A pesquisa desenvolvida nessa dissertação analisa a instituição municipal na história brasileira desde o período colonial até as vésperas da Constituição de 1988, com foco na capacidade de autonomia financeira, política e administrativa deste nível de governo frente aos governos regionais e, principalmente, ao governo central. Demonstra que as relações federativas no Brasil foram sempre controladas pelo centro e moldadas a partir dos interesses deste. Aponta uma variabilidade constante na autonomia política, uma tendência de reforço da autonomia financeira e uma concomitante restrição da autonomia administrativa municipal. Demonstra também que a manutenção do padrão de domínio a partir do centro se dá mesmo em períodos nos quais há uma retórica de descentralização. Por fim, explica essa dinâmica por meio da reserva de um alto grau de poder despótico e uma contínua ampliação do poder infra-estrutural como característica constante da formação do Estado no Brasil. / The research developed in this dissertation analyzes the municipal institution in Brazilian history from the colonial period until the eve of the 1988 Constitution, focusing on the ability of financial autonomy, political and administrative level of government before of regional governments and especially the central government. It demonstrates that federal relations in Brazil have always been controlled and shaped by the center from the interests of this. It points a constant variability in political autonomy, a tendency to strengthen the financial autonomy and a concomitant restriction of local administrative autonomy. It also demonstrates that the maintenance of the standard domain from the center occurs even in periods in which there is a rhetoric of decentralization. Finally, it explains this dynamic through the reservation of a high degree of despotic power and a continuous increase in the power infrastructure as a constant characteristic of state formation in Brazil.

A pesquisa desenvolvida nessa dissertação analisa a instituição municipal na história brasileira desde o período colonial até as vésperas da Constituição de 1988, com foco na capacidade de autonomia financeira, política e administrativa deste nível de governo frente aos governos regionais e, principalmente, ao governo central. Demonstra que as relações federativas no Brasil foram sempre controladas pelo centro e moldadas a partir dos interesses deste. Aponta uma variabilidade constante na autonomia política, uma tendência de reforço da autonomia financeira e uma concomitante restrição da autonomia administrativa municipal. Demonstra também que a manutenção do padrão de domínio a partir do centro se dá mesmo em períodos nos quais há uma retórica de descentralização. Por fim, explica essa dinâmica por meio da reserva de um alto grau de poder despótico e uma contínua ampliação do poder infra-estrutural como característica constante da formação do Estado no Brasil. / The research developed in this dissertation analyzes the municipal institution in Brazilian history from the colonial period until the eve of the 1988 Constitution, focusing on the ability of financial autonomy, political and administrative level of government before of regional governments and especially the central government. It demonstrates that federal relations in Brazil have always been controlled and shaped by the center from the interests of this. It points a constant variability in political autonomy, a tendency to strengthen the financial autonomy and a concomitant restriction of local administrative autonomy. It also demonstrates that the maintenance of the standard domain from the center occurs even in periods in which there is a rhetoric of decentralization. Finally, it explains this dynamic through the reservation of a high degree of despotic power and a continuous increase in the power infrastructure as a constant characteristic of state formation in Brazil.

A pesquisa desenvolvida nessa dissertação analisa a instituição municipal na história brasileira desde o período colonial até as vésperas da Constituição de 1988, com foco na capacidade de autonomia financeira, política e administrativa deste nível de governo frente aos governos regionais e, principalmente, ao governo central. Demonstra que as relações federativas no Brasil foram sempre controladas pelo centro e moldadas a partir dos interesses deste. Aponta uma variabilidade constante na autonomia política, uma tendência de reforço da autonomia financeira e uma concomitante restrição da autonomia administrativa municipal. Demonstra também que a manutenção do padrão de domínio a partir do centro se dá mesmo em períodos nos quais há uma retórica de descentralização. Por fim, explica essa dinâmica por meio da reserva de um alto grau de poder despótico e uma contínua ampliação do poder infra-estrutural como característica constante da formação do Estado no Brasil. / The research developed in this dissertation analyzes the municipal institution in Brazilian history from the colonial period until the eve of the 1988 Constitution, focusing on the ability of financial autonomy, political and administrative level of government before of regional governments and especially the central government. It demonstrates that federal relations in Brazil have always been controlled and shaped by the center from the interests of this. It points a constant variability in political autonomy, a tendency to strengthen the financial autonomy and a concomitant restriction of local administrative autonomy. It also demonstrates that the maintenance of the standard domain from the center occurs even in periods in which there is a rhetoric of decentralization. Finally, it explains this dynamic through the reservation of a high degree of despotic power and a continuous increase in the power infrastructure as a constant characteristic of state formation in Brazil.

