Suivre et comprendre l'évolution des deux principaux gaz à effet de serre anthropogéniques (CO2 et CH4) sont des enjeux majeurs pour les sciences du climat. L'augmentation du nombre et de la diversité des observations (en surface, mesures aéroportées, satellitaires) ainsi que l'amélioration des modèles de chimie-transports atmosphériques ont contribué à développer notre compréhension des cycles biogéochimiques associés à ces gaz. Néanmoins, les observations précises le long de la verticale sont encore très limitées. Elles deviennent pourtant indispensables, d'une part, pour approfondir nos connaissances dans le transport de CO2et CH4, d'autre part, pour évaluer les colonnes totales ou partielles mesurées par satellites. Dans cette thèse, nous présentons un instrument innovant appelé "AirCore" permettant d'échantillonner l'air en continu le long d'une colonne atmosphérique lors d'une descente depuis haute altitude. Différents AirCores donnant accès à différentes résolutions verticales ont été développés au LMD et déployés avec succès lors des campagnes ballons Strato-Sciences 2014, 2015 et 2016 du CNES. Les profils verticaux de AirCores ont permis de valider les estimations de colonnes partielles de CH4 réalisées avec l'instrument IASI/Metop. Des comparaisons ont été menées avec des profils troposphériques obtenus lors de campagnes aéroportées (HIPPO), ou avec des profils issus de modèles de transports (LMDz, TM5) ou de prévisions (CAMS). Les résultats ont démontré l'importance d'une bonne caractérisation de la stratosphère pour les activités de calibration/validation des mesures satellites et, plus généralement, l'étude des gaz à effet de serre. / Monitoring and understanding the evolution of the two most important anthropogenic greenhouse gases(carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4)) are some of the major challenges in climate science. Over the past decades,the increased availability and diversity of observations (surface networks, aircraft campaigns, satellite observations)and the improvement of atmospheric transport models has allowed to increase our understanding of biogeochemicalcycles of CO2 and CH4. Nevertheless, precise vertical observations are still very rare. However, these become crucialto both properly characterize the vertical transport of the gases, as well as to fully evaluate total or partial columnsof gases retrieved from space observations.In this thesis, we present an innovative instrument called “AirCore” allowing to collect a continuous air samplealong an atmospheric column while descending from high altitude. The analysis of CO2 and CH4 mole fractions inthe collected sample combined with the measurements of an ambient parameters (Pressure, temperature...) allows toretrieve vertical profiles from the surface up to 30 km. Initially invented at NOAA, several new AirCores giving accessto various vertical resolutions have been developed at LMD and flown with success during the CNES Strato-Sciences2014, 2015, and 2016 balloon campaigns. Excellent agreement was found between profiles acquired with differentAirCores during the same flights demonstrating the repeatability of the measurements and allowing to validate thecalculation of the vertical resolution. Comparisons with measurements from independent laser diode spectrometersflown on the same gondola have confirmed that AirCore profiles capture the vertical variability of CO2 and CH4.The vertical profiles retrieved from AirCores have been allowed to validate the CH4 partial columns retrieved fromIASI/Metop at LMD and revealed that the information on the full atmospheric column is required. Comparisons havebeen performed with tropospheric profiles obtained during aircraft campaigns (HIPPO) as well as vertical profilesextracted from atmospheric transport models (LMDz,TM5) and forecast systems (CAMS). Results demonstrated theimportance of a good characterization of the stratosphere for satellite

Introduction High starting radioactivity is usually advantageous for producing radiopharmaceuticals with high specific radioactivity. However, the [11C]CH4 yields from N2-H2 gas target fall short from theoretical amounts, as calculated from the cross section for the well-known 14N(p,α)11C nuclear reaction1. The beneficial effect of increased target chamber temperature on [11C]CH4 yields has recently been brought forward by us2 and others3. In addition to the temperature effect, our attention has also been on the hydrogen content factor. This study intends to examine the N2-H2 target performance in a substantially larger target chamber and at higher temperatures than our setup before and compare the results to the existing data. Materials and Methods Aluminium bodied custom design target chamber is used in fixed 17 MeV proton beam irradiations. Target chamber is equipped with heating elements and cooling circuit for temperature control. In addition to the target chamber body temperature, the target gas loading pressure and irradiation current can be varied. The irradiation product is collected into an ad-sorbent trap that was immersed in a liquid argon cooling bath within a dose calibrator. Results and Conclusion Pursued data will show [11C]CH4 saturation yields (Ysat [GBq/µA]) at different irradiation and target parameters.

