[pt] John Cage esteve circundado em sons e seus desdobramentos por toda a vida. Sua relação ativa com os ruídos e silêncios do mundo reverberam em todas as práticas nas quais esteve envolvido. Textos, poemas, músicas, artes visuais, filmes, performances, suas diferentes formas de escrita dão corpo a uma poética que se faz da escuta intensa da realidade. Poética que, no exercício de sua complexidade, entre ordem e contingência, põe em movimento formas inventivas e potentes de desestabilizar o mundo e suas linguagens, e dá voz a outros modos possíveis de constituição de comunidades. Circunstância, devoção, disciplina, estrutura, imitação, indeterminação, intenção, interpenetração, método, notação – dez palavras listadas por Cage como características de seu trabalho. É nessas dez palavras que esse texto se escreve e se inscreve, atravessado por procedimentos e acasos, colocando em exercício seu pensamento ético e estético. / [en] John Cage was surrounded by sounds and their consequences throughout his life. His active and inventive relationship with sounds and silences of theworld reverberates in all practices in which he was involved. The different ways in which texts, poems, music, visual arts, films, performances, are written embody a poetics that is created by listening intensely to reality. Poetics which, in the exercise of their complexity, between order and contingency, sets in motion inventive and powerful ways to destabilize the world and their languages, and gives voice to other possible formations of communities. The following ten words have been chosen from his various works: circumstance, devotion, discipline, structure, imitation, indeterminacy, intention, interpenetration, method and notation. It is in those ten words that this text is written and inscribed, crossed by procedures and chances, putting into practice its ethical and aesthetic thinking.

Tendo como base a idéia de que a Modernidade configura a própria tradição da ruptura, extraída de Octavio Paz, este estudo propõe-se a examinar o poema Un coup de dés, de Stéphane Mallarmé, aproximado-o de alguns poetas e músicos. Realizado no auge da Modernidade, esse poema foi retomado, na segunda metade do século XX, pelo movimento da poesia concreta, produzido no Brasil, como referência para suas teorias, através de sua estrutura espácio-temporal. Seus criadores, Augusto e Haroldo de Campos e Décio Pignatari, também resgataram a visão que Oswald de Andrade, Mário de Andrade e Manuel Bandeira, poetas do Modernismo, tiveram sobre Mallarmé. Assim como o Concretismo demonstrou interesse especial pelo poeta francês, parte da crítica literária estruturalista e pós-estruturalista estudou a revolução empreendida por Un coup de dés como uma extensão da transparência do espaço da escritura, em textos de Jacques Derrida, Roland Barthes, Michel Foucault, Julia Kristeva e Maurice Blanchot. Nesse sentido, Un coup de dés também faz com que seja necessário compor um conjunto teórico sobre a concepção do “acaso” utilizado em sua concepção. Visto desse ângulo, Octavio Paz serve de referência para equacionar diversas questões que o poema suscita, no contexto da Modernidade, inclusive sua relação com a música. Este campo é aberto pela revelação de que Mallarmé queria realizar, em Un coup de dés, um poema ligado intrinsecamente ao universo musical em que estava mergulhado no final do século XIX, à sombra das obras de Wagner, Debussy e Stravinski. A importância que Mallarmé atribuía à música, acompanhada por seu gesto de “acaso crítico”, chamou a atenção de dois músicos do século XX, John Cage e Pierre Boulez: o primeiro trabalhando o acaso de Mallarmé não só em peças musicais, mas também em poemas, compostos a partir da década de 1960 e o segundo, tomando Mallarmé como referência em ensaios e trabalhos. Tal universo musical incide em dois criadores da poesia concreta: Augusto de Campos, tanto em sua série musical Poetamenos quanto em seus poemas visuais feitos durante a fase ortodoxa e posterior à do Concretismo, e Haroldo de Campos, para o qual Mallarmé constitui a representação mais exemplar de seu percurso teórico-crítico e criativo. Mais do que eleger Mallarmé como referência em sua poesia, Haroldo de Campos o configura como o poeta mais relevante para sua noção de escritura da Modernidade. Perseguindo a mesma tradição sincrônica, baseada na concepção de Roman Jakobson, Ezra Pound e T. S. Eliot, escritores-críticos, Haroldo, ao longo de sua trajetória poética, recupera a musicalidade do poeta francês e as formas de articulação com os limites da palavra no espaço da página, eixo nuclear do presente estudo. Pretende-se, pois, demonstrar, nessa investigação, que Un coup de dés, estabelecido seu contato com a música, é produto de um acaso racional e crítico, instigando a exploração da palavra poética. O diálogo da literatura com a música, que os concretos buscar sublinhar através do poema de Mallarmé, é o caminho que este trabalho quer traçar. / Taking as a basis the idea that