Ce travail contient l’analyse de la traduction des noms (substantifs) de la langue source (français) en langue cible (lituanien), et surtout leur détermination, de leurs transformations possibles dans la traduction, des moyens que le traducteur choisit pour les transmettre en traduction. D’après l’analyse il a été aperçu que les déterminants sont transposés par les pronoms ou ils sont exprimés par certains cas. Parfois les déterminants, surtout des articles définis, acquièrent la forme pronominale. Il y avait des situations où le traducteur a accordé une autre forme : il a traduit en d’autre partie du discours, par exemple, en adverbe, en participe passé ou en préposition. Les noms étaient plus flexibles pour la variation. Le traducteur a pu les traduire en verbe, en participe ou en gérondif, en adjectif, en pronom, en adverbe. Il y avait des situations où les noms ont possédé dans la langue cible la forme dérivée et surtout il acquiert une forme diminutive grâce aux adjectifs qui expriment la petitesse, la jeunesse, la beauté, la douceur : petit, jeune, joli. En ce qui concerne le nom, il peut être transmis non seulement en un mot, mais aussi en groupement des mots. Le nom propre peut parfois remplir la fonction de nom commun pour indiquer le type d’homme qui lui ressemble. / Šiame darbe analizuojami prancūzų kalbos daiktavardžių ir jų determinantų vertimų ypatumai į lietuvių kalbą, galimos transformacijos vertime, kokius būdus pasirenka vertėjas, norėdamas juos perteikti vertime. Atlikus analizę, paaiškėjo, kad daiktavardis verčiamas veiksmažodžiu, dalyviu, pusdalyviu, būdvardžiu arba prieveiksmiu. Buvo pastebėta, kad daiktavardžiai, vartojami kartu su mažybiniais-maloniniais būdvardžiais, lietuviškame vertime įgyja mažybinę formą arba naują reikšmę, kurią nulemia kontekstas. Vertime vienažodį daiktavardį taip pat gali atitikti žodžių grupė. Tikrinis daiktavardis gali virsti bendriniu daiktavardžiu, norint pabrėžti asmens tipą, į kurį veikėjas panašus. Determinantų vertimas yra sudėtingas, nes lietuvių kalbai ši kategorija nėra būdinga, todėl vertėjas priverstas išieškoti priemonių, juos pakeisti arba praleisti (dažniausiai dėl lietuvių kalbos normų). Buvo pastebėta, kad determinantai lietuvių kalboje keičiami į įvardžius, prieveiksmius, dalyvius, prielinksnius arba išreiškiami linksniais. Kai kuriais atvejais žymimasis artikelis prieš būdvardį įgydavo įvardžiuotinę formą. / In this work “Rendering of definite/indefinite noun category of the French language into the Lithuanian language” is analysed the translation of the French nouns and determiners into the Lithuanian, their possible transformations in the translation and which ways the translator chooses to transfer them to the translation. After the analyze it was discovered that the noun can be translate into verb, participle, half-participle, adjective or adverb. It was observed that the noun with the adverbs which express the smallness, the endearment, gets a diminutive form or a new sense. A one-word noun can be translated into word group. The proper noun can be the common noun to accentuate the type of the person. The translation of the determiners into Lithuanian is difficult, because the Lithuanian doesn’t have this category and a translator must find the other ways or leave out. It was observed that the determiners were change by adverb, pronoun, prepositional or case in the Lithuanian. Sometimes the definite article before adjective gets the pronominal form.

Disertacijoje analizuojami ne tik vientisinių būtųjų lietuvių kalbos laikų reikšmės ir jų atitikmenys anglų kalboje, bet ir praeities raiškos formos, įtraukiant ir vadinamąsias sudurtines arba sudėtines laikų formas, dalyvius, vartojamus vietoj tiesioginės nuosakos atpasakojamojoje kalboje, ir predikatines nelinksniuojamas neveikiamosios rūšies būtojo laiko dalyvių formas. Lietuvių kalboje yra du vientisiniai laikai: būtasis kartinis ir būtasis dažninis. Abiems šiems laikams bendra tai, kad jie reiškia veiksmą, vykusį prieš kalbamąjį momentą, o skiria juos pagrindinė santykio su kalbamuoju momentu reikšmė: būtasis kartinis laikas gali reikšti labai artimą veiksmą atskaitos momentui: ar tai būtų dabartis, ar kitas praeities veiksmas. Taigi būtasis kartinis laikas turi ir perfekto, ir pliuskvamperfekto reikšmes. Šių reikšmių neturi būtasis dažninis laikas. Jis reiškia tolesnės praeities kartojamą veiksmą, kurio atžvilgiu jis sudaro opoziciją būtajam kartiniam laikui. Darbe taip pat nagrinėjamos analitinės formos, nustatomas jų santykis su vientisinėmis: ar jos sudaro vientisinėms opozicijas, ar yra sinoniminės, ar visos santykiauja vienodai. Taip pat tiriama vadinamoji netiesioginė nuosaka (modus relativus) ir neveikiamosios rūšies formą turinčių predikatinių dalyvių reikšmė. Analitinis anglų kalbos laikų pobūdis geriau padeda suprasti ir įvertinti lietuvių kalbos laikų reikšmes ir funkcijas. Ieškojimas lietuvių kalbos laikų formoms atitikmenų anglų kalboje padeda geriau... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The meanings of Lithuanian past simple tenses and their equivalents in English is the object of the thesis. Other forms expressing past, i.e. compound forms, participles used instead of indicative mood in the narrative speech as well as predicative indeclinable forms of past passive participles are the subject matter in the thesis. There are two simple past tenses in Lithuanian: the past simple and the past frequentative tense. Both tenses are used to express an action which happened before the moment of speech; however, the relation to the moment of speech is different: the past simple tense is used to express a very close action to the reference time (whether it is present or other past action). Thus, the past simple tense has the perfective and plusquamperfective meaning. Whereas, the past frequentative tense does not possess those meanings; it is used to express a repetitive action of a more distant past. Moreover, the relationship of analytic forms to the simple ones is determined in the study. The problem of modus relativus and the meaning of predicative participles of passive voice are covered in the thesis as well. Analytical nature of English tenses enables to perceive and evaluate the meanings and functions of Lithuanian tenses more accurately. The search for the equivalents of Lithuanian tenses in English allows determining more precise meanings of Lithuanian past tenses, particularly the grammaticalization of analytic constructions, the relationships of... [to full text]

