In this thesis, a number of mathematical models of haptotactic cell migration are developed. The modelling of haptotaxis is presented in two distinct parts - the first comprises an investigation of haptotaxis in pre-necrotic avascular tumours, while the second consists of the modelling of adhesion-mediated haptotactic cell migration within tissue, with particular attention paid to the biological appropriateness of the description of cell-extracellular matrix adhesion. A model is developed that describes the effects of passive and haptotactic migration on the cellular dynamics and growth of pre-necrotic avascular tumours. The model includes a description of the extracellular matrix and its effect on cell migration. Questions are posed as to which cell types act as a source of the extracellular matrix, and the model is used to simulate the possible effects of different matrix sources. Simulations in one-dimensional and spherically symmetric geometry are presented, displaying familiar results such as three-phase tumour growth and tumours comprising a rim of proliferating cells surrounding a non-proliferating region. Novel effects are also described such as cell population splitting and tumour shrinkage due to haptotaxis and appropriate extracellular matrix construction. The avascular tumour model is then extended to describe the internalisation of labelled cells and inert microspheres within multicell tumour spheroids. A novel model of adhesion-receptor mediated haptotactic cell migration is presented and specific applications of the model to tumour invasion processes are discussed. This model includes a more biologically realistic description of cell adhesion than has been considered in previous models of cell population haptotaxis. Through assumptions of fast kinetics, the model is simplified with the identification of relationships between the simplified model and previous models of haptotaxis. Further simpli.cations to the model are made and travelling wave solutions of the original model are then investigated. It is noted that the generic numerical solution routine NAG D03PCF is not always appropriate for the solution of the model, and can produce oscillatory and inaccurate solutions. For this reason, a control volume numerical solver with .ux limiting is developed to provide a better method of solving the cell migration models.

Abstract Desmoglein 3 (Dsg3) is an adhesion receptor in desmosomes, but relatively little is known about its role in cancer. In this study, the function of Dsg3 was investigated in oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cell lines in vitro using locally established human leiomyoma tumor microenvironment (TME) matrices. Since Dsg3 has been identified as a key regulator in cell adhesion, we hypothesized that it may play a role in oral SCC cells adhesion and motility. Thus, one aim of the study was to explore this hypothesis by both gain and loss of function methods in four human buccal mucosa SCC SqCC/Y1 cell lines: transduction of vector control (Ct), full-length (FL) or two different C-terminally truncated Dsg3 mutants (Δ238 and Δ560). Live cell imaging was performed for 2D migration and 3D sandwich, alongside other assays. In 3D sandwich, we tested the effects of the monoclonal antibody, AK23, targeting the extracellular domain of Dsg3 in SqCC/Y1 cells. Our results showed that loss of Dsg3 disrupted cell adhesion and protein expression. In 2D assays, FL and Dsg3 mutants migrated faster with higher accumulated distances than Ct. In contrast with 2D, mutants showed accelerated invasion over the Ct in 3D models. The AK23 antibody inhibited only the invasion of FL cells. The TME in vivo consists of cellular and matrix elements playing a leading role in carcinoma progression. To study carcinoma cells invasion in vitro, mouse Matrigel® and rat type 1 collagen are the most commonly used matrices in 3D models. Since they are non-human in origin, they do not perfectly mimic human TME. To address this, we have developed a solid organotypic myoma disc model derived from human uterus leiomyoma tumor. Here, we introduce a novel Myogel, prepared from leiomyoma similar to Matrigel®. We validated Myogel for cell-TME interactions in 3D models, using SqCC/Y1 and HSC-3 cell lines. Compared with Matrigel® and type I collagen, oral SCC cell lines invaded more efficiently in Myogel containing matrices. This study describes promising 3D models using human TME mimicking Myogel which is suitable to analyze oral SCC cells both in carcinoma monocultures and in