Hydroelectricity is an energy resource which for a long time has been consideredenvironmentally neutral regarding greenhouse gas emission. During the last years this viewhas changed. Studies have shown that reservoirs connected to hydroelectric power plants emitmethane (CH4) and other greenhouse gases to the atmosphere, especially in the tropicalregions where the emission level of CH4 is the highest. The purpose of this thesis was toinvestigate the variations of CH4 emissions in Funil reservoir, Santo Antônio reservoir andTrês Marias reservoir and to identify variables that increase the CH4 emissions.The CH4 emissions were measured by floating static chambers positioned on the surface atseveral locations within each reservoir. A gas sample was collected after 10, 20 and 30minutes from each chamber. The samples were analyzed through gas chromatography toobtain the concentration of CH4 in each sample. Calculations of the change in CH4concentration over time were used to establish the flux of CH4 at each location.The obtained result from Funil reservoir showed CH4 fluxes in the range of -0.04 to 13.16mmol/m2/day with significantly different fluxes between sites (p < 0.05). The CH4 fluxes inSanto Antonio reservoir were within the range of -0.33 to 72.21 mmol/m2/day. In thisreservoir fluxes were not significantly different between sites (p <0.05). The results obtainedfrom Três Marias showed CH4 fluxes in the range of -0.31 to 0.56 mmol/m2/day withsignificantly different fluxes between sites (p < 0.05). The highest fluxes were found in SantoAntônio which were significantly different from the CH4 fluxes in Três Marias (p <0.05).The CH4 flux was positively correlated with CO2 and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) andnegatively correlated with O2 and depth in Santo Antônio. The same correlations were evidentfor the whole data set. In total the measured fluxes from the three reservoirs ranged from -0.33 to 72. 21 mmol/m2/day and the mean flux was 2.31 mmol/m2/day. These fluxes are lowcompared to earlier results. The variation in CH4 flux within and between the reservoirs wassignificantly different in a major part of the comparisons. Even though the majority of thefluxes were different, variables that increase the CH4 emission rate were illuminated. A lowdepth and low O2 concentration increase the CH4 emission rate. A high concentration of DOCand CO2 indicates that a high amount of organic carbon was available for the production ofCH4, leading to an increased CH4 emission rate. / BALCAR (Balanço de Carbono)

No description available.

This study has examined if importation of waste for energy recovery can reduce the climate impacts of Waste Management Systems.Using Systems Analysis this study will try to examine the complex waste systems in a systematical and strictly logical way to see how these systems interact and affect each other. Specifically examining the climate impact of waste management systems in England.The traditional way of handling waste in England is through Landfills. Land filling leads to emissions of the greenhouse gas Methane. The EU has put in place a landfill directive that is supposed to lead the member states away from land filling as a method of waste management.Today in Sweden there is a competition for the waste available for incineration. The worsening economical situation together with less product packaging and an increase in source separation leads to a lack of waste available for incineration. These factors combined could lead to a situation where exporting waste from England to Sweden might be imminent.A Systems Analysis has therefore been made to examine the climate impact from such an export.The study shows that the end results are directly dependent on the system boundaries and calculation methods used. The basic case in the study shows however, that the climate impact would be reduced by 382,2 kg CO2/ton, if the waste was exported for incineration with efficient energy recovery in Sweden as opposed to traditional land filling in England. / En undersökning om import av avfall för energiutvinning kan minska avfallshanteringen klimatpåverkan har genomförts. Utredningen har använt systemanalys som metod för detta.En systemanalys är ett metodverktyg som har förmågan att på ett systematiskt och strikt logiskt sätt undersöka komplexa system och hur dessa integrerar och påverkar varandra. I den här utredningen har en systemanalys använts för att undersöka klimatpåverkan från en avfallsimport i fallet England.Bakgrunden är att England traditionellt sätt har använt sig av deponering som huvudsaklig hantering av avfall. Deponeringen leder till stora utsläpp av växthusgasen metan. EU har fastställt ett deponeringsdirektiv som ska leda medlemsländerna bort från deponering som avfallshantering.I Sverige råder i dagens läge konkurrens om avfall för förbränning. Den vikande konjunkturen tillsammans med mindre förpackningar och en ökad källsortering ger ytterligare brist på avfall för förbränning. Allt detta sammantaget leder till att det kan bli aktuellt att importera avfall till Sverige från England.En systemanalys har därför utförts för att undersöka hur klimatpåverkan av en sådan import skulle bli.Undersökningen visar att slutresultatet är direkt beroende av de systemgränser och beräkningsmetoder som används. Grundfallet i undersökningen visar dock på en klimatvinst med 382,2 kg CO2/ton avfall som importeras för förbränning med effektiv energiutvinning i Sverige istället för deponering i England.