Cette suite d'essais analyse la conception de la monnaie en droit, cherchant à isoler l'originalité de sa nature abstraite. La tradition juridique caractérise la monnaie à la fois comme un fait et comme un droit parce qu'elle présuppose un sens substantif au nom commun 'monnaie', étant ainsi incapable d'admettre que la monnaie, par sa place unique dans les catégories du droit, est le mécanisme qui suppose l'avenir indéterminé en y enchâssant le présent. La difficulté de la monnaie est que, comme catégorie, elle n'est pas incluse aux catégories usuelles de droit privé. Son caractère abstrait l'empêche d'ailleurs d'être incluse parmi les objets qui ont une extension. La monnaie se définit plutôt par négation relativement aux catégories usuelles. Elle est donc reconnaissable entre toutes. Dans la relation sujet-objet, la monnaie versée n'est évidemment pas un sujet. Dans son sens strict, la monnaie réfère aujourd'hui au papier-monnaie. Il est vrai que ce dernier existe matériellement puisqu'il est tangible. Mais paradoxalement, en tant qu'objet, la monnaie est ni une somme, ni une obligation en nature, ni un bien, ni une représentation de dette, ni une mesure, ni consomptible, ni fongible au sens pertinent de ces mots. Comment saisir la substance d'une notion qui se soustrait aux catégories usuelles de la doctrine? Voilà la difficulté fondamentale de la thèse. Répétons son mode original de définition: la monnaie n'est pas identique à une somme due, mais - en étant payée - elle en éteint une; conversement, la somme due n'est pas identique à la monnaie perçue, mais -lorsque payée en trop - cette dernière est déclarée indue et sujette à répétition (l'indu devient dû). La définition de la monnaie procède par 'corécurrence' : elle définit quelque chose d'indéterminé puisqu'un membre de la définition réfère à l'autre et viceversa. Sa nature s'exprime par sa fonction dans la structure des prestations. Mais la doctrine la traite d'abord comme une somme due, sans distinguer outre mesure ce type de dette des autres prestations. Or, à titre d'exécution d'une obligation, une somme d'argent non seulement éteint d'autant les montants, dus à une époque ou l'autre, mais, puisque ces derniers sont appariés aux obligations en nature en tant que prix dû en contrepartie des prestations caractérisées à être effectuées, la perception des sommes d'argent conduit encore à la mobilité des biens parmi les personnes. D'où le paradoxe: une somme d'argent est destinée à circuler précisément pour être la fin des sommes dues. La doctrine enseigne la thèse unitaire du paiement des obligations (en son acception large du droit civil) : sont mis dans un même sac les faits exécutés pour satisfaire à des obligations en nature et les paiements de sommes d'argent dues. Or, elles sont en premier dues, puis payées. Ils sont dits former un ensemble. Ce sac est le temps lui-même. Il s'agit d'une interprétation de l'univers des prestations, précisément une interprétation de la notion d'univers où l'actualité homogène d'un ensemble exclut de faire une place à l'éventualité de valeurs futures par contraste aux valeurs passées. Pour réduire la notion d'univers à celle d'ensemble actuel, l'astuce est de fermer la dualité 'ensemble/membre' en substituant au membre l'ensemble: l'un des objets inclus à l'ensemble doit être à la fois un élément existant de l'ensemble et la collection de tous ses éléments, constituant ainsi la jonction substantive sous-jacente à cette dualité. IV Cet objet fondateur est d'habitude nommé le zéro de l'ensemble. Traitant ainsi l'ensemble des exécutions des obligations, il doit y avoir un élément qui ait à la fois la nature d'une promesse et celle d'un fait. Cet élément est la monnaie. Ainsi, la monnaie a une nature double, à la fois concept et référent du concept. La somme due est exécutée en monnaie et, conversement, la monnaie est la somme transférée à titre de paiement: substituant une définition dans l'autre, l'exécution de la somme due est la somme transférée, une formule conduisant à la régression infinie. Qui donc est le débiteur de cette somme transférée depuis aussi longtemps que la monnaie a circulé et circulera? La difficulté conceptuelle de la monnaie est de comprendre cette métamorphose, où l'exécution d'un fait en satisfaction d'une obligation se révèle elle même être une promesse. Pourquoi alors distinguer une obligation et son exécution? La monnaie cumule la nature catégorique d'une chose matérielle délivrée - autrefois l'or, aujourd'hui le papier-monnaie - et la nature d'une somme due; cette façon de penser mène à réifier les dettes, à leur conférer une existence matérielle. Mais devoir l'argent est fondamentalement la durée du terme d'une relation entre deux personnes. Et payer la monnaie est l'extinction de ce terme. Alors paradoxalement, l'exprimant dans une dualité catégorique, la monnaie a une durée et en même temps n'en a pas. Cette postulation d'une union des termes opposés d'une dualité n'est pas sans précédent. Pour aider le lecteur à s'en rendre compte, je documente que le thème de la migration de la valeur pécuniaire des choses par la médiation de la monnaie dans le paiement des sommes dues rappelle celui de la métempsycose (migration de l'âme) utilisée pour conceptualiser le fondement de la Couronne médiévale, le don de Dieu qui sacrait la continuité des règnes successifs d'une lignée héréditaire de régents. À cette époque, on conceptualisait la continuité historique d'un peuple par les deux corps du roi; sa nature cumulait à la fois celle d'un individu et celle de l'ensemble des individus soumis à son