co-cultures, such as with TME fibroblasts. We also introduce a possible novel therapeutic target against Dsg3 to suppress cancer cell invasion. / Tiivistelmä Desmogleiini 3 (Dsg3) on desmosomien adheesioreseptori, jonka merkityksestä syövässä tiedetään vähän. Koska Dsg3 on tärkeä epiteelisolujen välisissä liitoksissa, oletimme sillä olevan vaikutusta myös suun karsinoomasolujen tarttumisessa ja niiden liikkuvuudessa. Testasimme hypoteesiamme muuttamalla Dsg3:n toimintaa ihmisen posken karsinoomasolulinjassa SqCC/Y1, josta oli aiemmin valmistettu neljä erilaista muunnosta: tyhjän vektorin sisältävä kontrollisolulinja (Ct), kokopitkää Dsg3 tuottava solulinja (FL), sekä kaksi Dsg3 C-päästä lyhennettyä mutanttisolulinjaa (Δ238 ja Δ560). Immunofluoresenssi-menetelmää käyttäen analysoimme solulinjoissamme solujen välisiä liitoksia. Lisäksi mittasimme solujen liikkeitä 2D-migraatio- ja 3D-sandwich-kokeissa. Testasimme myös Dsg3:n solunulkoista osaa tunnistavan monoklonaalisen vasta-aineen (AK23) vaikutusta solujen invaasioon. Osoitimme, että Dsg3:n rakenteen muuttaminen ja toiminnan estyminen häiritsi solujen tarttumista. 2D-kokeissa sekä FL että mutanttilinjat (Δ238 ja Δ560) migroivat kontrollisoluja nopeammin ja pidemmälle, mutta 3D-kokeissa vain mutanttilinjat invasoituivat kontrollisoluja tehokkaammin. AK23-vasta-aine esti vain FL-solujen invaasiota. Syöpäsolujen 3D-invaasiota mittaavissa kokeissa käytetään yleensä hiiren kasvaimesta valmistettua kaupallista Matrigeeliä® tai rotan kudoksista eristettyä tyypin I kollageenia. Tutkimusryhmämme on jo aiemmin kehittänyt organotyyppisen myoomamallin, jossa valmistamme myoomakudosnapit ihmisen kohdun leiomyoomakasvaimista. Tässä työssä valmistimme leiomyoomasta Myogeelia, vertasimme sitä Matrigeeliin®, sekä tutkimme tarkemmin Myogeeli-valmisteen soveltuvuutta 3D-tutkimuksiin. Totesimme, että kielen (HSC-3) ja posken (SqCC/Y1) karsinoomasolut invasoituivat tehokkaimmin Myogeeli-pitoisissa matrikseissa kuin Matrigeeliä® tai kollageeniä sisältävissä kasvatusalustoissa. Tutkimustulostemme perusteella Myogeeli-pohjaiset 3D-mallit soveltuvat hyvin sekä syöpäsolulinjojen invaasiotutkimuksiin että yhteisviljelmiin, joissa syöpäsoluja viljellään yhdessä syöpäkasvaimen ympärillä olevien solujen, kuten fibroblastien, kanssa.

No description available.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation is a lifesaving therapy for a number of hematological disorders. However, to be effective, transplanted HSCs must efficiently “home” to supportive niches within the bone marrow. Limited HSC number and poor function are complications of transplant in some circumstances, and can lead to delayed engraftment and immune reconstitution, or in some cases, bone marrow failure. Enhancing HSC homing is a strategy to improve stem cell transplantation efficiency. We have previously shown that ex vivo treatment of mouse or human HSCs with 16-16 dimethyl PGE2 (dmPGE2) increases their bone marrow homing efficiency and engraftment, resulting in part from upregulation of surface CXCR4 expression. We now show that pulse-treatment of mouse or human HSPCs with dmPGE2 stabilizes HIF1α in HSPCs, and that similar treatment with the hypoxia mimetic DMOG produces analogous effects to dmPGE2 on HSPC CXCR4 expression and homing. This suggests that HIF1α is responsible for PGE2’s enhancing effects on HSPCs. Pharmacological inhibition of HIF1α stabilization in vitro with Sodium Nitroprusside (SNP), confirms the requirement of HIF1α for dmPGE2-enhanced migration and CXCR4 upregulation. Additionally, we confirm the requirement for HIF1α in dmPGE2-enhanced in vivo homing using a conditional knockout mouse model of HIF1α gene deletion. Finally, we validate that the hypoxia response element located 1.3kb from the transcriptional start site within the CXCR4 promoter is required for enhanced CXCR4 expression after PGE2 treatment. Interestingly, we also observe an increase in the small GTPase Rac1 after dmPGE2 treatment, as well as a defect in PGE2-enhanced migration and CXCR4 expression in Rac1 knockout HSPCs. Using state-of-the-art imaging technology we, confirm an increase in Rac1 and CXCR4 colocalization after dmPGE2 treatment that likely explains enhanced sensitivity of PGE2-treated HSPCs to SDF-1. Taken together, these results define a precise mechanism through which ex vivo pulse treatment of HSPC with dmPGE2 enhances HSPC function through alterations in cell motility and homing, and describe a role for hypoxia and HIF1α in enhancement of hematopoietic transplantation.