published_or_final_version / Architecture / Master / Master of Architecture

published_or_final_version / Architecture / Master / Master of Landscape Architecture

This report is aimed at setting up a virtual environment to study and analyze the force feedback during varying dynamic conditions of the virtual environment with the help of a Haptic Device ( Omega.7 ). Adequate Haptic feedback with the virtual object is also implemented. The objective of the project is to perform experiments to study how the subject tries to elude a visioproprioceptive mismatch during robotically arbitrated manipulations in virtual reality when he/she instigates an action, and then to assess the results. The study is also aimed at cognitively characterizing interaction with a virtual object, focusing particularly on stiffness. This might be of relevance for the rehabilitation field, as Virtual Reality and Haptic feedback allows fully controlled interactions and monitoring of subjects’ performances and also to specifically scrutinize how movement and force feedback influence our perception of the virtual environment. In order to set up the virtual environment, CHAI 3D is used, which is an open source set of C++ libraries for computer haptics, visualization and interactive real-time simulation [2]. / Avsikten med denna rapport är att beskriva utvecklingen av en virtuell miljö för att med hjälp av en haptisk utrustning (Omega 7) studera och analysera kraftåterkoppling under varierande dynamiska förhållanden. Haptisk återkoppling från virtuella objekt har utvecklats för detta ändamål. Målet med projektet är att med hjälp av utvecklat system genomföra experiment för att studera hur försökspersoner kan hantera bristande överensstämmelse mellan visuell och proprioceptiv återkoppling. Studien avser också kognitiv karaktärisering av mänsklig interaktion med ett virtuellt objekt, speciellt med fokus på objektets styvhet. Detta bedöms vara relevant inom rehabiliteringsområdet eftersom en virtuell verklighet i kombination med haptisk återkoppling möjliggör full kontroll över, och registrering av, hur interaktionen sker. Av speciellt intresse är att studera hur rörelse i, och kraftåterkoppling från den virtuella miljön påverkar vår upplevelse av densamma. För utveckling av den virtuella miljön har CHAI 3D använts. CHAI 3D är ett C++ bibliotek med öppen källkod avsedd för realtidssimulering av haptisk återkoppling och visualisering.

A Síndrome da Dor Femoropatelar (SDFP) é uma das disfunções mais freqüentes do joelho, que acomete adultos jovens do sexo feminino. Embora os fatores etiológicos da SDFP ainda não estejam bem estabelecidos, autores apontam as alterações da cinemática patelar como o principal fator causal. A intervenção conservadora é freqüentemente indicada para o tratamento destes indivíduos, abrangendo exercícios em cadeia cinética aberta (CCA) e cadeia cinética fechada (CCF). O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a cinemática patelar durante o repouso e exercícios em indivíduos saudáveis e com SDFP. Participaram deste trabalho, 20 voluntários clinicamente saudáveis e 19 com SDFP submetidos a exames de ressonância nuclear magnética (RNM) durante o repouso, contração isométrica voluntária máxima (CIVM) em CCA e CCF com o joelho posicionado a 15º, 30º e 45º de flexão. As imagens de RNM foram avaliadas pelo programa e-film medical na obtenção dos ângulos do sulco (AS), ângulo de congruência (AC), ângulo de tilt patelar (ATP), ângulo patelar lateral (APL), deslocamento lateral patelar (DLP) e o bisect offset (BO). O coeficiente de correlação intraclasse (ICC) foi aplicado para verificar a confiabilidade intra-examinador e o modelo linear de efeitos mistos aplicado para as comparações inter e intra-grupo, sendo estabelecido nível de significância de 5%. Os resultados do ICC revelaram níveis excelentes de confiabilidade (ICC> 0,75) para todas as medidas de ambos os grupos. De acordo com os dados analisados, pode-se constatar que o grupo SDFP apresenta um maior deslocamento lateral da patela durante o repouso, CIVM em CCA e CCF com o joelho posicionado a 15º de flexão em relação ao grupo controle. Na comparação entre os posicionamentos do joelho e entre as cadeias, para ambos os grupos verificou-se um melhor equilíbrio patelar com o joelho fletido a 30º e a 45º com a CIVM em CCA e CCF. Com o joelho posicionado a 15º de flexão, a patela apresenta-se em sua posição de maior instabilidade, mesmo durante a CIVM em CCF e CCA para ambos os grupos. Desta maneira pode-se concluir que exercícios em CCA e CCF com o joelho posicionado a 30º e a 45º apresentam uma melhor estabilidade patelar em relação aos exercícios com o joelho posicionado a 15º de flexão. / Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome (PPS) is one of the most common knee dysfunctions affecting young adult women. Although PFPS etiologic factors remain uncertain, authors have reported that changes in patellar kinematics as the main cause. Conservative interventions are frequently indicated, which includes open kinetic chain (OKC) and closed kinetic chain (CKC) exercises. This study had the objective to analyze patellar kinematics on individuals with PFPS and health controls, at rest position and while performing exercises. Thirty-nine volunteers participated in this study (20 healthy individuals and 19 with PFPS) and were subjected to nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) at the following conditions: at rest, maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) in OKC and CKC with the knee flexed at 15º, 30º, and 45º. NMR images were evaluated using e-film medical for the following angles: sulcus angle (SA), congruence angle (CA), patellar tilt angle (PTA), lateral patellar angle (LPA), lateral displacement of the patella (LDP), and bisect offset (BO). The interclass coefficient correlation (ICC) was applied to verify intra-rater reliability and the linear mixed effects model for inter- and intra-group comparisons, with level of significance at 5%. ICC results revealed excellent reliability levels (ICC> 0.75) for all measurements in both groups. The analyzed data reveal that, compared to the control group, the PFPS group presents greater lateral displacement of the patella at rest, MVIC in OKC and CKC with the knee flexed at 15º. Comparisons among knee positions and kinetic chains, in both groups, it was observed that better patellar balance was obtained with the knee flexed at 30º and 45º with MVIC in OKC and CKC. For both groups, the position with most instability of the patella is with the knee flexed at 15º, even during MVIC in CKC and OKC. Hence, it is concluded that OKC and CKC exercises with the knee flexed at 30º and 45º promote better stability of the patella with regards to exercises performed with the knee flexed at 15º

