It is hotly debated about the final closural time and position of the Paleo-Asian Ocean. Some geologists advocated the "Solonker" suture marks the final closural zone in Permian, whereas others insist in middle Paleozoic. Our three study areas, the Hongqi, the Ondor Sum and the Mandula is essential and important to solve those controversies. The litho-tectonic units recognized in the Hongqi-Ondor Sum area include the Hongqi-Ondor Sum mélange belt, the Bainaimiao arc belt, North China Craton and post-orogenic unconformably sedimentary rocks. The Hongqi-Ondor Sum mélange belt experienced two phase ductile deformation and one phase ductile-brittle deformation. D1 is responsible for the regional greenschist foliation S1, elongated mineral lineation L1, and intrafolial fold F1. The kinematic criteria indicates a top-to-the-NW shearing sense. D2 is characterized by various sized of unsymmetrical folds with nearly NE axis corresponding to the NW thrust shearing. D3 formed the regional framework in the Hongqi and the Ondor Sum areas. The Mandula area contains olistostrome sediments, turbiditic sediments and volcano-sedimentary rocks. Detrital zircon grains in sedimentary samples argue the Mandula study area received the southern Bainaimiao arc materials and coeval Permian volcanic erupting materials nearby. The sediments and volcanic rocks in Mandula area subject a nearly NW-SE or N-S compressional shortening. The geological data support that an Early Paleozoic subduction and collsioan, Late Palezoic rifting and rift closure model. The so called "Solonker" ophiolitic fragments indeed are olistostrome. Typical ophiolite components are not observed in the Mandula area.

當二十一世紀時序進入全球化時代之後，在全球氣候變遷與石化燃料價格高漲的影響之下，世界各國為了保障本身經濟發展所需的能源，即在世界範圍內展開激烈的鬥爭，甚至因此而導致了嚴重衝突和戰爭。當今全球能源消費結構中，石化能源仍居主導地位，存量的有限與需求增長之間矛盾日益顯著，因此，能源短缺已成為國家經濟發展的巨大瓶頸，全球性的能源爭奪態勢愈演愈烈。隨著全球化時代的到來，大部分發展中國家(尤其是亞太地區)工業化和現代化的進程相對加速，面對世界能源的需求也不斷增加，中國大陸就是最典型的例子。 大陸的能源戰略和海外投資，通常都是一個足以為外界激烈辯論的主題(例如「中國能源威脅論」)。中國大陸緊鄰著中亞區域，蘊藏著豐富的石油和天然氣儲備量，在這個區域發揮高度的能源戰略，似乎是中國大陸最可能的重要手段，另一方面亦藉以減輕其對來自中東的能源供應的依賴，若能掌握該區，大陸就可以減少對中東油源供應的依賴，種種徵候都明確顯示大陸積極鞏固國土疆域與追求能源安全戰略的全般優勢。 / When the timing to enter the twenty-first century era of globalization, under the global climate change and the impact of rising fossil fuel prices, the international community in order to protect its own economic development needed energy that fierce struggle, and even lead to serious conflicts and wars . Today's global energy consumption structure, petrochemical and energy continued to hold a dominant position, the contradiction between the finite and the demand for stock grew increasingly significant, therefore, the energy shortage has become a huge bottleneck in socio-economic development, global energy muddied intensified. With the advent of the era of globalization, (especially in the Asia-Pacific region) industrialization and modernization process in most developing countries relative acceleration, facing the world's energy demands are increasing, China is the most typical example. China's overseas energy strategy and investments are usually sufficient for the outside world a hotly debated topic (such as "China energy threat"). China close to the Central Asian region, rich in oil and natural gas reserves in the region to play a highly energy strategy, China seems to be the most important means possible, on the other hand also so as to reduce its dependence on energy supplies from the Middle East , if we grasp this area, China can reduce its dependence on Middle East oil supply source, various incidents have clearly demonstrated China's active pursuit of the full consolidation of Land and territory advantages like energy security strategy.

