A obstrução de cateter venoso central totalmente implantado (CV-TI) é uma das complicações relacionadas ao seu uso. A recuperação da permeabilidade do CVC-TI é a maneira mais adequada de lidar com esta complicação por se tratar de uma intervenção mais rápida e de menor custo quando comparado com o reposicionamento ou a troca do dispositivo. O ácido ascórbico (AA) vem sendo utilizado em alguns hospitais brasileiros e resultados satisfatórios têm sido obtidos. Estudos in vitro relataram que o AA atua no processo fibrinolítico e pode contribuir para a desobstrução de cateter venoso central de longa permanência. O presente estudo tem por finalidade determinar a dose de segurança do ácido ascórbico para o tratamento da obstrução de cateter venoso central totalmente implantado. Trata-se de ensaio clínico fase II, randomizado em três grupos de tratamento (50mg, 100mg e 200mg de ácido ascórbico), não controlado, conduzido em quatro hospitais brasileiros. Para isso, foram incluídos 21 sujeitos com idade média de 53 anos, a maioria com diagnóstico de câncer de mama. Seis sujeitos obtiveram sucesso com o tratamento proposto, apresentando a desobstrução do cateter. Dentre eles, quatro receberam a dose de 50 miligramas e apresentaram desobstrução completa ou parcial. Em relação ao tempo de desobstrução, três cateteres foram desobstruídos em menos de 60 minutos e três em 60 minutos; entre eles, dois que haviam recebido dose de 50 miligramas. Observou-se, também, que houve relação entre a presença de obstrução anterior e a falha no tratamento com AA. Além disso, aqueles que não tiveram o cateter desobstruído apresentaram intervalo de tempo maior entre o diagnóstico da obstrução e o tratamento da mesma, onde foram identificados 355 dias contra 112 dias naqueles que tiveram o cateter desobstruído. A variável de segurança analisada demonstrou que o ácido ascórbico não induziu reações de hipersensibilidade nesses sujeitos. Conclui-se, portanto, que o tamanho de amostra obtido é insuficiente para afirmar que o ácido ascórbico não seja eficaz na desobstrução de cateter venoso central totalmente implantado. Os resultados encontrados neste estudo nos levam a sugerir, por ora, que a dose de 50mg pode ser testada em um ensaio clínico de fase III, com amostra maior, a fim de validar o uso do ácido ascórbico como um possível agente eficaz no tratamento da obstrução de cateter totalmente implantado. / The occlusion of totally implanted central venous catheter (TI-CVC) is one of the catheterrelated complications. The recovery of the permeability of the TI-CVC is the most appropriate way of dealing with this complication, once it is a faster and less costly intervention than the reposition or change of the device. Ascorbic acid (AA) has been used in some Brazilian hospitals and satisfactory results have been obtained. In vitro studies have reported that AA acts on the fibrinolytic process and can contribute to restore the patency of indwelling central venous catheters. This study aimed to determine the safe dosage of ascorbic acid for the treatment of occluded totally implanted central venous catheter. It is a phase II clinical trial, randomized into three treatment groups (50mg, 100mg and 200mg of ascorbic acid), not controlled, carried out in four Brazilian hospitals. In total, 21 subjects with average age of 53 years were included, most of them diagnosed with breast cancer. Six subjects had success in the proposed treatment, presenting the patency of the catheter. Among them, four were given a dose of 50 milligrams and presented complete or partial patency. Concerning the time of patency, three catheters were cleared in less than 60 minutes and three in 60 minutes, including two that had received a dose of 50 milligrams. Association between the presence of previous obstruction and failure in treatment with AA was also observed. Moreover, those who did not have the catheter cleared presented higher time interval between diagnosis of obstruction and treatment of it, being the intervals 355 days opposed to 112 days for those who had the catheter cleared. The safety variable analyzed showed that ascorbic acid did not induce hypersensitivity reactions in these subjects. It is concluded that the sample size obtained is insufficient to state that ascorbic acid is not effective in clearing totally implanted central venous catheter. Results from this study suggest, for now, that the 50mg dose can be tested in a phase III clinical trial, with larger sample, as to validate the use of ascorbic acid as an agent in the treatment of occluded totally implanted catheter.