A Síndrome da Dor Femoropatelar (SDFP) é uma das disfunções mais freqüentes do joelho, que acomete adultos jovens do sexo feminino. Embora os fatores etiológicos da SDFP ainda não estejam bem estabelecidos, autores apontam as alterações da cinemática patelar como o principal fator causal. A intervenção conservadora é freqüentemente indicada para o tratamento destes indivíduos, abrangendo exercícios em cadeia cinética aberta (CCA) e cadeia cinética fechada (CCF). O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a cinemática patelar durante o repouso e exercícios em indivíduos saudáveis e com SDFP. Participaram deste trabalho, 20 voluntários clinicamente saudáveis e 19 com SDFP submetidos a exames de ressonância nuclear magnética (RNM) durante o repouso, contração isométrica voluntária máxima (CIVM) em CCA e CCF com o joelho posicionado a 15º, 30º e 45º de flexão. As imagens de RNM foram avaliadas pelo programa e-film medical na obtenção dos ângulos do sulco (AS), ângulo de congruência (AC), ângulo de tilt patelar (ATP), ângulo patelar lateral (APL), deslocamento lateral patelar (DLP) e o bisect offset (BO). O coeficiente de correlação intraclasse (ICC) foi aplicado para verificar a confiabilidade intra-examinador e o modelo linear de efeitos mistos aplicado para as comparações inter e intra-grupo, sendo estabelecido nível de significância de 5%. Os resultados do ICC revelaram níveis excelentes de confiabilidade (ICC> 0,75) para todas as medidas de ambos os grupos. De acordo com os dados analisados, pode-se constatar que o grupo SDFP apresenta um maior deslocamento lateral da patela durante o repouso, CIVM em CCA e CCF com o joelho posicionado a 15º de flexão em relação ao grupo controle. Na comparação entre os posicionamentos do joelho e entre as cadeias, para ambos os grupos verificou-se um melhor equilíbrio patelar com o joelho fletido a 30º e a 45º com a CIVM em CCA e CCF. Com o joelho posicionado a 15º de flexão, a patela apresenta-se em sua posição de maior instabilidade, mesmo durante a CIVM em CCF e CCA para ambos os grupos. Desta maneira pode-se concluir que exercícios em CCA e CCF com o joelho posicionado a 30º e a 45º apresentam uma melhor estabilidade patelar em relação aos exercícios com o joelho posicionado a 15º de flexão. / Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome (PPS) is one of the most common knee dysfunctions affecting young adult women. Although PFPS etiologic factors remain uncertain, authors have reported that changes in patellar kinematics as the main cause. Conservative interventions are frequently indicated, which includes open kinetic chain (OKC) and closed kinetic chain (CKC) exercises. This study had the objective to analyze patellar kinematics on individuals with PFPS and health controls, at rest position and while performing exercises. Thirty-nine volunteers participated in this study (20 healthy individuals and 19 with PFPS) and were subjected to nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) at the following conditions: at rest, maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) in OKC and CKC with the knee flexed at 15º, 30º, and 45º. NMR images were evaluated using e-film medical for the following angles: sulcus angle (SA), congruence angle (CA), patellar tilt angle (PTA), lateral patellar angle (LPA), lateral displacement of the patella (LDP), and bisect offset (BO). The interclass coefficient correlation (ICC) was applied to verify intra-rater reliability and the linear mixed effects model for inter- and intra-group comparisons, with level of significance at 5%. ICC results revealed excellent reliability levels (ICC> 0.75) for all measurements in both groups. The analyzed data reveal that, compared to the control group, the PFPS group presents greater lateral displacement of the patella at rest, MVIC in OKC and CKC with the knee flexed at 15º. Comparisons among knee positions and kinetic chains, in both groups, it was observed that better patellar balance was obtained with the knee flexed at 30º and 45º with MVIC in OKC and CKC. For both groups, the position with most instability of the patella is with the knee flexed at 15º, even during MVIC in CKC and OKC. Hence, it is concluded that OKC and CKC exercises with the knee flexed at 30º and 45º promote better stability of the patella with regards to exercises performed with the knee flexed at 15º