Modernity configures its own tradition of rupture, extracted from Octavio Paz, this study is going to examine the poem Un coup de dés, by Stephane Mallarmé, approximating him to some poets and musicians. This poem was written in the climax of Modernity and was retaken in the second half of the twentieth century by the concrete poetry trend, which happened in Brazil, as a reference for its theories, through its spatial and temporal structure. Its creators, Augusto e Haroldo de Campos, also reaffirmed the view that Oswald de Andrade, Mário de Andrade and Manuel Bandeira, poets of Modernism, had about Mallarmé. In the same way as ‘Concretism’ showed special interest for the French poet, part of the structuralist and post-structuralist literary criticists studied the revolution presented by Un coup de dés as an extension of the transparency of the writing space in texts by Jacques Derrida, Roland Barthes, Michel Foucault, Julia Kristeva and Maurice Blanchot. In this sense, Un coup de dés also makes it necessary to compose a theoretical ensemble about the conception of “chance” used in its conception. Seen from this angle, Octavio Paz is a reference to counterbalance several questions the poem stirs up, in the context of Modernity, including its relation to music. This area is opened by the revelation that Mallarmé wanted to create, in Un coup de dés, a poem linked intrinsically to the universe of music in which he was immersed at the end of the nineteenth century, in the shadow of Wagner’s, Debussy’s and Stravinski’s works. The importance that Mallarmé attributed to music, accompanied by his gesture of “critical chance”, called the attention of two musicians of the twentieth century John Cage and Pierre Boulez: the first working Mallarmé’s “chance” not only in musical works, but also in poems, composed in the 1960’s, and the second, taking Mallarmé as a reference in essays and works. Such musical universe falls on two creators of concrete poetry: Augusto de Campos not only in his series Poetamenos but also in his visual poems composed during an orthodox phase posterior to Concretism, and Haroldo de Campos, for whom Mallarmé is the most outstanding guide of his theoretical, critical and creative course. More than just electing Mallarmé as a reference in his poetry, Haroldo de Campos, configures him as the most relevant poet for his notion of writing of Modernity. Following the same synchronical tradition, based on the conception of Roman Jakobson, Ezra Pound and T. S. Eliot, critical writers, Haroldo, along his poetic course, recovers the musicality of the French poet and the forms of articulating the nuclear axis of the present study. We intend, then, to demonstrate, in this study, that Un coup de dés establishes its contact with the music, is a product of the rational and critical ‘chance’ leading towards the exploration of the poetical word. The dialogue between literature and music, that the concretes intend to reinforce through Mallarmé’s poem, is the course that this work intends to bring forth.

Après une présentation des découvertes scientifiques de Monod en matière de biologie moléculaire, en particulier les gènes régulateurs dans l’opéron et l’allostérie, puis l’exposé de l’interprétation philosophique de Monod sur ces apports scientifiques, par la mise en avant des principes du hasard et de la nécessité, nous tentons de tirer au clair ce qui, chez Monod, relève du matérialisme scientifique proprement dit, car relevant d’un principe méthodologique de stricte objectivité, et ce qui relève de choix métaphysique. Cette distinction est fondamentale car il faut montrer que le matérialisme scientifique n’est pas exclusif de toute métaphysique. Il peut contribuer, au contraire, à manifester la pertinence d’un certain niveau d’analyse qui, loin d’exclure d’autres niveaux d’analyse, les permet. Ceci répond à l’exigence d’opérer les distinctions nécessaires pour mettre chaque investigation rationnelle à sa place, sans confusion ou empiétement des niveaux de recherche. / First, we give a presentation of Monod's scientific discoveries as regards molecular biology, particularly the regulator genes in operon and allostery. Then we will present Monod's philosophical interpretation concerning those scientific contributions by the setting in front of the principles of the chance and necessity. We try to draw with light what depends on strict scientific materialism because depending on a methodological principle of strict objectivity, and what depends of metaphysical choice. That distinction is fundamental because it has to be shown that the scientific materialism is not exclusive from any metaphysics. On the contrary, it can contribute to manifest the pertinence of a certain level of analysis which, far from excluding other levels of analysis, do allow them. In that way, we answer to the necessity of right distinctions in order to place each investigation at its right place without any confusion nor overlapping of the levels of research.