INTRODUÇÃO: A construção do conhecimento apoiada em novas tecnologias tem evoluído rapidamente e estas desempenham papel importante como elemento transformador do modo de acessar e organizar as informações, constituindo um aliado do estudante na aquisição e organização do conhecimento. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a aprendizagem e a satisfação de estudantes em relação ao uso do aplicativo multimídia em plataforma móvel para o ensino da mensuração da Pressão Venosa Central (PVC). MÉTODO: Trata-se de uma pesquisa de desenvolvimento tecnológico, acompanhada de um estudo longitudinal, quase experimental, realizado em duas etapas. A primeira etapa constituiu-se por um método quase experimental, do tipo antes e depois, para a verificação da apreensão do conhecimento após a intervenção - utilização do aplicativo para o ensino da PVC por 60 dias - e a comparação com os resultados obtidos no período pré-intervenção. Nesta etapa, além da aplicação de um questionário para avaliar o conhecimento sobre a mensuração da PVC, o exame de habilidades estruturado, baseado no modelo Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE), foi utilizado para avaliação da execução do procedimento em situação prática. A segunda etapa compreendeu a aplicação de um instrumento para verificar a autoavaliação da aprendizagem pós-intervenção e a satisfação dos estudantes em relação ao uso do aplicativo. O local de estudo foi uma instituição de Ensino Superior privada, no município de Santos-SP. A amostra foi composta por 31 estudantes, que atenderam aos critérios de inclusão. As avaliações teóricas e práticas foram submetidas à análise de medidas repetidas por meio do test t de Student e a correlação da avaliação prática com os acessos ao aplicativo foi feita com o coeficiente de correlação de Pearson. Também foi feita regressão linear para identificar a existência de variáveis associadas ao aprendizado. As variáveis qualitativas foram apresentadas em valores absolutos e relativos e as quantitativas foram apresentadas em valores de tendência central e de dispersão. RESULTADOS: As médias das notas do teste pré (4,10) e pós-intervenção (5,57) revelaram diferença estatística significativa no grau de conhecimento teórico, com p = 0,004. Na avaliação das habilidades práticas por meio do OSCE, todas as estações apresentaram resultado significativo, tendo as estações 1 e 2 p = 0,002 e a estação 3 p = 0,000. O cruzamento do resultado do desempenho prático com a quantidade de acessos às telas específicas para esse fim no aplicativo não apresentou diferença estatística significativa. Não foram identificadas variáveis estatisticamente significativas associadas ao aprendizado. Em relação à autoaprendizagem e à satisfação, 95,7% dos estudantes concordaram que o aplicativo favoreceu o aprendizado da mensuração da PVC. CONCLUSÕES: Esta pesquisa demonstrou a viabilidade e a eficácia da utilização de um recurso tecnológico, especificamente desenvolvido para dispositivos móveis e baseado na aprendizagem significativa e na pedagogia construtivista, como ferramenta de apoio ao processo de ensino-aprendizagem. Esta pesquisa abre perspectivas para novos caminhos investigativos e estudos de produção tecnológica que poderão contribuir para aprimorar a formação dos estudantes e a atuação dos profissionais. Também pode servir de incentivo para a criação de novos grupos de estudo e pesquisa em Tecnologia na Enfermagem. / INTRODUCTION: Knowledge construction supported by new technologies has evolved rapidly and they play a significant role as an element changing the way to access and organize information, constituting a students ally in knowledge acquisition and organization. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate students learning and satisfaction in relation to the use of a multimedia application on a mobile platform for teaching how to measure central venous pressure (CVP). METHOD: This is a technology development research, accompanied by a longitudinal study, quasi-experimental, conducted in two stages. The first stage consisted in a quasi-experimental method, with a before and after design, to verify knowledge acquisition after the intervention use of the application for teaching CVP for 60 days and compare it to the results obtained within the pre-intervention period. At this stage, besides the application of a questionnaire to evaluate knowledge on CVP measurement, the structured skills examination, based on the Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) model, was used to evaluate how the procedure is executed in a practical situation. The second stage involved the application of an instrument to verify self-assessment of post-intervention learning and students satisfaction in relation to using the application. The study site was a private Higher Education institution, in the city of Santos, São Paulo, Brazil. The sample consisted of 31 students, who met the inclusion criteria. The theoretical and practical evaluations underwent repeated measurement analysis by using Students t-test and the correlation of practical evaluation with accesses to the application was achieved through Pearsons correlation coefficient. Linear regression was also employed to identify the existence of variables associated with learning. The qualitative variables were shown in absolute and relative values and the quantitative ones were shown in central tendency and dispersion values. RESULTS: The average pre- (4.10) and post- (5.57) intervention test values revealed a statistically significant difference in the theoretical knowledge degree, with p = 0.004. In the evaluation of practical skills through the OSCE, all stations showed a significant result, where stations 1 and 2 had p = 0.002 and station 3 had p = 0.000. Cross-comparison of the practical performance outcome and the number of accesses to specific screens for this purpose in the application showed no significant statistical difference. No statistically significant variables associated with learning were identified. Regarding self-learning and satisfaction, 95.7% of the students agreed that the application favored learning how to measure CVP. CONCLUSIONS: This research demonstrated the feasibility and effectiveness of using a technological resource, specifically designed for mobile devices and based on meaningful learning and constructivist pedagogy, as a support tool aimed at the teaching-learning process. This research opens prospects for further investigative routes and technological production studies capable of contributing to improve students education and practitioners work. It may also serve as an incentive for the creation of new study and research groups on Technology in Nursing.