[pt] Esta dissertação tem por objetivo compreender, de um modo geral, as dinâmicas políticas, sociais e econômicas do Congo no final século XVIII. Tendo como base relatos de missionários europeus, esta investigação pretende se aprofundar nas dinâmicas entre as províncias do reino e o poder central e como a elite conguesa irá se utilizar das relações com os europeus para se afirmarem politicamente na região. Problematizando a esfera de poder exercida pelo rei nesse período histórico e a circulação de saberes e práticas políticos e religiosos. Os europeus, principalmente os missionários buscaram mapear essa sociedade de forma que ela se enquadrasse nos moldes políticos, sociais e religiosos estabelecidos por eles, com base nas concepções de reinos e impérios, de forma que talvez não tivessem conseguido compreender a estrutura política e social vigente. O que pareceria aos olhos dos missionários uma descentralização política do Congo causada pelas guerras civis e a consequente desarticulação das províncias poderia se configurar uma característica própria dessas sociedades também em outros contextos. Elas estariam articuladas por meio de uma cadeia de sociedades, na qual algumas eram englobadas e outras englobantes por meio de amplos espaços variados como os das trocas comerciais, os religiosos, os linguísticos e os políticos e de guerra. / [en] This dissertation aims to understand, in general, dynamic political, social and economic of the Congo in the late eighteenth century. Based on reports of European missionaries, this research aims to deepen the dynamics between the provinces of the kingdom and the central power and how congolese elite will use relations with the Europeans to politically assert in the region. Questioning the sphere of power exercised by the king in this historical period and the circulation of political and religious knowledge and practices. Europeans, especially the missionaries sought to map this company so that it would fit the political mold, social and religious established by them, based on the concepts of kingdoms and empires, so that might have failed to understand the current political and social structure of the Congo. What would appear in the eyes of the missionaries a political decentralization of Congo caused by the civil war and the consequent dismantling of the provinces could set up a characteristic of these companies in other contexts. They would be articulated through a chain of companies, in which some were encompassed and other encompassing through large spaces varied as trade, religious, linguistic and political and war.

A tese aborda a soberania municipal de Quito em suas diferentes conformações, entre 1808 e 1830, que estão relacionadas às maneiras com que os cabildos coloniais, ayuntamientos constitucionales e, depois, os municípios republicanos construíram a representação política de suas povoações durante a crise do Estado monárquico bourbônico, passando pelas reformas da Constituição de Cádiz, a dissolução do Estado imperial na região norte andino e que resultou na configuração do republicanismo colombiano. Em primeiro lugar, foram analisadas as mudanças normativas e políticas do cabildo colonial de Quito e a constituição do ayuntamiento constitucional como parte das reformas gaditanas. Em segundo lugar, foram examinadas as dimensões políticas implicadas na incorporação do espaço quiteño à Colômbia, por meio da Lei Fundamental (1819), a Constituição de Cúcuta (1821) e o estabelecimento do regime de Intendências. Em terceiro lugar, analisou-se os impactos do republicanismo colombiano nas expectativas jurisdicionais e territoriais do governo local, no marco da Lei de Divisão Territorial (1824) e da guerra civil no Distrito do Sul. Finalmente, em quarto lugar, investigou-se sobre os papéis desempenhados pela municipalidade da cidade de Quito, tanto na associação como na separação da Colômbia, por meio do vocabulário político presente nos pronunciamentos. / This thesis analyses the forms taken by the municipal sovereignty of Quito between 1808 and 1830. These forms are related to the ways in which cabildos, ayuntamientos constitucionales and, later, Republican municipalities, carried out the political representation of their populations during de crisis of the State Bourbon monarchist, de Cadiz reforms and the subsequent dissolution of the imperial space in the North Andean region, and the configuration of the first Colombian republicanism. First, the thesis examines the regulatory and political landslides of the colonial cabildo of Quito to the form of the ayuntamientos constitucionales, as part of the Cadiz reforms. Second, explores the political dimensions which was the incorporation of the Quito area, by means of The Ley Fundamental (1819), the Constitution of Cúcuta (1821) and the stablishment of the sistema de intendencias. Thirdly, looks at the impacts of the Colombian republicanism in the territorial and jurisdictional expectations of the local government of Quito, in the framework of the Ley de División Territorial (1824) and the State of civil war in the Southern District. Finally, fourth, the thesis analyses the roles played by the Quito municipality, both in the association with Colombia as in their separation, by means of a scrutiny of the political vocabulary of his pronouncements.