abstract: Project portfolio selection (PPS) is a significant problem faced by most organizations. How to best select the many innovative ideas that a company has developed to deploy in a proper and sustained manner with a balanced allocation of its resources over multiple time periods is one of vital importance to a company's goals. This dissertation details the steps involved in deploying a more intuitive portfolio selection framework that facilitates bringing analysts and management to a consensus on ongoing company efforts and buy into final decisions. A binary integer programming selection model that constructs an efficient frontier allows the evaluation of portfolios on many different criteria and allows decision makers (DM) to bring their experience and insight to the table when making a decision is discussed. A binary fractional integer program provides additional choices by optimizing portfolios on cost-benefit ratios over multiple time periods is also presented. By combining this framework with an `elimination by aspects' model of decision making, DMs evaluate portfolios on various objectives and ensure the selection of a portfolio most in line with their goals. By presenting a modeling framework to easily model a large number of project inter-dependencies and an evolutionary algorithm that is intelligently guided in the search for attractive portfolios by a beam search heuristic, practitioners are given a ready recipe to solve big problem instances to generate attractive project portfolios for their organizations. Finally, this dissertation attempts to address the problem of risk and uncertainty in project portfolio selection. After exploring the selection of portfolios based on trade-offs between a primary benefit and a primary cost, the third important dimension of uncertainty of outcome and the risk a decision maker is willing to take on in their quest to select the best portfolio for their organization is examined. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Industrial Engineering 2018

Orientador: Marcos Antonio Siscar / Banca: João Adolfo Hansen / Banca: Arnaldo Franco Junior / Resumo: O objetivo desse trabalho é compreender as relações entre ciência e poesia na obra de Haroldo de Campos (1929-2003), tendo como ponto de partida a leitura do poema A máquina do mundo repensada (2000). Nossa hipótese é que, ao problematizar as concepções de mundo elaboradas pela tradição poética ligada às representações da alegoria da "máquina do mundo" e pela física dos últimos séculos, o poeta procura compor uma visão de presente que coloca o desprestígio das pretensões totalizadoras do saber como uma das principais características da contemporaneidade. Para analisar essa hipótese, dividimos o trabalho em três partes, que correspondem a questões suscitadas por cada um dos três cantos em que se divide o poema. Nelas, abordamos, respectivamente, as relações do poema com a tradição poética da "máquina do mundo", suas relações com a história da ciência moderna e, finalmente, a maneira como o poema problematiza as relações da poesia com a imaginação, ao compor a sua visão de modernidade. Nossa conclusão é que, ao abordar as visões de mundo elaboradas pela poesia e pela ciência tradicionais, A máquina do mundo repensada encontra na figura da contradição uma forma de encenar as decepções do saber, em sua busca repetida por respostas definitivas sobre a existência. Com isso, o poema procura apontar a incerteza e a dúvida como aspectos constitutivos da maneira de a poesia contemporânea pensar a sua relação com o presente. / Abstract: This work aims at understanding the relations between science and poetry in the work of the Brazilian poet Haroldo de Campos (1929-2003), taking as a starting point the reading of his poem A máquina do mundo repensada (2000). Our hypothesis is that Haroldo de Campos intends to create a concept of present time which puts the discredit of wisdom totalizing pretensions as one of the most important features of the contemporary world. He does so by discussing the world view created by the poetic tradition linked to the representations of the renaissance allegory of "machine of the world" and by the history of physics in the last centuries. In order to examine this hypothesis, we divide this work into three parts that correspond to questions suggested by each of the cantos of the poem. We deal with the relations of the poem with the poetic tradition of the "machine of the world" (first part), its relations with the modern history of Physics (second part) and, finally, with how the poem discusses the relations of poetry and imagination in order to create his view of Poetry and Modernity. We conclude that, dealing with the world views made by the traditional poetry and by the traditional science, A máquina do mundo repensada meets a way of dramatizing the deceptions of the wisdom in its search for definitive answers about the existence in the rhetoric figure of contradiction. Hence, the poem intends to point to the uncertainty as a constitutive feature by which contemporary poetry thinks its relation with the present. / Mestre