règne. Unique entre tous, on considérait que l'un des individus était un ensemble d'un. Cette attitude platonique était crue nécessaire en droit public pour résoudre la difficulté conceptuelle de la continuité historique d'une communauté en dépit de la nature temporelle de ses membres; elle recevait son écho en droit privé. La thèse unitaire du paiement d'obligations - où, tout comme en économique, la capacité de permutation de biens est elle-même considérée être un bien ordinaire - semble reposer sur cette même conception d'une nécessaire nature double. Dans l'univers des prestations, selon la doctrine, un ensemble infini de valeurs successives formées sur une période de temps indéfinie est considéré être fondé sur un objet transcendant qui cumule les faces opposées d'une dualité: à la fois somme (d'argent) et chose, à la fois droit et fait accompli en exécution d'une obligation, à la fois fait et valeur future. Ce paradigme traditionnel est indifférent à la dualité des prestations: non pécuniaire et pécuniaire. TI y arrive en substantivant la non-existence d'une somme. L'explication proposée ici en est une de structure. L'univers des prestations serait plutôt une dichotomie de deux dualités distinctes: 10 une dualité catégorique, celle de l'exécution de prestations particulières - où avoir fait quelque chose et ne pas l'avoir fait sont des action et abstention caractérisées, et 20 une dualité modale (circulaire), devoir un montant libellé en iv-a devise ou (exclusivement) ne pas le devoir, l'avoir payé ou non. L'obligation de livrer une prestation caractérisée à quelqu'un est appariée à la somme d'argent due par ce dernier en contrepartie de cela; on alterne d'une obligation non pécuniaire à la promesse de payer un montant d'argent sans que quiconque puisse cumuler le beurre et l'argent du beurre à un instant donné. Mais encore, une somme due en suit une autre au travers de la monnaie, cette dernière étant toujours le revers de la somme due. Il n'est pas nécessaire de dire que la monnaie existe, ni de dire qu'elle n'existe pas; il suffit de dire qu'elle éteint la somme due. Non seulement la somme due - versée (renversée) en monnaie - est éteinte, mais encore par le nominalisme elle peut toujours acquitter de nouveau une somme d'autant; il suffit qu'un créancier accepte qu'on la lui doive plutôt que de s'en remettre au troc de choses existantes. Cette nouvelle perspective du paiement des obligations distingue deux types de raisonnements. La vérification catégorique rétrospective d'une exécution en nature survenue se démarque de la modalité où la conséquence juridique de l'extinction d'une somme due se retourne en la possibilité a priori de réitérer cette conséquence encore contre une somme pouvant pourtant n'être pas encore déterminée. La possibilité d'une continuité historique n'a pas la nature finie d'un fait. L'objet qu'est la monnaie déborde de la notion ordinaire d'objet puisqu'il est circulaire: la 'monnaie' est "éteindre une somme (due) puis (est encore) monnaie". Dans la lignée héréditaire des sommes, constituées pour être éteintes, éteintes pour être constituées, la monnaie est ni le prédécesseur, ni un successeur particulier; elle est la fonction qui ouvre continuellement l'éventualité d'autres successeurs. La monnaie est une abstraction et sa nature unique est confirmée au Canada depuis 1967. Une fois la convertibilité du papier-monnaie abandonnée, la monnaie n'est plus une promesse de payer: la banque centrale n'est plus tenue de délivrer l'or à la demande du porteur, ni d'échanger le billet de banque en billets du Dominion. Le papiermonnaie est, depuis, trivialement remplacé seulement par du papier-monnaie. Enfin, l'abstraction monétaire donne à la banque centrale une personnalité morale inédite. Si la Couronne est créancière des uns et débitrice aux autres, alors en contraste la banque centrale qui n'est pas une banque - est ni créancière, ni débitrice du papier-monnaie. La problématique de l'inclusion de la monnaie dans les catégories traditionnelles du droit a une solution inédite. La monnaie s'offre en complément des concepts du discours juridique. L'encaissement d'une somme due emporte comme conséquence la fin de son terme, mais encore il en appelle à nouveau une autre, éventuellement. Ainsi, la monnaie est le bain de renouvellement des sommes. Sa qualification ni ... ni... louvoie entre les deux termes en les niant alternativement. / This series of essays analyses the concept of money in the law, seeking to isolate its unique and highly abstract nature. Traditionallaw teaching characterizes money both as a fact and as a right premised as it is on the idea that common nouns like 'money' must have substantive meaning; it is thereby unable to accept that money, by virtue of its unique place amongst the categories of private law, is the mechanism supposing the indeterminate future by embedding the present into it. The difficulty with money is that, as a category, it is not included amongst the usual categories ofprivate law. Its abstract character prevents it from being included amongst objects that have extension. Rather money is defined by negation with respect to the usuallegal categories. It is thereby uniquely recognizable. In the subject-object relationship, paid money is obviously not a subject. In its strict meaning, money refers today to paper-money. It is true that the latter does exist physically because it is tangible. But paradoxicalIy, as an object, money is neither a sum owed, nor an obligation in kind, nor a good, nor representing a debt, nor a measurement, nor consumable, nor fungible in the relevant sense ofthose terms. How does one capture the substance of a notion that defies the usual categories of legal discourse? That is the fundamental difficulty of the thesis. The entirely unique way of defining money bears repeating: Cash money is not identical to a sum owed but extinguishes one as it is being paid; conversely, a sum owed is not identical with money received, since when money is paid without obligation, the sum can be