Orientador: José Roberto Fioretto / Resumo: A cateterização venosa central é procedimento indispensável para monitorização e tratamento de crianças internadas em unidades de tratamento intensivo. Apesar de disseminada, a utilização de cateteres venosos centrais (CVCs) não é destituída de complicações no momento da inserção e durante sua manutenção. Os objetivos do estudo foram: identificar e quantificar as complicações da cateterização venosa central em crianças internadas em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica (UTIP); identificar os fatores de risco para complicações de inserção e de manutenção e avaliar a necessidade do emprego de medidas de prevenção de complicações e, se necessário, propor modificação das normas e rotinas dos cuidados de enfermagem vigentes. Analisou-se prospectivamente todas as crianças e adolescentes (1 mês a 18 anos de idade) internados na UTIP no período de um ano e que foram submetidos a punção venosa central, no ambiente da unidade. No período, 120 CVCs foram inseridos em 83 crianças. Os residentes (R3) inseriram 84,2% dos CVCs e não houve correlação entre complicações de inserção e manutenção e o profissional que realizou o procedimento.A taxa de sucesso de punção foi alta. A veia mais puncionada foi a jugular interna (79,2%), observando-se que sete tentativas de punção foram mal sucedidas (5,8%). As complicações de inserção mais freqüentes foram mal posicionamento do cateter (14,1%) e punção arterial (10,9%). Mais de três tentativas de punção foi significante para o aparecimento de intercorrências de inserção dos CVCs (p=0,004). Quanto as complicações de manutenção, houve correlação significante para troca do cateter realizada com fio guia (p=0,008), utilização de ventilação mecânica (p=0,025) e tempo de permanência do cateter por mais de sete dias (p=0,001). Sinais flogísticos ocorreram em 68,2% dos locais de inserção... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Central Venous Catheters (CVCs) are considered indispensable in the current medical practice. The aim of this study was to identify and to analyze the complications of the venous catheterization in children admitted in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) - UNESP, and to identify the risk factors for insertion and maintenance of CVCs. Also we aim to evaluate the necessity from prevention measures of complications and if it is necessary to change nursing care routine. During one year we analyzed prospectively 120 CVCs inserted in 83 children aged between 1 month and 18 years. Residents (R3) inserted 84.2% CVCs and no differences were observed between insertion and maintenance complications and the professional responsible for the procedure. Success punction rate was level. Internal jugular vein was the most punctioned vein (79,2%), and only 7 attempts failure (5,8%). Insertion complications more frequent were catheter bad positioned (14,1%) and arterial punction (10,9%). More than three attempts were statistical significant to insertion complication (p=0.004) and CVCs changed with guidewire were significant (p=0.008) to maintenance complications, as well as mechanical ventilation and indwelling time more than 7 days. Local infection was diagnosed in 68,2% and there were two cases of bloodstream-catheter-related infection. Constant observation of the nursing techniques, have showed that 82.3% of the nursing personal did not wash their hands before dressing, verifying association between no washing hands and appearing local infection catheter (p=0,005). Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus was the most common microorganism isolated from the catheters. Results aim the necessity to achieve training and continuing education about nursing care in the maintenance of central venous catheters. Results make clear the necessity to achieve training and continuing education about nursing care in the maintenance of central venous catheters. / Mestre