Tendo como base a idéia de que a Modernidade configura a própria tradição da ruptura, extraída de Octavio Paz, este estudo propõe-se a examinar o poema Un coup de dés, de Stéphane Mallarmé, aproximado-o de alguns poetas e músicos. Realizado no auge da Modernidade, esse poema foi retomado, na segunda metade do século XX, pelo movimento da poesia concreta, produzido no Brasil, como referência para suas teorias, através de sua estrutura espácio-temporal. Seus criadores, Augusto e Haroldo de Campos e Décio Pignatari, também resgataram a visão que Oswald de Andrade, Mário de Andrade e Manuel Bandeira, poetas do Modernismo, tiveram sobre Mallarmé. Assim como o Concretismo demonstrou interesse especial pelo poeta francês, parte da crítica literária estruturalista e pós-estruturalista estudou a revolução empreendida por Un coup de dés como uma extensão da transparência do espaço da escritura, em textos de Jacques Derrida, Roland Barthes, Michel Foucault, Julia Kristeva e Maurice Blanchot. Nesse sentido, Un coup de dés também faz com que seja necessário compor um conjunto teórico sobre a concepção do “acaso” utilizado em sua concepção. Visto desse ângulo, Octavio Paz serve de referência para equacionar diversas questões que o poema suscita, no contexto da Modernidade, inclusive sua relação com a música. Este campo é aberto pela revelação de que Mallarmé queria realizar, em Un coup de dés, um poema ligado intrinsecamente ao universo musical em que estava mergulhado no final do século XIX, à sombra das obras de Wagner, Debussy e Stravinski. A importância que Mallarmé atribuía à música, acompanhada por seu gesto de “acaso crítico”, chamou a atenção de dois músicos do século XX, John Cage e Pierre Boulez: o primeiro trabalhando o acaso de Mallarmé não só em peças musicais, mas também em poemas, compostos a partir da década de 1960 e o segundo, tomando Mallarmé como referência em ensaios e trabalhos. Tal universo musical incide em dois criadores da poesia concreta: Augusto de Campos, tanto em sua série musical Poetamenos quanto em seus poemas visuais feitos durante a fase ortodoxa e posterior à do Concretismo, e Haroldo de Campos, para o qual Mallarmé constitui a representação mais exemplar de seu percurso teórico-crítico e criativo. Mais do que eleger Mallarmé como referência em sua poesia, Haroldo de Campos o configura como o poeta mais relevante para sua noção de escritura da Modernidade. Perseguindo a mesma tradição sincrônica, baseada na concepção de Roman Jakobson, Ezra Pound e T. S. Eliot, escritores-críticos, Haroldo, ao longo de sua trajetória poética, recupera a musicalidade do poeta francês e as formas de articulação com os limites da palavra no espaço da página, eixo nuclear do presente estudo. Pretende-se, pois, demonstrar, nessa investigação, que Un coup de dés, estabelecido seu contato com a música, é produto de um acaso racional e crítico, instigando a exploração da palavra poética. O diálogo da literatura com a música, que os concretos buscar sublinhar através do poema de Mallarmé, é o caminho que este trabalho quer traçar. / Taking as a basis the idea that Modernity configures its own tradition of rupture, extracted from Octavio Paz, this study is going to examine the poem Un coup de dés, by Stephane Mallarmé, approximating him to some poets and musicians. This poem was written in the climax of Modernity and was retaken in the second half of the twentieth century by the concrete poetry trend, which happened in Brazil, as a reference for its theories, through its spatial and temporal structure. Its creators, Augusto e Haroldo de Campos, also reaffirmed the view that Oswald de Andrade, Mário de Andrade and Manuel Bandeira, poets of Modernism, had about Mallarmé. In the same way as ‘Concretism’ showed special interest for the French poet, part of the structuralist and post-structuralist literary criticists studied the revolution presented by Un coup de dés as an extension of the transparency of the writing space in texts by Jacques Derrida, Roland Barthes, Michel Foucault, Julia Kristeva and Maurice Blanchot. In this sense, Un coup de dés also makes it necessary to compose a theoretical ensemble about the conception of “chance” used in its conception. Seen from this angle, Octavio Paz is a reference to counterbalance several questions the poem stirs up, in the context of Modernity, including its relation to music. This area is opened by the revelation that Mallarmé wanted to create, in Un coup de dés, a poem linked intrinsically to the universe of music in which he was immersed at the end of the nineteenth century, in the shadow