this new test will be described in detail. Furthermore, other tests of semantic memory that have been commonly used will also be briefly described. In conclusion semantic memory is a complex cognitive system that needs to be studied further.

The Swedish National Archives are in charge of the management of Common Specifications (CS). CS are genericmetadata specifications that provides structure and markup when transferring digital information betweeninformation systems and to electronic archives. As of now there is no CS for electronic healthcare records (EHR).Organizations around Sweden have developed their own specifications for transferring healthcare information. Inaddition to that, there are comprehensive international EHR metadata standards established. The Swedish NationalArchives have commissioned a study of EHR metadata specifications and standards to aid in the development of theCS.A Delphi study was conducted, including respondents from major archiving organizations in Sweden, to identifynecessary metadata categories when exchanging EHRs. The data was analyzed considering the international EHRmetadata standards HL7 CDA2 and CEN/ISO EN13606, as well as digital preservation metadata categories. Theresults were a set of metadata categories necessary to include in a CS. In addition, a subset of suggested mandatorymetadata categories is proposed and a list of implications for practice. Clinical codes, auditing, and separatingmetadata related to different contexts are a sample size of the implications.The results were evaluated in an interview with the Swedish National Archives, as well as Sydarkivera. Three criteriafor evaluating the results were proposed, being that the results had to consider a common terminology as well as bebased on a metadata standard and Swedish metadata specifications for EHRs. The interview revealed that the resultssatisfied these criterions, except for requiring a study on one additional user environment of EHRs.

La thèse consiste en une mise en rapport aux plans notionnel et empirique de la valeur saussurienne et de l’archétype jungien. L’intérêt d’établir une telle corrélation est d’étudier les valeurs archétypales dans une perspective néo-saussurienne. Pour ce faire, la notion de valeur dans les manuscrits saussuriens De l'essence double du langage est traitée dans son aspect double, différentiel et réflexif à la fois : cela permet aux différences articulées de se charger d’une expression métalinguistique. Les valeurs archétypales héritent alors de cette propriété double. La notion de valeur archétypale entre ainsi en interdépendance avec d’autres notions : celles de différenciation, de postélaboration, d’association, de catégorie, de niveau. Les valeurs archétypales héritent de deux particularités des archétypes jungiens : elles se présentent comme des conventions collectives sociales et comme des élaborations langagières systémiques à la fois. Pour assurer le cadre méthodologique de l’analyse, une division aristotélicienne est appliquée. Cela permet d’abord aux valeurs de s’articuler en valeurs génériques, spécifiques et numériques. Cela permet ensuite aux qualités archétypales d’assurer les différenciations. Dans la mesure où valeur et sens sont inséparables, cette étude des valeurs archétypales est aussi une étude sémantique qui se donne pour l’objectif d’étudier les représentations qualitatives du sens. / The thesis represents empirical and notional relationships between Saussure’s values and Jung’s archetypes. The aim is to study the archetypal values in a neo-Saussurean perspective. In order to achieve this aim, the notion of value in Saussure’s On the dual essence of language is presented as a dual phenomenon with a differential nature and a reflexive meta-linguistic nature at the same time. Thus, the archetypal values inherit this dual aspect. The notion of archetypal value appears as a complex one that enters interdependence with other notions, (differentiation and post-elaboration, association and category, generic, specific and numeric identities and levels). The archetypal values inherit two particular properties from Jung’s archetype. Therefore, the archetypal values appear as social and collective conventions, as well as language system elaborations. To provide relevant methodological framework for the analysis, the Aristotelian division is applied. In this way the values are generically, specifically and numerically differentiated. Then this method allows archetypal qualities to make the differentiation of the three types of values. Since the value and the meaning are inseparable, this study of the archetypal values also has a semantic aspect and aims to study the qualitative representations of the meaning.

Introduced by C.C. Chang in the 1950s, MV algebras are to many-valued (Łukasiewicz) logics what boolean algebras are to two-valued logic. More recently, effect algebras were introduced by physicists to describe quantum logic. In this thesis, we begin by investigating how these two structures, introduced decades apart for wildly different reasons, are intimately related in a mathematically precise way. We survey some connections between MV/effect algebras and more traditional algebraic structures. Then, we look at the categorical structure of effect algebras in depth, and in particular see how the partiality of their operations cause things to be vastly more complicated than their totally defined classical analogues. In the final chapter, we discuss coordinatization of MV algebras and prove some new theorems and construct some new concrete examples, connecting these structures up (requiring a detour through effect algebras!) to boolean inverse semigroups.

The work concerns environmental declarations type III alias system EPD. A reader should be given a complex sight of kinds of environmental notation, especially environmental declarations type III. The work interpret present systems EPD on the world and evaluace the present state of exploitation of system EPD in Czech Republic. At the close of my work are put mind to question of implementation of environmental declarations type III in Czech Republic.

This thesis is situated in the surroundings of the hotel industry. The aim is to analyse the determinants of customer satisfaction depending on the product price category. The product price category corresponds to the uniform classification of accommodation facilities in the Czech Republic. The research is based on the analysis of partial attributes of satisfaction in connection with the overall level of customer response to a specific hotel. The research sample is based on 1821 hotels located in London. Data was selected from the accommodation reservation portal Booking.com. The practical part is based on quantitative analysis and implemented with the assistance of the chi-square test, two-tailed t-test, ANOVA and multiple linear regression. Primarily, the input data is properly annotated. Analysis of the seven basic attributes of customer satisfaction follows. The final part of the paper looks into how the partial attribute ratings correlate with the overall evaluation of each hotel accommodation category separately and thus answers the specified research question.

In this thesis, we develop a SKU level market basket model and apply the model to investigate cross-category reference price effects. This research extends previous work on the category-level multivariate logit model (Russell and Petersen 2000). Our model is a generalization of the multivariate logit model which allows for both complementarity and substitution effects at the brand level. The modeling effort in this thesis allows us to use conditional probability distributions of individual items to construct the final joint-distribution of all possible basket selections. The resulting model is very flexible and accommodates a large variety of market structure patterns. The model structure implies that the changes in brand-level marketing variables directly affect category incidence (by altering category attractiveness) and indirectly determine market basket composition. Because the model can be written in a closed form manner, we can easily study the pattern of brand price competition by computing a matrix of cross-price elasticities. We use scanner panel data for the yogurt category to demonstrate the structural flexibility of the model. The results from this application reveal asymmetric competition consistent with price-tier competition literature. We use this model to investigate how consumers' responses to reference prices within a category spillover into their choices across multiple categories. The notion is that a consumer's subjective judgment of the fairness of the price levels in one category influences the choice decisions of related items in other categories. We begin with building within-category SKU-level model based on previous findings from single category reference price models (i.e., internal versus external reference prices, asymmetric response due to loss aversion, and heterogeneity in response across consumers). We then develop four alternative model specifications for cross-category spillover effects and test competing theories about those effects. Using scanner panel data for detergent and softener categories, we discover valuable implications for reference price effects. First, SKU-level reference price effects exist and improve forecasting ability. Second, those reference price effects influence category attractiveness, but do no spillover across categories. Finally, category-level reference dependent evaluation may exist but not be important in forecasting.