Central-line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs) occur during the insertion or change of the dressing of the central venous catheter (CVC) and are reportable healthcare-associated infections at the state and the national level. The purpose of this systematic review of the literature was to evaluate and synthesize available evidence to establish the effectiveness of using an adhesive transparent chlorohexidine gluconate (CHG) Tegaderm™ gel dressing for CVC in the prevention of CLABSIs. The logic model was used as a framework to guide the review of the literature to establish how an intervention that is not currently practiced can contribute to CVC prevention of infection. The practice question focused on gathering evidence to support the effects of CHG Tegaderm™ gel central-line dressing compared with the Biopatch® dressing. A total of 373 articles were retrieved and 16 met the inclusion for review and were graded according to the Melnyk and Fineout-Overholt hierarchy level of evidence and evidence synthesis broken down into the reduction of CLABSI, the cost-effectiveness and ease of use of the CHG Tegaderm™ gel. Findings from the systematic review supported the use of CHG gel dressing as a CLABSI preventative measure. The findings from the project support positive social change by reducing CLABSI and associated illnesses and saving the increased cost, mortality, and morbidity associated with CLABSIs.

This study addressed an increasing number of peripheral intravenous catheter infiltrations within hospitals, leading to problems such as phlebitis and cellulitis, which may result in a longer length of hospital stay. The purpose of this project was to determine how to reduce infiltrations in order to increase the longevity of the catheter. A quantitative, description design was used, guided by Abdellah's classification framework for identifying nursing problems. The target population was 50 patients experiencing incidents of peripheral intravenous catheter infiltration, identified in a patient safety event log used across a 252-bed hospital. Each incident was assessed for several risk factors, such as age, diagnosis, length of time of catheter use, co-morbidities, size of catheter used for insertion, and how many medications were being administrated intravenously. Using descriptive statistics, the combination of patient co-morbidities had a direct correlation with increased probability of infiltration before 96 hours. Among 82% of patients, co-morbidities included hypertension in 56% of subjects, advancing age, and placement of the catheter in the upper arm. Data play a significant role in decisions to change clinical practice and protocols. Findings from this study related to peripheral intravenous catheter insertions, and their maintenance can drive changes across a healthcare organization.

Central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) at the local healthcare setting exceeded the benchmark of 0 CLABSI. The Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) department determined that a role as CLABSI nurse champion would address the problem; however, no comprehensive education on CLABSI prevention and maintenance was available at the site. The purpose of this project was to develop a CLABSI prevention and maintenance education module using Knowles's adult learning theory and the chain of infection model. The practice-focused question asked whether a CLABSI educational module would provide the necessary information to educate nurse champions on CLABSI prevention and maintenance. The education module was presented to 9 local experts, composed of the Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) director, doctor of medicine, microbiologist, biomedical technologists, IPC nurses, and 2 staff nurses, who evaluated the CLABSI education module. An 11-question Likert-scale questionnaire that included an option for recommendations for improvement was used by the expert panel to evaluate the module. Of the 11 questions, only 3 were scored as strongly agree or agree, indicating a need to modify the module to raise the education level of the content and to include the clinical standards, objectives, and dressing-change procedures. After modifications, the education module was scored again, and 100% met the criteria and the recommendations of the expert panel. The project has the potential to promote positive social change by increasing the knowledge of the CLABSI nurse champions and by reducing the risk of CLABSI at the site.

No description available.