recovered as undue (the undue becomes due). The definition ofmoney proceeds by 'corecurrence': it defines something indeterminate, in that one definition refers to the other and vice versa. Its nature stems from its function in the structure of prestations. But the legal scholarship treats it principally as a sum owed, without further distinguishing this type of debt from other prestations. Now, as the performance of an obligation, a sum ofmoney not only as much pays off any amount, due at one time or another, but, because those are paired to obligations in kind as the price owed in consideration ofparticular performances to be accomplished; the cashing of sums of money still conducts the movement of goods among persons. Whence a paradox: A sum of money is destined to circulate precise1y to extinguish sums (due). Legal scholarship generally teaches the thesis of unity of performance of obligations (payment in its broad civillaw meaning): AlI acts accomplished in the performance of obligations in kind and all payments of sums of money are put in the same bag. Now, they are first owed, then received. These operations are said to form a single set. This bag is time itself. 1t is an interpretation of the universe of prestations, more precise1y an interpretation of the notion of universe where the homogeneous actuality of a set excludes to give place to the possibility of future values by contrast to past values. To close the notion of a universe to that of an actual vi set, the trick is to close the duality 'set/member' by replacing the member by the set: one of the objects included in the set must be at once an existing element of the set and be the collection of aIl its elements, constituting thereby the substantive junction underlying this duality. This foundational object is usually called the zero of the set. In the set of performances of obligations (prestations) with which we are dealing here, there must similarly be an element in the nature of both a promise and a fact. That element is money. So money has a dual nature, both concept and referent of the concept. The sum owed is performed in money and, conversely, money is the sum transferred as payment: substituting one definition in the other, the performance of the sum owed is the sum transferred, a formula leading to infinite regression. Who then is the debtor of this sum transferred for as long as money did and will circulate? The conceptual difficulty with money is to understand this metamorphosis, where the performance of a fact in satisfaction of an obligation reveals itselfto be a promise. Why then bother to distinguish a promise from the performance of it? Money cumulates the categorical nature of a physical thing being delivered - in olden days gold, today paper-money - and the nature of a sum owed; this way of thinking would tend to reify debts, to confer them physical existence. Yet to owe money is fundamentally the duration of the term of a relationship between two persons. And to pay money is to put an end to this term. So paradoxically, to express it in a categorical duality, money has duration and at the same time it has none. Such a union of the polar opposites of a duality is not unprecedented. To help the reader realise this, l document how the theme of migration ofpecuniary value ofthings by means ofmoney being given in payment of amounts owed is reminiscent of metempsychosis (migration of the soul) used to conceptualise the foundation of the medieval Crown, the gift ofGod that consecrated the continuity of successive reigns of an hereditary line of regents. At that time, the historical continuity of the people was conceptualised by the King's two bodies: both that of an individual and that of the set of individuals subject to his reign. Unique amongst aIl, one foundational individual was considered to constitute a set of one. This platonic attitude was believed necessary in public law to resolve the conceptual difficulty of the historical continuity of a community despite the temporal nature of its individuals; it was put to similar use in private law with respect to money. The thesis of unity of performance of obligations - where, like in economics, the capacity to exchange goods is considered an ordinary good itself - appears to rely on the same conception of a necessary dual nature. In the universe of prestations, according to traditionallegal scholarship, an infinite set of successive values taking shape over an indefinite period of time is viewed as founded on a transcendental object which cumulates the opposite faces ofa duality: both sum (of money) and thing, both right and act accomplished in the performance of an obligation, both fact and future value. This traditional paradigm disregard the duality of prestations: pecuniary and non-pecuniary. It does so by giving a substantive value to the non vi-a existence of a sumo The explanation proposed here is one of structure. The universe of prestations is rather a dichotomy of two distinct dualities: 10 a categorieal duality, that of the performance of specifie prestations - where to have done something and not to have done it are characterised action and abstention, and 20 a modal (circular) duality: to owe an amount in currency or (exclusively) not to owe it, to have paid it or not. The obligation to deliver a particular performance to someone is paired to the sum of money owed by him in consideration of it; we altemate from nonpecuniary obligation to promises to pay an amount of money without one being able to have his cake and eat it too at any time. But still, one amount owed follow another thru money, money always being the tuming over of the sum owed. We are not obliged to state that money exists, or that it does not; it suffiees to say that it extinguishes the sum owed. Not only is the sum owed extinguished upon money being tumed (paid) in, but by virtue of nominalism it still can extinguish anew a further sum of same amount; it is sufficient that a creditor accept to be owed a sum ofmoney rather than to revert to the barter ofphysical