位於歐亞大陸中心的中亞國家，在蘇聯解體後重新回到世界政治舞台，因所處的敏感地理位置及擁有豐富能源優勢，地緣戰略的重要性格外突顯。中亞國家目前尚處於重大轉型期，油氣資源為其對外發展及穩定內部的有利憑藉，該區域各國莫不積極運用天賦條件，期在大國競逐及全球化衝擊中，有效獲取國家利益。 中國因經濟快速成長，進口石油的依賴程度不斷攀升，制約其經濟與綜合國力的發展，並對國家安全形成威脅。面臨石油安全困境，中國站在全球能源領域的制高點，積極拓展油源，緊鄰的中亞地區石油蘊藏豐富，成為中國強化能源合作關係，以維護來源穩定的首要選擇。 本文從「地緣戰略」的觀點，分析中國及中亞的地緣政治及石油安全形勢，並探討中國在該地區能源外交內涵、佈局與實踐，以及所面臨的機遇與挑戰等議題。綜觀之，中國對中亞的石油整體戰略佈局，係以外交為後盾，國營石油企業為主軸，上海合作組織為平台，雙邊及多邊型式並進，藉由地緣優勢建構中亞和諧地區，並透過籌建中國陸路油氣供應路徑，朝向來源多元化，以避免海上運油風險及分散石油供給集中之制約。另以中亞諸國為謀求現實的戰略利益，採行門戶開放及多邊平衡外交策略，使得美國、歐盟及日本等各主要大國力量進入。中國為維護油源穩定安全，積極踐行「走出去」與「多元化」之戰略，其與各大國在中亞的能源競逐仍將持續，同時影響區域及全球政經局勢。 / The importance of geostrategy is obvious for those Central Asian countries, backing the political stage of the world after dissolution of the Soviet Union, in the central mainland of Euro-Asia because of their sensitive geographical location with advantage of abundant energy. At present, those countries are under reforming period and aggressively try to use their innate conditions, especially the resources of gas or petroleum, for development abroad and stabilization domestically to get interests under the impacts of the great nations’ competition and globalization. On the other hand, China is facing on the economy and comprehensive national strength restriction and national security threaten by petroleum importation dependence and economic growth rapidity. Being face the trouble of petroleum security, China, standing on the commanding point of the global energy field, is aggressive to explore energy resources and try to strength energy cooperative relationships with the Central Asian area, neighbor to China and the best choice, having abundant petroleum to support her stable needs. This study is in the point of view, geostrategy, to analyze the trends of geopolitics and petroleum security between China and those Central Asian countries. The purposes including the energy diplomacy content, layout and practice of China in this area, and the opportunity and challenge are being discussed. To sum up, the overall strategic layouts of petroleum in the Central Asian area for China are using diplomacy as backing, public petroleum enterprise as main axis, Shanghai cooperation organization as platform, both and multi sides processings, Central Asian area harmonizing construction by advantage of geography, and multi-resources via building the terrestrial gas supply routes to avoid the restriction of the risk of petroleum shipping and to decentralize the collection of petroleum supply. Owing to the realistic strategic benefits for those Central Asian countries, by open door policy and multi-sides balance diplomatic strategy, some great nations are trying to get in, including the USA, EU and Japan, etc. For assurance of the stable and security of petroleum supply, China is aggressive to conduct the strategies, “Go out” and “Multiplication”, to continue the energy competition with those great nations, and to influence the area and global economic and political situation.

L’architecture crustale d’orogènes d’accrétion et de collision à grande échelle est étudiée en combinant géologie structurale, litho-stratigraphie, géochronologie et pétrologie magmatique avec les données gravimétriques, magnétiques et sismiques. Cette approche pluridisciplinaire permet de caractériser la structure et la composition de la croûte orogénique dans deux systèmes d’accrétion-collision : la Ceinture Orogénique d’Asie Centrale (CAOC) et le Massif de Bohême. La CAOC représente près d’un tiers du continent asiatique actuel. Ce système orogénique s’est construit par une accrétion continue de matériel depuis le Paléozoïque jusqu’au début du Mésozoïque, suivie par une collision durant le Mésozoïque. La comparaison des champs de potentiels avec les données géologiques met en évidence une compartimentation erronée de l’orogène en unités litho-stratigraphiques. Par rapport à la géologie, la géophysique permet une analyse directe des structures de la croûte orogénique sur toute son épaisseur. Le travail de thèse présente une compilation de données géologiques et de traitements gravimétriques et magnétiques inédits, dont la modélisation préliminaire pour contraindre l’architecture de la croûte continentale est proposée. Le Massif de Bohême possède quant à lui un catalogue de données complémentaires plus conséquent, ce qui permet une modélisation géophysique 3D plus précise. Dans cette zone, les données géophysiques mettent en évidence l’existence d’une croûte inférieure allochtone de composition felsique. Ceci indique que la croûte orogénique hercynienne est également le résultat d’une accrétion de portions crustales contrastées. / Large-scale accretionary and collisional crustal orogenic architecture is studied combining structural geology, lithostratigraphy, geochronology and magmatic petrology with gravity, magnetic and seismic data. This multidisciplinary approach allows characterizing the structure and composition of the orogenic crust in two accretionary-collisional systems. The Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) constituting one third of the Asia continent and the Bohemian Massif are two Palaeozoic orogens formed by accretion followed by collision. It is proposed that the CAOB formed by successive Paleozoic accretion of oceanic and continental fragments followed by a late Palaeozoic to early Mesozoic N-S convergence of North Chinese and Siberian Cratons. The comparison between the potential fields and the geological data reveals an incorrect compartmentalization into different lithostratigraphic terranes. In contrast to geology the geophysical approach allows the analysis of the crustal structures on a complete thickness of crustal column. This thesis presents a compilation of geological data combined with unique gravity and magnetic results which are integrated into a preliminary model for the architecture of the continental crust. Conversely, an important collection of complementary data is available for the Bohemian Massif, allow more precise 3D geophysical forward modeling. In this area, geophysical data reveal the occurrence of an allochtonous lower crustal layer with a felsic composition. This indicates that the Variscan orogenic crust actually resulted from the accretion of contrasted crustal fragments.

No description available.

Mortality development in Central Asian countries in 1986-2006 Abstract Before the collapse of the Soviet Union, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan were more or less comparable in terms of their socioeconomic development. Despite some differences in overall mortality levels, the five former Soviet republics were also very close to each other in terms of directions of mortality trends by age, and cause-specific mortality patterns. After 1991, all the five countries experienced substantial political and social transformations, and the challenges associated with the transition from a socialist to a market economy system. The sudden changes brought numerous problems, such as rapid growth in unemployment, falling standards of living, and growing social and income inequalities. These factors contributed to the significant deterioration of the health situation in all the countries, but the size and the nature of the mortality crisis was different. This work examines patterns of mortality across the Central Asian countries using data from the middle of 1980s until 2006 years. Based on these analyses we conclude that the emergence of high mortality during the 1990s has been accompanied by increase in circulatory and external causes of death.

No description available.