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Phosphatases of regenerating liver, consisting of PRL-1, PRL-2 and PRL-3, belong to a novel protein tyrosine phosphatases subfamily, whose overexpression promotes cell proliferation, migration and invasion and contributes to tumorigenesis and metastasis. However, although great efforts have been made to uncover the biological function of PRLs, limited knowledge is available on the underlying mechanism of PRLs’ actions, therapeutic value by targeting PRLs, as well as the physiological function of PRLs in vivo. To answer these questions, we first screened a phage display library and identified p115 RhoGAP as a novel PRL-1 binding partner. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that PRL-1 activates RhoA and ERK1/2 by decreasing the association between active RhoA with GAP domain of p115 RhoGAP, and displacing MEKK1 from the SH3 domain of p115 RhoGAP, respectively, leading to enhanced cell proliferation and migration. Secondly, structure-based virtual screening was employed to discover small molecule inhibitors blocking PRL-1 trimer formation which has been suggested to play an important role for PRL-1 mediated oncogenesis. We identified Cmpd-43 as a novel PRL-1 trimer disruptor. Structural study demonstrated the binding mode of PRL-1 with the trimer disruptor. Most importantly, cellular data revealed that Cmpd-43 inhibited PRL-1 induced cell proliferation and migration in breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 and lung cancer cell line H1299. Finally, in order to investigate the physiological function of PRLs, we generated mouse knockout models for Prl-1, Prl-2 and Prl-3. Although mice deficient for Prl-1 and Prl-3 were normally developed, Prl-2-null mice displayed growth retardation, impaired male reproductive ability and insufficient hematopoiesis. To further investigate the in vivo function of Prl-1, we generated Prl-1-/-/Prl-2+/- and Prl-1+/-/Prl-2-/- mice. Similar to Prl-2 deficient male mice, Prl-1-/-/Prl-2+/- males also have impaired spermatogenesis and reproductivity. More strikingly, Prl-1+/-/Prl-2-/- mice are completely infertile, suggesting that, in addition to PRL-2, PRL-1 also plays an important role in maintaining normal testis function. In summary, these studies demonstrated for the first time that PRL-1 activates ERK1/2 and RhoA through the novel interaction with p115 RhoGAP, targeting PRL-1 trimer interface is a novel anti-cancer therapeutic treatment and both PRL-1 and PRL-2 contribute to spermatogenesis and male mice reproductivity.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / The potential of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) to home and to anchor within the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment controls the ability of transplanted HSCs to establish normal hematopoiesis. Activated Leukocyte Cell Adhesion Molecule (ALCAM; also identified as CD166), which participates in homophilic interactions, is expressed on a group of osteoblasts in the hematopoietic niche capable of sustaining functional HSC in vitro. Since we could also detect ALCAM expression on HSC, we suspect that ALCAM may play a role in anchoring primitive hematopoietic cells to ALCAM expressing components of the hematopoietic niche via dimerization. We investigated the role of ALCAM on the homing abilities of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC) by calculating recovery frequency of Sca-1+ALCAM+ cells in an in vivo murine bone marrow transplantation model. Our data supports the notion that ALCAM promotes improved homing potential of hematopoietic Sca-1+ cells. Recovery of BM-homed Sca-1+ cells from the endosteal region was 1.8-fold higher than that of total donor cells. However, a 3.0-fold higher number of Sca-1+ALCAM+ cells homed to the endosteal region compared to total donor cells. Similarly, homed Sca-1+ALCAM+ cells were recovered from the vascular region at 2.1-fold greater frequency than total homed donor cells from that region, compared to only a 1.3-fold increase in the recovery frequency of Sca-1+ cells. In vitro quantitation of clonogenic BM-homed hematopoietic progenitors corroborate the results from the homing assay. The frequency of in vitro clonogenic progenitors was significantly higher among endosteal-homed Sca-1+ALCAM+ cells compared to other fractions of donor cells. Collectively, these data demonstrate that engrafting HSC expressing ALCAM home more efficiently to the BM and within the BM microenvironment, these cells preferentially seed the endosteal niche.