Increased floodplain and wetland restoration activity has raised concerns about potential impacts on the release of greenhouse gases (GHGs) to the atmosphere due to restored connectivity between aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Research has shown GHG fluxes from hydrologically active landscapes such as floodplains and wetlands vary spatially and temporally in response to primary controls including soil moisture, soil temperature, and available nutrients. In this study, we performed a semimonthly sampling campaign measuring GHG (CO2, CH4, and N2O) fluxes from six locations within a third-order stream floodplain. Site locations were based on dominant landscape positions and hydrologic activity along a topographic gradient including a constructed inset floodplain at the stream margin, the natural levee, an active slough, the general vegetated floodplain, a convergence zone fed by groundwater, and the upland area. Flux measurements were compared to abiotic controls on GHG production to determine the most significant factors affecting GHG flux from the floodplain. We found correlations between CO2 flux and soil temperature, organic matter content, and soil moisture, CH4 flux and pH, bulk density, inundation period length, soil temperature, and organic matter content. But minimal correlations between N2O flux and the measured variables. Spatially, our results demonstrate that constructed inset floodplains have higher global warming potential in the form of CH4 than any other site and for all other GHGs, potentially offsetting the positive benefits incurred by enhanced connectivity. However, at the reach scale, total CO2 flux from the soil remains the greater influence on climate since the area covered by these inset floodplains is comparatively much smaller than the rest of the floodplain. / Master of Science

Pour mieux appréhender les mécanismes de transfert des gaz (CO2 et CH4) dissous dans l’eau porale des formations des marnes du site de Bure et des argiles à Opalinus (AOP) du Mt Terri dans leur état initial, un capteur infrarouge (IRTF) et un banc optique Raman innovant ont été développés et installés en laboratoire souterrain. Ces capteurs sont intégrés au dispositif de l’expérimentation « d’équilibration de gaz » développée par l’Andra (PAC) qui vise à suivre l’évolution d’une phase gazeuse initialement neutre au contact de la formation et de son eau porale grâce à un forage effectué et maintenu dans des conditions anaérobiques. Ces capteurs permettent un suivi quantitatif in situ et en ligne des gaz libérés par la formation à basse pression totale (<1,3 bar). Les modèles quantitatifs développés pour la mesure infrarouge ont une erreur relative moyenne de 1,66 % pour la pCO2 (mbar.m) et de 1,37 % pour la pCH4 (mbar.m). L’instrumentation IR d’un forage sur le site du Mt Terri et de deux forages sur le site de Bure (faciès C2b1 et C2d) a permis d’obtenir les courbes de transfert des deux gaz. Les courbes de transfert du CH4 ont été modélisées par un modèle de diffusion-advection qui ont permis l’évaluation de la concentration locale en CH4 dissous dans l’eau porale : elles sont comprises entre 3,06 et 14,23 mg.L-1 pour les AOP, et entre 0,36 et 1,28 mg.L-1 pour le faciès C2d et entre 0,56 et 1,55 mg.L-1 pour le faciès C2b1 des argilites de Bure. On montre que les équilibres eau/gaz/roche gouvernent la pCO2 après forage alors que la diffusion/advection explique son évolution sur le long terme. Une origine intraformationnelle des alcanes dissous est envisagée / An infrared sensor (IRTF) and an innovative Raman optical bench were implemented and developed in underground laboratories to improve our knowledge about migration mechanisms of dissolved gases (CO2 and CH4). This study is focussed on the characterisation of the initial state of the porewater of Callovo-Oxfordian marl (Bure) and Opalinus Clay (Mt Terri Middle Jurassic). These sensors are integrated into experimental devices of gas-equilibration test developed by Andra (PAC) to follow the gaseous phase behaviour in contact with the rock formation through a borehole drilled and maintained in anaerobic conditions, and initially filled with pure argon. These in situ sensors allow, on line quantitative analysis of gases released by the rock formation at low bulk pressure (<1.3 bar). Quantitative models were developed to transform peak intensities in partial pressures of gas. They give mean absolute relative errors about 1.66 % for pCO2 (mbar.m) and 1.37 % for pCH4 (mbar.m). Three years of IR monitoring of one borehole on the site of Mt Terri and two boreholes on the site of Bure (facies C2b1 and C2d) have been led. CH4 transfer curves were modelled by diffusion-advection. CH4 concentration in porewater from non-perturbed rock formation is estimated from all the experiments: concentrations between 3.06 and 14.23 mg.L-1 was obtained for Opalinus Clay, between 0.36 and 1.28 mg.L-1 for C2d facies and between 0.56 and 1.55 mg.L-1 for C2b1 facies in Callovo-Oxfordian marls of Bure. Gas/rock/water balance governs pCO2 after drilling, whereas diffusion/advection laws explain CO2 long-term profiles. An intra-formational origin of the organic gases can be proposed