things. This new reading of the payment of obligations draw apart two types of reasoning. The categorieal proof of a past specifie performance is different from the modality where the legal consequence of the extinction of a sum due is tumed over into the a priori possibility to still reiterate that same consequence against a sum that now may not yet be determined. The possibility of an historieal continuity does not have the finite nature of a fact. Money as an object transcends the concept of an ordinary object because it is circular: 'money' is "the end of a sum (owed) and (is still) money". In the hereditary line of sums, created to be extinguished or extinguished to be created, money is neither the predecessor nor a particular successor; it is the function of continuously opening up the possibility of further successors. Money is an abstraction and its unique character is confirmed in Canada since 1967. Once the convertibility of paper-money is dropped, money is no longer a promissory note: no longer does the central bank undertakes to exchange a bank note for gold or Dominion bonds. Paper-money is now trivially replaced only by paper-money. Finally, the abstract character ofmoney gives the central bank an most unusual status as a legal person. If the Crown is creditor of sorne persons and debtor to others, then by contrast the central bank - who is not a bank - is neither creditor, nor debtor ofpaper-money. The problem of fitting money within the traditional categories of the law does have an unexpected ending. Money presents itself as the complement of the concepts oflegal discourse. The cashing in of a sum triggers the end of its term, but still it calls one anew, eventually. So money is the bath of renewal of sums. In being characterised as neither... nor... it hops between the two terms by altematively negating them. / "Thèse présentée à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de Docteur en droit (LL.D.)"

There are several reasons to be interested in conformal field theories in two dimensions. Apart from arising in various physical applications, ranging from statistical mechanics to string theory, conformal field theory is a class of quantum field theories that is interesting on its own. First of all there is a large amount of symmetries. In addition, many of the interesting theories satisfy a finiteness condition, that together with the symmetries allows for a fully non-perturbative treatment, and even for a complete solution in a mathematically rigorous manner. One of the crucial tools which make such a treatment possible is provided by category theory. This thesis contains results relevant for two different classes of conformal field theory. We partly treat rational conformal field theory, but also derive results that aim at a better understanding of logarithmic conformal field theory. For rational conformal field theory, we generalize the proof that the construction of correlators, via three-dimensional topological field theory, satisfies the consistency conditions to oriented world sheets with defect lines. We also derive a classifying algebra for defects. This is a semisimple commutative associative algebra over the complex numbers whose one-dimensional representations are in bijection with the topological defect lines of the theory. Then we relax the semisimplicity condition of rational conformal field theory and consider a larger class of categories, containing non-semisimple ones, that is relevant for logarithmic conformal field theory. We obtain, for any finite-dimensional factorizable ribbon Hopf algebra H, a family of symmetric commutative Frobenius algebras in the category of bimodules over H. For any such Frobenius algebra, which can be constructed as a coend, we associate to any Riemann surface a morphism in the bimodule category. We prove that this morphism is invariant under a projective action of the mapping class group ofthe Riemann surface. This suggests to regard these morphisms as candidates for correlators of bulk fields of a full conformal field theories whose chiral data are described by the category of left-modules over H.

Congestion control is concerned with allocating the resources in a network such that the network can operate at an acceptable performance level when the demand exceeds or is near the capacity of the network resources. These resources include bandwidths of links, buffer space (memory) and processing capacity at intermediate nodes. Although resource allocation is necessary even at low load, the problem becomes more important as the load increases. Without proper congestion control mechanisms, the throughput may be reduced considerably under heavy load. Future applications are expected to require increasingly higher bandwidth and generate a heterogeneous mix of network traffic. ATM network is potentially capable of supporting all classes of traffic (e.g., voice, video, and data) and have multiple service classes allow audio, video and data to share the same network. Of these, the Available Bit Rate (ABR) service class is designed to efficiently support data traffic. Switch algorithms have been the most investigated topic of ABR. This has happened because the specification of ABR given by the ATM Forum allows a diversity of switch algorithms to be implemented. These range from the simplest binary switches to the more complex ER switches. The major part of this thesis has been devoted to ABR. First an introduction to the concept of congestion control and a brief literature survey of congestion control for ABR service of ATM networks are presented. Then two proposed congestion control mechanisms for the ABR service class in ATM networks are examined by means of simulation, showing the different degree of performance and complexity. The simulation results presented in this thesis were obtained using a network simulator written in C++. This network simulator is a small event driven program. Analytical results were derived for different network configurations and different scenarios using this program.

