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Games have been a field of interest for researchin artificial intelligence for decades. As of now, it is over 5years ago an AI for the strategy game Go, AlphaGo, beat worldchampion Lee Sedol 4-1, which was considered to be an enormousmilestone for AI. Our goal is to make an AI that can play theclassic strategy board game Stratego at a competent level. Thisis achieved by making the AI learn by repeatedly playing againstitself to figure out what strategy to use in various situations byusing CFR - counterfactual regret minimization. According toour experiments, we were able to accomplish our goal in makinga Stratego AI that could play at a sophisticated level for a smallerversion of the game. We concluded that it was able to play betterthan an amateur human player. / Spel har varit ett intresseområde inomutvecklingen av artificiell intelligens i årtionden. Det är redanfem år sedan AlphaGo slog världsmästaren Lee Sedol i Go 2016,vilket betraktas vara ett stort steg för utvecklingen av AI. Vårtmål är att skapa en AI som kan spela strategispelet Stratego på en kompetent nivå. Detta kommer att implementeras genom att AI:n spelar mot sig själv en stor mängd gånger och uppdaterarsin strategi baserat på konceptet CFR counterfactual regretminimization. Enligt våra experiment lyckades vi med vårt mål i att skapa en kompetent Stratego AI för en mindre version avStratego. Vår uppfattning är att den spelar bättre än en människapå amatörnivå. / Kandidatexjobb i elektroteknik 2021, KTH, Stockholm

The Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer is a planetary exploration mission that aims to study the moons of Jupiter in the planet’s vast magnetosphere. Among the various instruments on board is the Particle Environment Package (PEP), that is led by the Swedish Institute of Space Physics (IRF) in Kiruna. The Jovian plasma Dynamics and Composition analyzer (JDC) is one of six sensors within PEP and focuses on the characterization of positive ions. To be able to measure their three-dimensional distribution and composition, in-situ and in high time resolution, JDC has to cover a large field of view of 2π sr, for the desired energy range, in just a couple of seconds. An electrostatic analyzer within the sensor determines the energy per charge of such particles and a time-of-flight mass spectrometer measures their mass per charge. Constraints on weight and the radiation environment of Jupiter drive the design of the sensor: small and lightweight to allow extra shielding, but still large enough to accomplish measurements in the harsh radiation environment of Jupiter. This work focuses on a new type of compact, electrostatic analyzer using spherical wedges and the start signal generation for the time-of-flight measurement using new venetian blind-type surfaces. Simulations on the electrostatic analyzer showed that the most promising design is a hybrid variant, using an inner shell with spherical wedges and a spheroidal outer shell. A prototype sensor was built and tested with successful results. A reflectron-type time-of-flight cell measures the time it takes for a particle to pass a linear electric field. The time measurement has to be very accurate and requires that all ions enter the reflectron from the same start position. Commonly this is achieved with thin carbon foils of some nanometer thickness to provide a very accurate start position. Upon impact and after leaving a foil, ions generate secondary electrons that act as start signals for the time measurement. Foils require a substantial pre-acceleration of several kilovolts for the ions to penetrate the foil, thus increasing the size and mass of the instrument. When incident ions are reflected at grazing angles from a surface, secondary electrons are released in the same way as with foils. To increase position accuracy during this reflection process, venetian blind-type start surfaces are investigated, where many smaller surfaces replace a large flat surface. The most promising sample was found to be micro pore optics, that were initially designed to focus gamma rays. In several experiments it could be shown that micro pore optics show good reflection properties when used as start surfaces in the time-of-flight measurement. Both improvements allow a more compact and lightweight sensor that can be better shielded against the harsh radiation environment in Jupiter’s system. Jupiter hosts the strongest radiation environment in the solar system, that could kill an unprotected human thousand times over. / JUICE, PEP