Le but de ma thèse est de conduire et d’utiliser les premières observations atmosphériquesde surface du CO2, de l’O2, du CH4 et de la composition isotopique de la vapeur d’eau et desprécipitations dans la région peu instrumentée du sud du Groenland. Quelles informations cesobservations locales peuvent-elles nous apporter à la fois concernant les processus atmosphériqueslocaux et concernant le transport atmosphérique à grande échelle ? Peut-on en extrairedes informations sur les échanges entre la surface et l’atmosphère, qui constituent une part crucialedes cycles biogéochimiques du carbone et de l’eau ? L’interprétation paléoclimatique desenregistrements de carottes de glace au Groenland peut-elle bénéficier de ces observations ?Après une validation des observations menées à Ivittuut, sur la côte sud-ouest du Groenland,en regard de normes internationales de qualité, confirmant leur représentativité des variationsatmosphériques, j’ai commencé par interpréter ces observations en analysant leur variabilité àdifférentes échelles de temps et découlant de processus spécifiques. Ceci m’a permis de montrerque le site de mesure était très peu influencé par des phénomènes locaux : peu de sources localesde gaz à effet de serre, et de processus locaux agissant sur la composition isotopique de la vapeurd’eau. Cette caractéristique facilite l’attribution des variations observées à des changements detransport atmosphérique de grande échelle en lien avec des sources distantes.Pour comprendre les variations observées, je les ai mises en relation avec des observationsissues d’autres sites ainsi qu’avec des sorties de modèles atmosphériques de grande échelle. D’unepart, j’ai constaté que de nombreuses variations de la composition atmosphérique à l’échelle synoptiquepouvaient être expliquées par des modifications du transport atmosphérique de grandeéchelle. J’ai aussi pu identifier la représentativité spatiale de nos observations, et contribuerà l’évaluation de modèles atmosphériques de grande échelle. Enfin, un cas d’étude durant lavague de chaleur ayant affecté la totalité du Groenland durant l’été 2012 m’a permis de suivrele transport atmosphérique de masses d’air et d’observer en plusieurs points ses impacts sur lacomposition isotopique de la vapeur d’eau, notamment sur la conservation du signal d’excès endeutérium, qui n’avait jamais été observée auparavant.Enfin, la combinaison des observations et de la modélisation atmosphérique m’a permis demettre en évidence les contributions de l’observation atmosphérique en terme de documentationdes échanges entre la surface et l’atmosphère : par une attribution des valeurs observées auxsources potentielles identifiées par modélisation des masses d’air affectant la station pour le CH4et la composition isotopique de la vapeur d’eau, et par la comparaison des observations à dessimulations de transport direct de sources connues issues d’inventaires pour le CH4 ou modéliséespour le CO2 et l’O2 océanique. / South Greenland is a key region placed under Arctic and Northern Atlantic influences, whichis poorly documented in terms of atmospheric monitoring. The aim of my thesis is to conductand use the first regional atmospheric observations of CO2, O2, CH4 and isotopic compositionof water vapour and precipitation performed in Ivittuut, a coastal site in south-west Greenland.Which information can we infer from these atmospheric observations, in terms of localatmospheric processes and large scale atmospheric transport variations? Can we use these observationsto document the surface-air exchanges of these compounds, which represent an importantpart of the water and carbon biogeochemical cycles?After validating the observations regarding international precision recommandations, I havebeen able to analyse the variabilities at different time scales, resulting from different specificprocesses. This highlighted the fact the atmospheric composition of our site is weakly influencedby local processes, either for local greenhouse gases sources or small scale atmosphericvariations affecting water vapour isotopic composition. This facilitates the interpretation of ourobservations in terms of large scale atmospheric