協同規劃預測補貨(CPFR®; Collaborative Planning, Forecasting and Replenishment)是近年來當紅的供應鏈實務。1998年由VICS發表CPFR指導方針至今已有許多導入個案，但探討雙方交易的本質，亦即數量與價格，則發現所有CPFR文獻及VICS提出的CPFR模型，僅探討買賣雙方間的交易數量，完全沒有與價格相關的論述，顯示CPFR模型並不完整，因此產生本研究之研究動機。 連續補貨實務(CRP; Continuous Replenishment Program)的文獻指出CRP的實行需要簡單穩定的交易價格，另外巴西導入CPFR個案則提及零售商認為穩定的價格有利於協同，暗示CPFR需要穩定的交易價格，由此可知CPFR有其適用性限制。本研究推論CPFR適用性與導入產品之品類價格穩定性有關，因此針對台灣五個CPFR個案進行個案研究，對研究命題：「常銷性產品有補貨需求且名目品類價格穩定者，容易發揮CPFR效益，因此較適合導入CPFR」進行驗證。 個案研究結果指出，VICS之CPFR模型有適用性限制，並非如VICS認為可以適用於所有產業的所有產品。研究結果顯示研究命題為真，CPFR模型的適用性受到「補貨需求強度」和「品類價格穩定度」的影響，其較適用於有補貨需求且名目品類價格穩定之「常銷性產品」，如R公司的電動木工機、特力的燈具和寶僑的美髮類品牌產品；CPFR較不適用於有補貨需求但品類價格不穩定的「大宗商品」，如中環的光碟片；CPFR也較不適用於很少有補貨需求的「易腐性產品」，如育冠的季節性商品與R公司的一次生產促銷產品。 其中，具備穩定名目品類價格之「常銷性產品」，儘管可能因其他風險分擔約定而具備不穩定之實質品類價格，但穩定之名目品類價格能在CPFR流程中降低提早購買(forward buying)及價格問題所造成的補貨延遲，使CPFR效益容易發揮，因此較適合導入CPFR；「大宗商品」的品類價格受市場價格影響，品類價格不穩定，不僅無法降低提早購買，且在CPFR流程中為了避免因議價造成補貨延遲反而需要維持較高存貨水準才能因應缺貨風險，使之難以發揮CPFR效益，較不適合導入CPFR；「易腐性產品」因為具備很少補貨需求，不是適合導入CPFR的產品，此類產品的電子化供應鏈重點應該在於協同開發與顧客關係管理。 本研究更進一步推論研究命題二：「同一品類之常銷性產品，名目品類價格不穩定者導入CPFR的效益會較名目品類價格穩定者為低」，與研究命題三：「適合導入CPFR之常銷性產品，不一定要導入完整CPFR才能獲得效益」。此兩命題分別表示：穩定名目品類價格是常銷性產品獲得CPFR導入效益的促進因素，且CPFR模型無法一體適用所有常銷性產品。 根據本研究研究結果，本研究認為VICS之CPFR模型因缺乏探討品類價格而不夠完善，建議VICS應將CPFR適用性納入CPFR模型中以臻完善。

The left hemisphere (LH) is accepted as the dominant hemisphere for language processing. There is also evidence confirming the language processing abilities of the right hemisphere (RH), particularly its lexical-semantic processing potential (Chiarello, 1988; Joanette, Goulet, & Hannequin, 1990). The capacity of the RH for language processing is significant to the investigation of language processing following LH lesions. However, the precise neurocognitive mechanisms underlying language processing following lesion remain to be fully elucidated. Subsequently, the overall aim for this thesis is to investigate hemispheric contributions to semantic processing following unilateral lesions, and to explore the significance of the contribution made by the RH. In order to achieve this overall aim, the current thesis firstly explores the hemispheric contributions made to lexical-semantic processing for healthy adults, and then shifts focus to explore the changes in hemispheric processing for participants with unilateral lesions (LH and RH). Comparisons of hemispheric activation between these groups will clarify the underlying hemispheric mechanisms that facilitate language processing following unilateral lesion. This thesis includes four complementary investigations of hemispheric contributions to semantic processing. The first study combined divided visual field (DVF) priming with event-related potentials (ERPs), in order to investigate controlled hemispheric semantic priming for young healthy adults. Two experiments were employed for a between subjects comparison of time-course differences (stimulus onset asynchrony, or SOA, varied between experiments) in hemispheric activation of associated and nonassociated category members. Continuous electroencephalograms were recorded throughout the priming task for each participant, and later analysed with reference to relevant ERP components (N400 and Late Positive Complex). Bilateral N400 priming was revealed for associated category members at both the short and long SOA. There was no significant N400 priming for the nonassociated category member condition. The examination of hemispheric priming of associated and nonassociated category member stimuli over the same time-course was continued in the second study for participants with unilateral LH lesions and matched controls. The second investigation aimed to determine the impact of unilateral LH lesions on controlled hemispheric semantic priming, utilising the DVF priming paradigm with participants following unilateral lesions. This study also aimed to explore associations between hemispheric activation during the online priming task and offline comprehension abilities. Differences in priming were observed between the LH lesion group and the control group, with participants in the LH lesion group requiring the association relationship to elicit priming. Priming also varied for participants as a function of their offline comprehension abilities, with RH priming associated with higher offline scores. The third investigation continued the exploration of hemispheric semantic activation following LH lesion, examining the impact of a LH lesion on interhemispheric control mechanisms, and the modification of hemispheric processing capacities with and without dominant hemisphere control. This investigation again utilised DVF priming with associated and nonassociated category member stimuli, in conjunction with the dual task paradigm. The dual task paradigm is designed to overload one hemisphere’s processing resources in order to remove interhemispheric suppression. Findings indicate that following LH lesions, the RH’s contribution is enhanced under conditions that are designed to overload the LH. The final study shifts from the investigation of participants with LH lesions to the impact of a RH lesion. This exploration of controlled hemispheric semantic priming following RH lesion sought to increase our understanding of the underlying mechanisms for semantic processing following unilateral lesion. The RH’s role in lexical-semantic processing has been documented consistently over approximately the last twenty years, however, there remains limited direct investigation of a RH lesion’s impact on contributions to semantic processing. A single case investigation utilised the same experimental procedure as the second study described. Findings suggest a similar activation pattern between the individual with RH lesion and the control participants, with both exhibiting bilateral activation of the associated and nonassociated category member stimuli. However, a subtle difference was found between the activation of the individual with RH lesion and that of the control group, with the individual with a RH lesion showing increased strategic processing difficulties at the longer SOA. Overall, the current thesis demonstrates the importance of the RH for efficient strategic semantic processing for both healthy adults, and people with unilateral lesions. In addition, this thesis concludes that following a LH lesion, the RH contribution to controlled semantic processing may be associated with successful comprehension, and that RH contributions may be improved with the addition of a secondary task designed to overload LH processing. The present thesis provides evidence to support the use of the DVF priming paradigm in the investigation of hemispheric contributions to semantic processing following unilateral lesion. It is anticipated that these findings will improve the current understanding of the underlying hemispheric contributions to lexical-semantics following a unilateral lesion, and will encourage continuing investigation into the RH’s capacity to impact language recovery.