La perturbation de la barrière hémo-encéphalique et la migration des lymphocytes de la périphérie vers le système nerveux central (SNC) sont des événements précoces dans la formation des lésions cérébrales de sclérose en plaques (SEP). Dans ce contexte, les lymphocytes passent au travers des barrières hémo-encéphalique ou hémo-méningée pour atteindre le SNC et sont des contributeurs importants dans l’inflammation et les dommages tissulaires. Pour migrer à travers les barrières du SNC, les lymphocytes pathogéniques expriment des molécules d’adhérence. Identifier les acteurs clés à la migration des lymphocytes pathogéniques en estimant la contribution des molécules d’adhérence dans ce processus est la prochaine étape pour le développement de thérapies pour traiter la SEP. L’objectif de ce projet est d’explorer le rôle de deux molécules d’adhérence que sont ALCAM (de l’anglais : activated leukocytes cell adhesion molecule) et DICAM (de l’anglais : dual immunoglobulin domain containing cell adhesion molecule) dans la migration des lymphocytes pathogéniques vers le SNC pendant la SEP. Notre objectif principal se subdivise en deux sous-objectifs. En premier, notre but est de caractériser le rôle d’ALCAM dans le passage des lymphocytes B à travers les barrières du SNC dans un contexte neuroinflammatoire. En second, nous explorons le rôle de DICAM dans la migration des lymphocytes T auxiliaires 17 (TH17) vers le SNC en neuroinflammation. Nous faisons l’hypothèse qu’ALCAM contribue à la migration des lymphocytes B vers le SNC et que DICAM est impliqué dans la migration des lymphocytes TH17 à travers la barrière hémo-encéphalique pendant la SEP. Ces molécules d’adhérence seraient alors impliquées dans la pathogenèse de la SEP et seraient de potentielles cibles thérapeutiques pour traiter cette maladie. Nous avons d’abord utilisé une combinaison de spectrométrie de masse, PCR quantitative, cytométrie de flux et microscopie afin d’explorer l’expression de chacune de ses deux molécules d’adhérence sur les lymphocytes d’intérêt périphériques ex vivo ou différenciés in vitro. Des analyses en cytométrie en flux et microscopie nous ont permis de caractériser leur expression dans le sang périphérique et dans les lésions cérébrales de personnes atteintes de SEP. Ensuite, les expériences d’adhérence en flux et de migration in vitro effectuées en déplétant la molécule d’adhérence d’intérêt ont permis de mettre en évidence leur rôle dans différentes étapes de la migration des lymphocytes à travers les cellules endothéliales des barrières du SNC. Pour finir, le traitement de plusieurs modèles murins de SEP, appelés EAE (de l’anglais : experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis), avec des anticorps bloquant anti-ALCAM ou anti-DICAM ont permis d’explorer le potentiel effet de tels traitements sur la sévérité de la maladie. Dans la première étude, nos résultats montrent qu’ALCAM est préférentiellement exprimée par les lymphocytes B pro-inflammatoires, mémoires et effecteurs au potentiel pathogénique. En tant que molécule d’adhérence, ALCAM contribue à leur migration à travers les cellules endothéliales des barrières hémo-encéphalique et hémo-méningée chez la souris et l’humain. De plus, nos expériences ont permis de montrer que la fréquence de lymphocytes B ALCAM+ est augmentée dans le sang périphérique des personnes atteintes de SEP et ces cellules sont aussi présentes dans les lésions et les infiltrats méningées en SEP. Finalement, bloquer ALCAM in vivo réduit la sévérité de la maladie EAE en diminuant l’infiltration des lymphocytes B au SNC. Dans la seconde étude, nous avons montré que parmi les sous-types de lymphocytes TH, DICAM est préférentiellement exprimée par les lymphocytes TH17. Dans les lésions de SEP, DICAM et son ligand αVβ3 co-localisent avec des marqueurs de cellules endothéliales suggérant que ces deux molécules pourraient être présentées à la lumière des vaisseaux aux lymphocytes TH17 circulants. Dans le sang périphérique, la fréquence de lymphocytes T CD4+ exprimant DICAM est augmentée chez les personnes atteintes de SEP et cette augmentation corrèle avec l’activité de la maladie. Nos expériences ont montré que DICAM est impliquée dans l’adhérence, l’arrêt et la diapédèse des lymphocytes TH17 à travers les cellules endothéliales de la barrière hémo-encéphalique in vitro et in vivo. Finalement, le traitement de souris EAE avec un anticorps bloquant DICAM permet de réduire la sévérité de la maladie et diminue la migration des lymphocytes TH17 vers le SNC. Nos résultats indiquent un rôle d’ALCAM