由於顏元著「四書正誤」一書是針對朱熹「四書集註」的不滿而提出反對的觀點，換言之，其「正誤」意即正「四書集註」之誤。本文的緒論為研究動機、研究目的、研究程序及研究範圍，亦對前人研究的文獻大致作檢討。第二章是探討顏元四書學的背景，從橫向如清初對「四書」的研究情形及當時的學風作敘述；縱向從顏元本身的學習歷程、思想的轉變等亦在此章分述。第三章和第四章分別是從顏元「一破一立」的主張去呈顯其四書學。第三章是探討顏元反對「四書集註」之觀點。在形式上，顏元反對朱熹以傳注訓詁的方式去註解古籍；在內容上，他反對以心性義理的角度去詮釋「四書」。此外，他也對「四書集註」有妄改經義或經文處提出反對的意見。第四章是顏元四書學之要旨，從中剖析顏元所認為的訓解「四書」之方式為何。本章是從其主張以實際的事物去訓解古籍；主張透過行為去實踐經書中的道理；主張回復傳統儒學，從「四書」經典本身求義理以及其對「四書」的文句疏通方面去作剖析。第五章是對顏元的四書學作評述，主要是從其價值貢獻及缺失兩方面來談。再者，顏元四書學的定位及影響也一併在此章作探討。第六章是結論以總結全文。

University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities / Department of English

The aim of the work – to propose the ways and means to increase the value of fresh meat to consumers The ways to increase perceived value of fresh meat and means to implement it is based on evaluation of the importance of perceived value factors of fresh meat to consumers. The importance of meat value creating and influencing factors was evaluate by determining the concept of perceived product value to consumers, by performing analysis of construct and management process of perceived value.

This thesis is an ethnographic study of culture, economy, everyday life, and resistance among ‘Baganiyas’ (workers) of a tea plantation in contemporary Bangladesh. The main goal of this thesis is to highlight the Baganiyas' everyday resistance to the systemic alienation of the plantation structure and to demonstrate how their actions of resistance served as symbolic representations of their community's culture. It draws on the finding from an 18-day field trip with additional autoethnography and netnography conducted while the world was experiencing a global pandemic in 2020. Based on ethnographic observation, participation, interviews, and collaborative dialogues the study aims to explore the social life and stories of the people who bring the most consumed drink in the world into our cup from the ‘Bagan’ (garden). It traces the emerging subjectivities of the Baganiya - Worker, Planter – Manager, Planter – Owner, and neighboring others regarding the garden, on what they are commonly connected to. In doing so, the study investigates workers’ economic network that leads to the social and political association of the workers, which connects them to the occupational and institutional hierarchy within and beyond the plantation. The study explores resistance as culture in a symbolic form that stems from the structural inequality that alienates the workers from tea and everything outside the plantation. However, it argues that the resistance is not an act of idleness, rather an invisible tactic by the workers to counter the hegemonic strategy.

No description available.