Many patients with end-stage renal disease come to rely on catheters as their only means of hemodialysis when other options are no longer viable. These patients have a very poor quality of life due to their chronic illness as well as many long-term complications related to the use of tunneled catheters. Many prior attempts have been made to understand these catheter-related problems. Yet, they continue to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality in chronic catheter-reliant patients. We hope to examine the rate as well as long term time course of these complications such that in future, we may decrease their occurrence. We predict that over time, chronic catheter use decreases the mean indwell time for each catheterization and increases the incidence of complications. To study this, we conducted a retrospective study looking at all patients who had three or more tunneled catheter exchanges between July 2003 and July 2008. We collected information from Yale IDX database on the patients age and gender, the type of catheter used, the indwell time of the catheter, the vessel used as access, the indication for catheter removal, whether the procedure was performed by a medical doctor (M.D.) or physicians assistant (P.A.) and whether it was a de novo insertion or over-the-wire exchange. We collected a total of 764 data points on 191 patients (89 males and 102 females). They ranged from 8 to 87 years old with a median age of 56 years. Infection was the number one indication for catheter removal at 37%. The rate of infection was 3.34 per 1,000 catheter days. There was no difference in the rate of complications by the side of vessel accessed nor by type of catheter. However, right-sided catheters had a longer indwell time of 117 + 159 days compared to left-sided catheters, 87 + 124 days (p =0.008). There was no significant difference in the indwell duration of first catheter in comparison to all subsequent placements. There was also no difference in complications whether the catheter was exchanged over the wire or placed de novo. Nor were complication rates different among M.D. versus P.A. conducted procedures. We conclude that our rates of infection are similar to other institutions and the vessels located on the right-side of the neck are preferable to left-sided vessels to increase catheter longevity. Future research is needed to better assess how rates and incidences of complications change with long standing catheter-reliance.

SAMMANFATTNING Bakgrund: PICC är en central infart som används inom vården för att kunna ge kärlretande läkemedel. Komplikationer vid användning av PICC kan vara infektion, trombos, tromboflebit eller stopp i katetern.  Syfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka förekomsten av komplikationer av PICC hos onkologiska patienter samt för att se om det finns några skillnader mellan olika diagnosgrupper och behandlingar med avseende på förekomsten av djupa ventromboser (DVT) och infektioner. Syftet är också att ta reda på hur länge en PICC sitter och hur vanligt det är att en PICC felplaceras.  Metod: Metoden som används är en retrospektiv, deskriptiv, kvantitativ undersökning. I studien ingår alla onkologpatienter som fått en PICC år 2009-2011 (n=677). Data samlades in med hjälp av journalgranskning.  Resultat: Förekomsten av DVT var 5,6 %. Patienter som fick behandling med Capecitabin hade statistiskt signifikant mer DVT jämfört med andra behandlingar. Patienter som fick behandling med R-CHOP hade statistiskt signifikant mindre DVT jämfört med andra behandlingar. Antalet infektioner var 3 %. Stopp i katetern drabbade 1,8 % av patienterna, 17 % hade besvär med rodnad under förbandet, 12 % av alla katetrar åkte ut 4 cm eller mer och 2,5 % av katetrarna felplacerades vid inläggningen. En PICC var insatt i medelvärde 92 dagar, median 105 dagar.  Slutsats: Förekomsten av komplikationer av PICC var låg hos onkologiska patienter med undantag för hudbesvär som förekom hos var sjätte patient. Behandlingar innehållande Capecitabin förefaller öka risken för DVT men fler studier behövs för att öka kunskaperna om detta. PICC är en säker venös infart vid behandling med cytostatika. / ABSTRACT Background: PICC (peripherally inserted central catheter) is a central line used in healthcare to provide vascular irritant drugs. Complications with PICC can be infection, thrombosis, thrombophlebitis or occlusion of the catheter.  Aim: The aim of the study is to examine the incidence of complications of PICC in oncology patients and to see if there are any differences between diagnostic groups and treatments for the presence of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and infection. The aim is also to find out for how long time a PICC is inserted and how common it is for a PICC misplaced.  Method: The method used is a retrospective, descriptive, quantitative survey. The study includes all oncology patients who received a PICC years 2009-2011 (n=677). Data were collected through medical record review.  Results: The incidence of DVT was 5,6 %. Patients treated with Capecitabin had statistically significantly more DVT compared with other treatments. Patients treated with R-CHOP had statistically significantly less DVT compared with other treatments. The incidence of infections was 3 %. Occlusion of the catheter affected 1,8 % of patients, 17 % had problems with redness under the dressing, 12 % of all catheters went out four cm or more and 2,5 % of the catheters were misplaced at insertion. A PICC was inserted in mean 92 days, median 105 days.  Conclusion: The complication rate of PICC was low in oncology patients with the exception of skin problems that occurred in every sixth patient. Treatments containing Capecitabin appears to increase the risk of DVT but more studies are needed to raise awareness of this. PICC is a safe venous access for chemotherapy.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2003. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.