dans la migration des lymphocytes B et que DICAM, préférentiellement exprimé par les TH17, médie leur migration vers le SNC. Bloquer ALCAM ou DICAM sont deux stratégies permettant de réduire l’accès au SNC de différents sous-types de cellules pathogéniques pendant la neuroinflammation. Ainsi, elles sont toutes deux de potentielles cibles thérapeutiques pour réduire la sévérité et la progression de la SEP. / Disruption of the blood-brain barrier and migration of lymphocytes from the periphery to the central nervous system (CNS) are early events in lesion formation during multiple sclerosis (MS). Lymphocytes readily cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-meningeal barrier (BMB) to infiltrate the CNS and are important contributors to inflammation and tissue damage. To migrate through the brain barriers, pathogenic lymphocytes express adhesion molecules. Identifying key players in lymphocyte migration by understanding the role of adhesion molecules is the next step to develop novel therapies to treat MS. The objective of this project is to explore the role of two distinct adhesion molecules ALCAM (activated leukocytes cell adhesion molecule) and DICAM (dual immunoglobulin domain containing cell adhesion molecule) in pathogenic lymphocytes migration to the CNS during MS. This thesis subdivides in two main objectives. First, we aim to characterize ALCAM role in B lymphocyte migration to the CNS during neuroinflammation. Second, we aim to explore DICAM role in T helper 17 (TH17) lymphocytes migration to the CNS in neuroinflammation. We hypothesized that ALCAM plays a role in B lymphocytes migration to the CNS during MS and that DICAM is involved in TH17 lymphocytes migration through the blood-brain barrier during MS. Those adhesion molecules might be involved in MS pathogenesis and therefore could become new therapeutic targets to treat MS. We first used mass spectrometry, quantitative PCR, flow cytometry and confocal microscopy to explore expression profiles of ALCAM and DICAM by peripheral lymphocytes subpopulations ex vivo and differentiated in vitro. Flow cytometry and confocal microscopy analysis also revealed how those adhesion molecules are expressed by lymphocytes in peripheral blood and brain lesions of people living with MS. Then, we performed flow adhesion and migration assay of lymphocytes depleted for the adhesion molecule of interest allowing us to address their role in multitstep migration process through brain barriers endothelial cells. Finally, using five distinct murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis models (EAE), we explored how blocking ALCAM or DICAM in vivo could affect lymphocytes migration to the SNC and disease severity. In the first manuscript, we described that ALCAM is preferentially expressed by B lymphocytes with memory, pro-inflammatory and effector phenotypes. Functionally, ALCAM is involved in B lymphocyte migration through both the BBB and the BMB in mouse and human. Interestingly, we showed that ALCAM expressing B lymphocytes are increased in peripheral blood of people living with MS and they are recovered in meningeal and parenchymal MS lesions. Last, blocking ALCAM in vivo alleviates EAE severity by reducing B lymphocyte infiltration to the CNS. In the second manuscript, we showed that TH17 lymphocytes preferentially express DICAM and can adhere both to DICAM and its ligand αVβ3. Moreover, DICAM and αVβ3 are both overexpressed by inflamed brain endothelial cells. In MS lesions, we described that both molecules colocalize with endothelial cell markers suggesting that it could be presented to the vessel lumen to the circulating TH17 lymphocytes. In peripheral blood, we showed that DICAM+ memory CD4+ T lymphocytes frequency is increased in people living with MS and it correlates with active form of the disease. Then, we described DICAM as a player in TH17 lymphocyte adhesion, arrest and migration through BBB endothelial cells in vitro and in vivo. Last, we showed that treating mice with a neutralizing DICAM antibody in several distinct models of EAE, reduced disease severity and TH17 cell migration to the SNC. Our data provide evidence of the role of ALCAM in memory B lymphocyte migration and that DICAM is preferentially expressed by TH17 cells and mediate their migration to the CNS during neuroinflammation. Collectively, our findings indicate that blocking ALCAM or DICAM are two ways to restrict different pathogenic cells access to the CNS during neuroinflammation and thus potentially to reduce the severity and worsening of a disease like MS.