transport signals.To better understand the observed variations, I related our data series with other observationsoriginating from different sites, and with outputs from different atmospheric models. Ihave first witnessed the links between variations of atmospheric composition and large synopticscale atmospheric transport changes. Then, I have identified the spatial representativity of ourobservations and contributed to the evaluation of atmospheric models. The case study of astrong heat wave covering Greenland during summer 2012 allowed me to study the transport ofwater vapour within an air mass between different stations. It allowed me to provide the firstexperimental observation of deuterium excess conservation during atmospheric transport.Finally, combining observations and atmospheric simulations, I have documented surfaceairexchanges of the observed compounds: first by the attribution of observed values of CH4and water vapour isotopic composition to their simulated potential origins, secondly by thecomparison of observed variations with the direct simulation of atmospheric transport of eitherCH4 sources estimated from inventories or simulated CO2 and O2 air-sea fluxes from an oceanmodel.

Au départ, j’ai développé un code d’inversion en se basant sur l’exemple donné au laboratoire. Ensuite, j’ai eu l’opportunité de l’appliquer en participant à la campagne de mesure in situ StratoScience 2015 au Canada. Durant cette campagne, on a aussi réalisé quelques comparaisons de l’Amulse avec d’autres instruments de mesure de CH4 et CO2 (PicoSDLA, Picarro, AirCore). Ce fut une expérience très enrichissante ainsi qu’un premier test pour l’Amulse. A partir des résultats de ce premier vol, on constate qu’il y a encore des améliorations à apporter, que ce soit au niveau instrumental qu’au niveau d’inversion. Sur le plan instrumental, on fait quelques interventions au niveau de l’intelligence de l’instrument (acquisition et stockage) et son optique, d’une part, d’autre part le code d’inversion a besoin de certaines modifications qui englobent la ligne de base et la détermination de la raie spectrale. Pour ce fait, j’essaye d’appliquer plusieurs méthodes pour obtenir un bon fit et par conséquent une bonne concentration. Concernant les travaux en cours, j’essaye toujours d’améliorer mon code d’inversion pour avoir un meilleur profil vertical, qui va être utilisé par la suite dans ma publication sur la mesure du méthane. Dans le cadre de la rédaction de la publication, j’ai fait une première calibration au laboratoire du senseur laser Amulse CH4 en attendant la deuxième. En outre, je développe un autre code d’inversion pour le projet Strateole 2 qui va durer 2 mois. J’interviens aussi au niveau de l’inversion des données de la calibration du nouveau senseur laser bi gaz APOGEE (CH4 et CO2), qui est prévue pour le mois de juin à Toulouse. Dernièrement, j’ai participé au congrès EGU à Vienne et dans un avenir proche, je vais participer à la campagne de Kiruna avec PicoSDLA, Amulse et APOGEE. / In the first place, I developed a code based on the example given in the laboratory. I had the opportunity to apply my program by participating in the in situ measurement campaign called StratoScience 2015, located in Canada. During this campaign, we also made some comparisons of Amulse with other CH4 and CO2 measurement instruments such as PicoSDLA, Picarro and AirCore. As matter of fact, it was a very rewarding experience and a first test for Amulse. From the results of this first flight, we decide to add some improvements on both sides: the instrumental and the process data part. Instrumentally, some changes has been required note only on the intelligence of the instrument including acquisition and storage but also on the optical part. Besides, the process data needs also some changes which include baseline and the determination of the spectral line. In fact, I try to apply several methods to get a good fit and therefore a good concentration. To this end, my current work is mainly focusing on improving my program for better vertical profile, because it will be used later in my publication on the measurement of methane. In the same context, I made a first calibration in the laboratory of Amulse CH4 laser sensor and preparing a second one. In addition, I developed another code for Stratéole 2 project which will last two months. I’ll also do the process data of the new dual laser sensor APOGEE (CH4 and CO2), which is scheduled for June in Toulouse. At last, I recently participate in the EGU congress in Vienna and in the near future, I will participate in a new campaign of in situ measurement in Kiruna with both sensors: PicoSDLA, and APOGEE Amulse.