A tese aborda a soberania municipal de Quito em suas diferentes conformações, entre 1808 e 1830, que estão relacionadas às maneiras com que os cabildos coloniais, ayuntamientos constitucionales e, depois, os municípios republicanos construíram a representação política de suas povoações durante a crise do Estado monárquico bourbônico, passando pelas reformas da Constituição de Cádiz, a dissolução do Estado imperial na região norte andino e que resultou na configuração do republicanismo colombiano. Em primeiro lugar, foram analisadas as mudanças normativas e políticas do cabildo colonial de Quito e a constituição do ayuntamiento constitucional como parte das reformas gaditanas. Em segundo lugar, foram examinadas as dimensões políticas implicadas na incorporação do espaço quiteño à Colômbia, por meio da Lei Fundamental (1819), a Constituição de Cúcuta (1821) e o estabelecimento do regime de Intendências. Em terceiro lugar, analisou-se os impactos do republicanismo colombiano nas expectativas jurisdicionais e territoriais do governo local, no marco da Lei de Divisão Territorial (1824) e da guerra civil no Distrito do Sul. Finalmente, em quarto lugar, investigou-se sobre os papéis desempenhados pela municipalidade da cidade de Quito, tanto na associação como na separação da Colômbia, por meio do vocabulário político presente nos pronunciamentos. / This thesis analyses the forms taken by the municipal sovereignty of Quito between 1808 and 1830. These forms are related to the ways in which cabildos, ayuntamientos constitucionales and, later, Republican municipalities, carried out the political representation of their populations during de crisis of the State Bourbon monarchist, de Cadiz reforms and the subsequent dissolution of the imperial space in the North Andean region, and the configuration of the first Colombian republicanism. First, the thesis examines the regulatory and political landslides of the colonial cabildo of Quito to the form of the ayuntamientos constitucionales, as part of the Cadiz reforms. Second, explores the political dimensions which was the incorporation of the Quito area, by means of The Ley Fundamental (1819), the Constitution of Cúcuta (1821) and the stablishment of the sistema de intendencias. Thirdly, looks at the impacts of the Colombian republicanism in the territorial and jurisdictional expectations of the local government of Quito, in the framework of the Ley de División Territorial (1824) and the State of civil war in the Southern District. Finally, fourth, the thesis analyses the roles played by the Quito municipality, both in the association with Colombia as in their separation, by means of a scrutiny of the political vocabulary of his pronouncements.

Text in Afrikaans / In this thesis the term post-colonialism in the Afrikaans drama is investigated, focussing on the post-sixties. The term post-colonialism is difficult to define. Not only are theories of post-colonialism in a state of continuous flux and shifting emphasis, but as a result of different colonial dominations, separate identities have been constructed in South-Africa; so that defining the terms colonial, post colonial and post-colonial proves to be even more problematic. The purpose of this study is to determine to what extent the Afrikaans drama fits into these discourses. The basic point of departure is the fact that post-colonialism played a considerable role in the development of the Afrikaans drama, at the same time providing a more varied scope. The research covers several aspects of post-colonialism in Afrikaans drama; each dealt with in a separate chapter. A multitude of perspectives are featured within the broader discourse in order to obtain multiple norms and standards in a phase of self-criticism. The focus falls mainly on themes and not on performance aspects. New perspectives on issues such as canon texts, silence, hero-worship, the portrayal of woman, patriarchy, and neo-colonialism are presented (chapter 1). In chapter 2 focus falls on the period before 1960, and notably the question of nationalism (associated with apartheid) and the portrayal of the Afrikaner. The literary canon, forms of violence and the position of the super-Afrikaner are viewed in a new light during the re-writing of post-colonial history and the resulting paradigm shifts after 1960. Renewed emphasis is placed on discourse concerning land (chapter 3). Contrasting concepts regarding race, class, language, gender and religion are reconsidered in order to contribute towards the heterogeneous nature of post-colonialism (chapter 4). The function of theatre is to re-evaluate in the context of a post-1994 democratic system. Texts now focus especially on empowerment, re-discovery and re-ordering of history, reconciliation, inter-cultural contact and a post-apartheid syndrome (chapter 5). Anti-hegemonic resistance in Afrikaans literature since the sixties has confronted writers with the challenge of depicting or creating a larger post-colonial reality through their texts. / Afrikaans & Theory of Literature / D. Litt. et Phil. (Afrikaans)