<p>Neutrophils are the first cells recruited to an immune stimulus stemming from infection or sterile injuries via a mixture of chemoattractant cues. In addition to eliminating pathogens, neutrophils coordinate the overall inflammation by activating and producing inflammatory signals in the tissue while modulating the activation of other immune cells which in some cases leads to adverse tissue damage. Over amplified or chronic neutrophil recruitment directly leads to autoimmune diseases including rheumatic arthritis, diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. Dampening neutrophil recruitment is a strategy to intervene in neutrophil-orchestrated chronic inflammation. Despite intensive research over the past several decades, clinical studies targeting neutrophil migration have been largely unsuccessful, possibly due to the prominent redundancy of adhesion receptors and chemokines. Additional challenges lie in the balance of dampening detrimental inflammation while preserving immunity. Neutrophils are terminally differentiated cells that are hard to study in cell culture. Mouse models are often used to study hematopoiesis, migration, and chemotaxis of neutrophils but is very labor intensive. To discover novel therapeutic targets that modulate neutrophil migration, we performed a neutrophil-specific microRNA (miRNA) overexpression screen in zebrafish and identified eight miRNAs as potent suppressors of neutrophil migration. We have generated transgenic zebrafish lines that overexpresses these candidate miRNAs where we recapitulated the mitigation in neutrophil motility and chemotaxis to tissue injury or infection. Among those we further characterized two miRNAs which have not been reported to regulate neutrophil migration, namely miR-722 and miR-199.</p> <p> </p> <p>MiR-722 downregulates the transcript level of <i>rac2</i> through binding to the <i>rac2</i> 3'UTR. Furthermore, miR-722-overexpressing larvae display improved outcomes in both sterile and bacterial systemic models, which correlates with a robust upregulation of the anti-inflammatory cytokines in the whole larvae and isolated neutrophils. miR-722 protects zebrafish from lethal lipopolysaccharide challenge. In addition, overexpression of mir-722 reduced chemotaxis of human neutrophil like cells, indicating that miR-722 is a potential agent to reduce inflammation in humans. </p> <p>MiR-199<i>,</i> decreases neutrophil chemotaxis in zebrafish and human neutrophil-like cells. Intriguingly, in terminally differentiated neutrophils, miR-199 alters the cell cycle-related pathways and directly suppresses cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (<i>cdk2</i>), whose known activity is restricted to cell cycle progression and cell differentiation. Inhibiting Cdk2, but not DNA replication, disrupts cell polarity and chemotaxis of zebrafish neutrophils without inducing cell death. Human neutrophil-like cells deficient in CDK2 fail to polarize and display altered signaling downstream of the formyl peptide receptor. Chemotaxis of primary human neutrophils is also reduced upon CDK2 inhibition. Furthermore, miR-199 overexpression or CDK2 inhibition significantly improves the outcome of lethal systemic inflammation challenges in zebrafish. </p> <p> </p> <p>In summary, our results reveal previously unknown functions of these miRNAs, and provide potential avenues to modulate neutrophil migration as well as lead to discoveries of novel factors which can regulate this process. We have also discovered a non-classical role of CDK2 in regulating neutrophil migration which provides directions for alleviating systemic inflammation and a better understanding of neutrophil biology. </p>

La migration cellulaire collective est importante pour divers processus biologiques, notamment le développement, la cicatrisation et les métastases dans les cancers. Dans l'ovogenèse de la drosophile, la migration des cellules de bordure (BC) reproduit des caractéristiques clés observées dans la formation des métastases, ce qui en fait un outil précieux pour comprendre la migration cellulaire collective sous forme de cluster. Au cours de la migration des BC, une structure supra-cellulaire d’actomyosine ancrée par la protéine ERM, Moesin (Moe), à la périphérie du cluster restreint la formation de protrusions aux cellules leaders, assurant ainsi une migration coordonnée. Des études récentes de notre laboratoire ont montré que la kinase Ste20 Misshapen (Msn) phosphoryle