The left hemisphere (LH) is accepted as the dominant hemisphere for language processing. There is also evidence confirming the language processing abilities of the right hemisphere (RH), particularly its lexical-semantic processing potential (Chiarello, 1988; Joanette, Goulet, & Hannequin, 1990). The capacity of the RH for language processing is significant to the investigation of language processing following LH lesions. However, the precise neurocognitive mechanisms underlying language processing following lesion remain to be fully elucidated. Subsequently, the overall aim for this thesis is to investigate hemispheric contributions to semantic processing following unilateral lesions, and to explore the significance of the contribution made by the RH. In order to achieve this overall aim, the current thesis firstly explores the hemispheric contributions made to lexical-semantic processing for healthy adults, and then shifts focus to explore the changes in hemispheric processing for participants with unilateral lesions (LH and RH). Comparisons of hemispheric activation between these groups will clarify the underlying hemispheric mechanisms that facilitate language processing following unilateral lesion. This thesis includes four complementary investigations of hemispheric contributions to semantic processing. The first study combined divided visual field (DVF) priming with event-related potentials (ERPs), in order to investigate controlled hemispheric semantic priming for young healthy adults. Two experiments were employed for a between subjects comparison of time-course differences (stimulus onset asynchrony, or SOA, varied between experiments) in hemispheric activation of associated and nonassociated category members. Continuous electroencephalograms were recorded throughout the priming task for each participant, and later analysed with reference to relevant ERP components (N400 and Late Positive Complex). Bilateral N400 priming was revealed for associated category members at both the short and long SOA. There was no significant N400 priming for the nonassociated category member condition. The examination of hemispheric priming of associated and nonassociated category member stimuli over the same time-course was continued in the second study for participants with unilateral LH lesions and matched controls. The second investigation aimed to determine the impact of unilateral LH lesions on controlled hemispheric semantic priming, utilising the DVF priming paradigm with participants following unilateral lesions. This study also aimed to explore associations between hemispheric activation during the online priming task and offline comprehension abilities. Differences in priming were observed between the LH lesion group and the control group, with participants in the LH lesion group requiring the association relationship to elicit priming. Priming also varied for participants as a function of their offline comprehension abilities, with RH priming associated with higher offline scores. The third investigation continued the exploration of hemispheric semantic activation following LH lesion, examining the impact of a LH lesion on interhemispheric control mechanisms, and the modification of hemispheric processing capacities with and without dominant hemisphere control. This investigation again utilised DVF priming with associated and nonassociated category member stimuli, in conjunction with the dual task paradigm. The dual task paradigm is designed to overload one hemisphere’s processing resources in order to remove interhemispheric suppression. Findings indicate that following LH lesions, the RH’s contribution is enhanced under conditions that are designed to overload the LH. The final study shifts from the investigation of participants with LH lesions to the impact of a RH lesion. This exploration of controlled hemispheric semantic priming following RH lesion sought to increase our understanding of the underlying mechanisms for semantic processing following unilateral lesion. The RH’s role in lexical-semantic processing has been documented consistently over approximately the last twenty years, however, there remains limited direct investigation of a RH lesion’s impact on contributions to semantic processing. A single case investigation utilised the same experimental procedure as the second study described. Findings suggest a similar activation pattern between the individual with RH lesion and the control participants, with both exhibiting bilateral activation of the associated and nonassociated category member stimuli. However, a subtle difference was found between the activation of the individual with RH lesion and that of the control group, with the individual with a RH lesion showing increased strategic processing difficulties at the longer SOA. Overall, the current thesis demonstrates the importance of the RH for efficient strategic semantic processing for both healthy adults, and people with unilateral lesions. In addition, this thesis concludes that following a LH lesion, the RH contribution to controlled semantic processing may be associated with successful comprehension, and that RH contributions may be improved with the addition of a secondary task designed to overload LH processing. The present thesis provides evidence to support the use of the DVF priming paradigm in the investigation of hemispheric contributions to semantic processing following unilateral lesion. It is anticipated that these findings will improve the current understanding of the underlying hemispheric contributions to lexical-semantics following a unilateral lesion, and will encourage continuing investigation into the RH’s capacity to impact language recovery.