of Wagner’s, Debussy’s and Stravinski’s works. The importance that Mallarmé attributed to music, accompanied by his gesture of “critical chance”, called the attention of two musicians of the twentieth century John Cage and Pierre Boulez: the first working Mallarmé’s “chance” not only in musical works, but also in poems, composed in the 1960’s, and the second, taking Mallarmé as a reference in essays and works. Such musical universe falls on two creators of concrete poetry: Augusto de Campos not only in his series Poetamenos but also in his visual poems composed during an orthodox phase posterior to Concretism, and Haroldo de Campos, for whom Mallarmé is the most outstanding guide of his theoretical, critical and creative course. More than just electing Mallarmé as a reference in his poetry, Haroldo de Campos, configures him as the most relevant poet for his notion of writing of Modernity. Following the same synchronical tradition, based on the conception of Roman Jakobson, Ezra Pound and T. S. Eliot, critical writers, Haroldo, along his poetic course, recovers the musicality of the French poet and the forms of articulating the nuclear axis of the present study. We intend, then, to demonstrate, in this study, that Un coup de dés establishes its contact with the music, is a product of the rational and critical ‘chance’ leading towards the exploration of the poetical word. The dialogue between literature and music, that the concretes intend to reinforce through Mallarmé’s poem, is the course that this work intends to bring forth.

Orientador: Maria Lucia Senna Machado Pascoal / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Artes / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T01:43:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DelPozzo_MariaHelenaMaillet_D.pdf: 8594314 bytes, checksum: 669c02f67f546e4854048e118a622f41 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho é fazer uma análise de peças do repertório brasileiro para piano que façam uso de processos da utilização do acaso (denominados Forma Aberta, Música Aleatória, Improvisação e Indeterminação). Este trabalho parte da contextualização histórica do uso do acaso em música no século XX, procurando determinar seus antecedentes e seu início no cenário musical após a Segunda Guerra Mundial. As idéias de John Cage e Pierre Boulez são discutidas e analisadas a partir do estudo de textos e peças destes compositores. Os processos da utilização do acaso são examinados ainda na obra de outros compositores e na Música Brasileira. O estudo de análise das peças do repertório brasileiro parte da discussão dos parâmetros selecionados pela pesquisa para a análise, que têm como base o estudo da notação, da utilização do acaso e dos demais materiais e técnicas de composição. A partir da revisão da bibliografia sobre a notação musical no século XX, foi elaborado um glossário da notação para piano, contendo os principais símbolos de notação das peças estudadas. A conclusão procura contextualizar as peças brasileiras na produção internacional, determinando possíveis relações a partir dos dados encontrados nas análises, principalmente aspectos da notação e da utilização do acaso. A pesquisa visa o estudo e a divulgação da produção brasileira contemporânea, pretendendo contribuir também para mais uma fonte de estudos sobre a própria música do século XX / Abstract: The main purpose of this essay is to analyse music pieces of the Brazilian repertoire for piano that use processes of chance (Open Form, Aleatory Music, Improvisation and Indeterminacy). This essay begins with the historic context of the use of chance in the 20th Century, trying to establish its antecedents and its origins in the musical scenery afier World War lI. The ideas of John Cage and Pierre Boulez are discussed and analysed based on the study of texts and pieces of these composers. The processes of use of chance are also examined in the pieces of others composers and in Brazilian music. The analysis of pieces of the Brazilian repertorire begins with a discussion of parameters selected for analytical purposes, which are based on the study of notation, on the use of chance and on other materials and composition techniques. From a review of musical notation in the 20th Century, a glossary of notation for piano was developed, which included the main symbols . of notationin the pieces focusedon. The conclusiontries to placethe Brazilianpieces in the context of intemational production, establishing possible relations derived from our research findings, especially in the aspects of notation and use of chance. This essay aims to study and publicize Brazilian contemporary music, as well as contribute to the studies of 20thcentury music in general. Keywords: Brazilian Music of 20thCentury, Chance, Piano, Musical Analysis / Doutorado / Doutor em Música