Niedermoore sind durch Grundwasser beeinflusste Standorte, in denen Torf gebildet wird oder oberflächig ansteht. Sie emittieren durch mikrobiologische Prozesse Treibhausgase (THG). Wird der Grundwasserstand gesenkt, steigen Kohlendioxid und Lachgas Emissionen, während bei einer Anhebung vermehrt Methan emittiert wird. Weltweit wird davon ausgegangen, dass Moore 5 % der anthropogen verursachten Emissionen verursachen. Um THG-Emissionen entgegenzuwirken, wird die Anhebung des Grundwasserstandes diskutiert. Dies führt durch eingeschränkte Befahrbarkeit und geringeres Kulturartenspektrum zu einer kaum gegebenen Wirtschaftlichkeit. Es fehlt ein Vergleich der THG-Emissionen und der Rentabilität der Bewirtschaftungssysteme verschiedener Landnutzungssysteme für Niedermoorstandorte der gemäßigten Klimazone. Die bodenbürtigen THG-Emissionen wurden mit einer Metaanalyse zu Veröffentlichungen von THG-Messungen in Niedermooren der gemäßigten Klimazone ermittelt. Ebenfalls wurden die bewirtschaftungsabhängigen Emissionen ermittelt und zu Gesamtemissionen zusammengefasst. Für den Vergleich der Rentabilität der Bewirtschaftungssysteme wurden Kosten und Erlöse berechnet. Abschließend wurden Treibhausgasvermeidungskosten abgeschätzt Bei zunehmender Landnutzungsintensität und größeren Grundwasserflurabstand nahmen die Gesamt-THG-Emissionen zu. Durch die Bewirtschaftung verursachte Emissionen spielten im Vergleich zu den bodenbürtigen Emissionen kaum eine Rolle. Zur THG-Einsparung und der Torferhaltung sollte die Bewirtschaftung extensiviert werden. Im Rentabilitätsvergleich erwiesen sich intensive, im Vergleich zu extensive Bewirtschaftungssysteme ohne Förderung als wirtschaftlich. Subventionen und Förderungen um torf- und klimaschonende Praktiken zu unterstützen, sind unverzichtbar. Mit dieser Arbeit wurde erstmalig für Niedermoore ein systematischer Überblick über die Gesamt-THG-Emissionen und die Rentabilität gängiger Bewirtschaftungssysteme verschiedener Landnutzungssysteme gegeben. / Fens are sites influenced by the groundwater where peat is formed in or located in the upper soil layer. They emit greenhouse gases (GHG) through microbiological processes in which the main influencing factor is the groundwater level. The lowering of the groundwater level increases carbon dioxide and dinitrogen monoxide emissions, while higher groundwater levels lead to methane emissions. It is assumed that fens cause 5% of global anthropogenic GHG emissions. In order to save peat and reduce GHG emissions, rewetting fens has been discussed and applied. This leads to low profitable land use due to limited trafficability and cultivation options. There is a lack of comparison of management systems in different land use systems regarding GHG emissions and profitability on fenlands in the temperate climate zone. The soil-borne GHG emissions for the land use systems were identified with a meta-analysis of published measurements of GHG emissions on fenlands in the temperate climate zone. The GHG emissions due to cultivation and possible land use changes were identified and summarized as the overall emissions. Costs and revenues were calculated for comparability purposes of profitability of management systems. GHG abatement costs were estimated too. Results indicated that overall GHG emissions increase with higher land use intensity and deeper groundwater level. Management induced GHG emissions are negligible compared to the soil-borne emissions. Fenlands should be extensified to save peats and reduce GHG emissions. The comparison of profitability showed that management systems of intensive land use systems, in contrast to extensive land use systems, with the low groundwater level are broadly profitable without subsidies. Subsidies and grants are indispensable to promote peat-saving and climate-friendly practices. This thesis provides a systematic overview of overall GHG emissions and profitability of common management systems of fenlands.