Représentation et raisonnement qualitatifs fonctionnent avec des relations non-numériques entre les objets d'un univers. Les formalismes généraux développés dans ce domaine sont basés sur différents types d'algèbres de relations, comme les algèbres de Tarski. Tous ces formalismes, qui sont appelés des calculs qualitatifs, partagent l'hypothèse implicite que l'univers est homogène, c'est-à-dire qu'il se compose d'objets de même nature. Toutefois, les objets de différents types peuvent aussi entretenir des relations. L'état de l'art du raisonnement qualitatif ne permet pas de combiner les calculs qualitatifs pour les différents types d'objets en un seul calcul.De nombreuses applications discriminent entre différents types d'objets. Par exemple, certains modèles spatiaux discriminent entre les régions, les lignes et les points, et différentes relations sont utilisées pour chaque type d'objets. Dans l'alignement d'ontologies, les calculs qualitatifs sont utiles pour exprimer des alignements entre un seul type d'entités, telles que des concepts ou des individus. Cependant, les relations entre les individus et les concepts, qui imposent des contraintes supplémentaires, ne sont pas exploitées.Cette thèse introduit la modularité dans les calculs qualitatifs et fournit une méthodologie pour la modélisation de calculs qualitatifs des univers hétérogènes. Notre contribution principale est un cadre basé sur une classe spéciale de schémas de partition que nous appelons modulaires. Pour un calcul qualitatif engendré par un schéma de partition modulaire, nous définissons une structure qui associe chaque symbole de relation avec un domaine et codomain abstrait à partir d'un treillis booléen de sortes. Un module d'un tel calcul qualitatif est un sous-calcul limité à une sorte donnée, qui est obtenu par une opération appelée relativisation à une sorte. D'un intérêt pratique plus grand est l'opération inverse, qui permet de combiner plusieurs calculs qualitatifs en un seul calcul. Nous définissons une opération appelée combinaison modulo liaison, qui combine deux ou plusieurs calculs qualitatifs sur différents univers, en fonction de quelques relations de liaison entre ces univers. Le cadre est suffisamment général pour soutenir la plupart des calculs spatio-temporels qualitatifs connus. / Qualitative representation and reasoning operate with non-numerical relations holding between objects of some universe. The general formalisms developed in this field are based on various kinds of algebras of relations, such as Tarskian relation algebras. All these formalisms, which are called qualitative calculi, share an implicit assumption that the universe is homogeneous, i.e., consists of objects of the same kind. However, objects of different kinds may also entertain relations. The state of the art of qualitative reasoning does not offer a combination operation of qualitative calculi for different kinds of objects into a single calculus.Many applications discriminate between different kinds of objects. For example, some spatial models discriminate between regions, lines and points, and different relations are used for each kind of objects. In ontology matching, qualitative calculi were shown useful for expressing alignments between only one kind of entities, such as concepts or individuals. However, relations between individuals and concepts, which impose additional constraints, are not exploited.This dissertation introduces modularity in qualitative calculi and provides a methodology for modeling qualitative calculi with heterogeneous universes. Our central contribution is a framework based on a special class of partition schemes which we call modular. For a qualitative calculus generated by a modular partition scheme, we define a structure that associates each relation symbol with an abstract domain and codomain from a Boolean lattice of sorts. A module of such a qualitative calculus is a sub-calculus restricted to a given sort, which is obtained through an operation called relativization to a sort. Of a greater practical interest is the opposite operation, which allows for combining several qualitative calculi into a single calculus. We define an operation called combination modulo glue, which combines two or more qualitative calculi over different universes, provided some glue relations between these universes. The framework is general enough to support most known qualitative spatio-temporal calculi.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-08-11T13:44:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JOSÉ LUANDO DE BRITO SANTOS - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGMAT 2016..pdf: 1753037 bytes, checksum: 170adb7876570629bb31d8deea91ce71 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T13:44:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JOSÉ LUANDO DE BRITO SANTOS - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGMAT 2016..pdf: 1753037 bytes, checksum: 170adb7876570629bb31d8deea91ce71 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03 / CNPq / Neste trabalho, estudamos a existência e multiplicidade de soluções não triviais para uma classe de equações de Schrödinger envolvendo um campo magnético externo via categoria de Lusternik-Schnirelmann. / We study the existence and multiplicity of nontrivial solutions for a class of nonlinear Schr¨odinger equations involving a external magnetic field via the LusternikSchnirelmann category.