A fines de los años 80' varios gobiernos locales, europeos y latinoamericanos, comienzan a poner en práctica mecanismos innovadores de participación ciudadana en las agendas y en la formación de las políticas públicas municipales. Barcelona, primero, y mucho después, Buenos Aires, iniciaron este camino de la renovación democrática. Sin embargo, las causas que podrían explicar esta apuesta por la innovación democrática difieren mucho según atendamos al comportamiento de dos variables fundamentales: el contexto político-institucional y la cultura política. En esta Tesis se presenta un análisis detallado, en primer lugar, de la relevancia del contexto político y de sus implicancias sobre el surgimiento y la dinámica que asume la participación ciudadana y, en segundo lugar, de los discursos culturales que sostienen y nutren a la participación Buenos Aires y Barcelona. / By the end of the eighties, several European and Latin American local governments began to put into practice innovating mechanisms of citizen participation in the agendas and the development of municipal public policies. This process of democratic renovation started first in Barcelona and much later in Buenos Aires. Potential causes of this bet on democratic innovation vary much according to two fundamental variables: the political-institutional context and the political culture. This Thesis dissertation presents first a detailed analysis of the relevance of the political context and its implications in the appearance and dynamics of citizen participation. Second, it offers an analysis of the cultural discourses supporting and nourishing citizen participation in both Barcelona and Buenos Aires.

Text in Afrikaans / In this thesis the term post-colonialism in the Afrikaans drama is investigated, focussing on the post-sixties. The term post-colonialism is difficult to define. Not only are theories of post-colonialism in a state of continuous flux and shifting emphasis, but as a result of different colonial dominations, separate identities have been constructed in South-Africa; so that defining the terms colonial, post colonial and post-colonial proves to be even more problematic. The purpose of this study is to determine to what extent the Afrikaans drama fits into these discourses. The basic point of departure is the fact that post-colonialism played a considerable role in the development of the Afrikaans drama, at the same time providing a more varied scope. The research covers several aspects of post-colonialism in Afrikaans drama; each dealt with in a separate chapter. A multitude of perspectives are featured within the broader discourse in order to obtain multiple norms and standards in a phase of self-criticism. The focus falls mainly on themes and not on performance aspects. New perspectives on issues such as canon texts, silence, hero-worship, the portrayal of woman, patriarchy, and neo-colonialism are presented (chapter 1). In chapter 2 focus falls on the period before 1960, and notably the question of nationalism (associated with apartheid) and the portrayal of the Afrikaner. The literary canon, forms of violence and the position of the super-Afrikaner are viewed in a new light during the re-writing of post-colonial history and the resulting paradigm shifts after 1960. Renewed emphasis is placed on discourse concerning land (chapter 3). Contrasting concepts regarding race, class, language, gender and religion are reconsidered in order to contribute towards the heterogeneous nature of post-colonialism (chapter 4). The function of theatre is to re-evaluate in the context of a post-1994 democratic system. Texts now focus especially on empowerment, re-discovery and re-ordering of history, reconciliation, inter-cultural contact and a post-apartheid syndrome (chapter 5). Anti-hegemonic resistance in Afrikaans literature since the sixties has confronted writers with the challenge of depicting or creating a larger post-colonial reality through their texts. / Afrikaans and Theory of Literature / D. Litt. et Phil. (Afrikaans)