directement Moe à la périphérie du cluster, régulant ainsi la restriction des protrusions. De plus, Msn favorise la contractilité médiée par la Myosine II par un mécanisme indépendant de Moe, régulant la dynamique des protrusions et le détachement du cluster. Cependant, la régulation de l'activité et de la localisation de Msn et son rôle précis dans la contractilité demeurent incertains. Cette thèse étudie le contrôle spatial de l'activité de Msn au sein des clusters de BC, identifiant deux nouveaux mécanismes régulateurs gouvernant les niveaux et l'activation de Msn. Nous démontrons que la kinase Tao est un activateur en amont de Msn et est essentielle pour la migration des BC. D’autre part, la petite GTPase Rap2l favorise le trafic de Msn vers la voie endolysosomale. La déplétion de Rap2l augmente les niveaux de Msn en réduisant son envoie dans les endosomes tardifs pour la dégradation. De plus, nous explorons l'interaction entre Msn et la contractilité, révélant une localisation de Msn près des régions contractiles à l’intérieur du cluster. L'expression d'une forme de Msn ancrée à la membrane perturbe la localisation de la Myosine II active et entraine un arrondissement des cellules, renforçant ainsi le rôle de Msn dans la régulation de la distribution de la Myosine II active. Nos résultats suggèrent également que l'activation de Tao est nécessaire à l’implication de Msn dans la régulation de la contractilité. Dans l'ensemble, cette étude contribue de manière significative à notre compréhension de la régulation de Msn et de son rôle dans la migration des BC. Nous discutons également de la coordination possible entre les nouveaux mécanismes identifiés de régulation de Msn par Tao et Rap2l. Compte tenu de l'importance de Msn dans d'autres processus développementaux et de son implication dans la progression du cancer via ses homologues mammifères, des études futures pourraient révéler des mécanismes de régulation conservés avec de potentielles applications thérapeutiques dans le cancer. / Collective cell migration is crucial for various biological processes, including development, wound healing, and cancer metastasis. In Drosophila oogenesis, the migration of border cells (BC) recapitulates key features observed in cancer metastasis, serving as a valuable tool for understanding collective cell migration as a cluster. During BC migration, a supracellular actomyosin structure anchored by the ERM protein, Moesin (Moe), at the cluster periphery restricts protrusion formation to the leader cells, ensuring coordinated migration. Recent research from our lab has shown that the Ste20 kinase Misshapen (Msn) directly phosphorylates Moe at the cluster's periphery, thereby regulating protrusion restriction. Additionally, Msn promotes Myosin II-mediated contractility through a Moe-independent mechanism, regulating protrusion dynamics and cluster detachment. However, the regulation of Msn activity and localization and its precise role in contractility remains elusive. This thesis investigates the spatial control of Msn activity within BC clusters, identifying two novel regulatory mechanisms governing Msn levels and activation. We demonstrate that the kinase Tao is an upstream activator of Msn and is essential for BC migration. Conversely, the small GTPase Rap2l promotes the trafficking of Msn to the endolysosomal pathway. Depletion of Rap2l increases Msn levels by reducing its trafficking into late endosomes for degradation. Additionally, we explore the interplay between Msn and contractility, revealing Msn localization near contractile regions within the cluster. Expressing a membrane-tethered Msn variant disrupts active Myosin II localization and triggers cell rounding, reinforcing Msn's role in regulating active Myosin II distribution. Our findings also suggest that Tao activation is required for Msn's involvement in contractility regulation. Overall, this research significantly contributes to our comprehension of Msn's regulation and its role in promoting BC migration. We further discuss the possible coordination between the newly identified regulatory mechanisms of Msn by Tao and Rap2l. Considering Msn’s significance in other developmental processes and its implication in cancer progression through its mammalian counterparts, future studies may unveil conserved regulatory mechanisms with potential therapeutic applications in cancer.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 2005. / Typescript (photocopy).