The thesis focuses on a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) formulation for a bi-level mathematical program with equilibrium constraints (MPEC) considering chance constraints. The particular MPEC problem relates to a power producer’s bidding strategy: maximize its total benefit through determining bidding price and bidding power output while considering an electricity pool’s operation and guessing the rival producer’s bidding price. The entire decision-making process can be described by a bi-level optimization problem. The contribution of our thesis is the MILP formulation of this problem considering the use of chance constrained mathematical program for handling the uncertainties. First, the lower-level poor operation problem is replaced by Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) optimality condition, which is further converted to an MILP formulation except a bilinear item in the objective function. Secondly, duality theory is implemented to replace the bilinear item by linear items. Finally, two types of chance constraints are examined and modeled in MILP formulation. With the MILP formulation, the entire MPEC problem considering randomness in price guessing can be solved using off-shelf MIP solvers, e.g., Gurobi. A few examples and a case study are given to illustrate the formulation and show the case study results.

Le jeu de hasard comme thème littéraire prend, à l’époque romantique, une signification tragique : il devient pleinement un paradigme du défi, du jeu existentiel, de l’ordalie, et fait alors écho au mythe de Faust. L’analyse de l’évolution du thème littéraire du jeu de hasard montre l’émergence de cette figure romantique du joueur. D’abord envisagé comme un simple divertissement, et traité sur le registre comique, le jeu devient progressivement un geste désespéré de ce personnage. La présente étude s’intéresse aux littératures française et russe, mais aussi anglophone et italienne, et retrace les étapes principales de l’évolution du thème ludique du Moyen Age au XXe siècle. Elle montre comment l’activité, d’abord réservée aux fripons et moralement blâmée, acquiert une considération grâce à sa prise en compte par les mathématiques et l’anthropologie. Avec l’émergence de la notion de risque, dès la Renaissance, le jeu de hasard apparaît comme un modèle possible pour penser l’action humaine. A partir de l’époque classique en France, il s’impose comme thème littéraire, et sa mutation vers le tragique devient nette. Le renversement le plus significatif s’effectue dans la littérature russe du XIXe siècle, mais les auteurs français de cette époque l’illustrent également. Le XXe siècle présente quelques grandes figures de joueurs romantiques, qui recherchent la perte. / Gambling as a literary theme takes on, with romanticism, a tragic meaning: it fully becomes a paradigm for defiance, for games whose stakes are existence itself, even for the tradition of the ordeal, and resonates with the Faustian myth. The analysis of the evolution of gambling as a literary theme shows how it gave birth to the romantic figure of the Gambler. Gambling, first seen as mere entertainment, and treated along comedy lines, gradually became a gesture of despair of this character.The analysis covers French and Russian literature, with extensive excursions into Anglophone and Italian literatures, in order to retrace the theme of play and gambling from the Middle Ages through to the Twentieth century. It shows how such activity, first the preserve of rascals and knaves and morally condemned, gradually acquired respectability through its recognition in mathematics and anthropology. With the emergence of the notion of risk, at the Renaissance, games of chance become potential models for the understanding of human endeavour. From the Classical period in France, they become a literary theme, and the treatment of gambling starts veering towards the tragic. The most significant mutation of this sort takes place in nineteenth century Russian literature, but a number of French authors of the period also demonstrate it. Finally, a number of powerful romantic figures of the Gambler emerge in twentieth century literature, figures bent upon their own destruction.

The Diploma thesis deals with process art research. Theoretical part is primary focused on theory of Process art, its predecessors, origins and development; resulting in contemporary art, effect of Gallery space and Art market, and controversial positions of Process art. Further it deals with theory of the creation process, artwork's existence and by the process of artifact reception. Pedagogical part is focused on the theoretic base of process in arts education, Proposal and documentation of pedagogic project, based on theoretical work. Practical part - Own project - deals with practical resulting of theoretical part into own project and its defense.