Internationalisation theories and other aspects of this phenomenon have been investigated by researchers to a large extent with respect to MNCs, MNEs and SMEs. However not very much attention has been devoted to the study of the internationalisation of family firms and factors influencing this process. Specifically, in the current era of the third wave of internationalisation, where firms from emerging country markets are internationalising, there has not been sufficient research to investigate, how, when, and why family firms from an emerging country market such as South Africa internationalise. Family firms in South Africa contribute significantly to the economic developments of their nation. They form 80% of businesses within the country and 60% of the firms listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange. Therefore, research into the internationalisation of these family firms will not only be beneficial to the South African family businesses investigated, but it will also add valuable knowledge and insight to the internationalisation phenomenon with respect to the nation’s family firms. This study sets out to fill this gap by examining and explaining the internationalisation of South African family firms, and identifying the possible lessons that could be learnt from the internationalised South African family firms by their not yet internationalised counterparts. This research was conducted through a qualitative case study of six South African family firms, out of which three have internationalised and three are yet to internationalise. Face-to-face interviews conducted with the owners and managers, as well as secondary sources of data formed the base of the empirical data analysed. The interview questions were grouped under the concepts of family impact, decision-making, business networks and culture. These concepts were examined and their impact on internationalisation explained. The researchers conclude that chance played the most important role in the internationalisation of the firms. The chance to internationalise however, was made available to these firms through their business networks.

This study sought to determine the extent a relationship exists between locus of control and the rate of completion for proposal and dissertation defense among doctoral students. Levenson's Internal, Powerful Others, and Chance scales were utilized to identify locus of control orientation. Findings indicated that: (1) a majority, 102, scored highest on the Internal scale; (2) Internal scale scores above the median related to increased probability of a proposal and dissertation defense and to reduced time in reaching those points; (3) no significant difference was found between male and female defensive externals in completing the proposal or dissertation defense; and (4) females tended to score higher than males on the Internal scale. Among conclusions drawn are: (1) Internal scale scores above the median relate to a reduced length of time to complete the proposal and dissertation defense; and (2) few doctoral candidates scoring higher on the Powerful Others or Chance scales were identified in this doctoral program after the point of qualifying examinations.

I explore visual and process-based systems to solidify the allusive nature of conceptual ideas. Impermanence, time and interdependence are reoccurring themes that stem from an interest in Eastern philosophy. Oscillating from representation to abstract minimalism, printmaking to sculpture, each element in a work is tailored to the concept. The minimalist appearance suggests simplicity, however elaborate planning and systematic execution are at the heart of my practice. Systems create great constraint, yet provide great freedom.

The issue of causality in the suits for damages The subject of this thesis is the issue of causality in disputes relating to compensation for damage to health. Causation is a considerably miscellaneous institute, therefore, this paper deals with various aspects of this topic and its context. The writing focuses on cases in which damage was caused to health through providing health services, as this legal field is characterized by many specifics from other areas of liability. Firstly, the thesis aims at explanation of the concept of causation, its importance and development not only in law but also in other areas of human activity. Subsequently, the attention is focused on the significance of causation in law; after theories of causation are compared, its substantial features are described in comparison to the other elements of liability. Consequently, the work concentrates on processes through which the causal link is determined, on the selection of relevant causes and consequences and the relationship between them in cases involving their plurality. It does not forget to mention the importance of causation in the context of strict liability, particularly in its specific cases relating to the provision of health services. The core of this work is the issue of causation in disputes in which the...

Legal regulation of lotteries and other similar games The thesis deals with legal regulation of lotteries and other similar games not limited in the legal system of Czech Republic, but also from the perspective of European law. The main objective of this work is to analyze the legal provisions of the Act No. 202/1990 Coll., on the Lotteries and other similar games. It is a valid law, the basis adjustments operation of lotteries and other similar games in our country. The thesis is divided into the three chapters. The first chapter is subdivided into two major parts. The first part deals with the legal regulation of the lotteries and other similar games in the Czech legal order and the second part is focused on the legislation of this part of industry in the European legal order. The first part begins with a brief overview into the history of the gambling. Consequently I analyze the private law regulation with a focus on key provisions of the Act No. 40/1964 Coll., Civil Code. The largest part of the first chapter is devoted to analysis of the public law regulation of the games of chance in the relevant provisions of the Act No. 202/1990 Coll., on the Lotteries and other similar games. These are the provisions that define special properties of gambling and the specific conditions for gambling...

The submitted thesis studies penalty function methods for stochastic programming problems. The main objective of the paper is to examine penalty function methods for deterministic nonlinear programming, in particular exact penalty function methods, in order to enhance penalty function methods for stochastic programming. For this purpose, the equivalence of the original de- terministic nonlinear and the corresponding penalty function problem using arbi- trary vector norm as the penalty function is shown for convex and invex functions occurring in the problems, respectively. The obtained theorems are consequently applied to multiple chance constrained problems under finite discrete probability distribution to show the asymptotic equivalence of the probabilistic and the cor- responding penalty function problems. The practical use of the newly obtained methods is demonstrated on a numerical study, in which a comparison with other approaches is provided as well. 1