Black carbon (BC), the incomplete combustion product from biomass and fossil fuel burning, is ubiquitously found in soils, sediments, ice, water and atmosphere. Because of its polyaromatic molecular characteristic, BC is believed to contribute significantly to the global carbon budget as a slow-cycling, refractory carbon pool. However, the mass balance between global BC generation and accumulation does not match, suggesting a removal mechanism of BC to the active carbon pool, most probable in a dissolved form. The presence of BC in waters as part of the dissolved organic matter (DOM) pool was recently confirmed via ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry, and dissolved black carbon (DBC), a degradation product of charcoal, was found in marine and coastal environments. However, information on the loadings of DBC in freshwater environments and its global riverine flux from terrestrial systems to the oceans remained unclear. The main objectives of this study were to quantify DBC in diverse aquatic ecosystems and to determine its environmental dynamics. Surface water samples were collected from aquatic environments with a spatially significant global distribution, and DBC concentrations were determined by a chemical oxidation method coupled with HPLC detection. While it was clear that biomass burning was the main sources of BC, the translocation mechanism of BC to the dissolved phase was not well understood. Data from the regional studies and the developed global model revealed a strong positive correlation between DBC and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) dynamics, indicating a co-generation and co-translocation between soil OC and BC. In addition, a DOC-assistant DBC translocation mechanism was identified. Taking advantage of the DOC-DBC correlation model, a global riverine DBC flux to oceans on the order of 26.5 Mt C yr-1 (1 Mt = 1012 g) was determined, accounting for 10.6% of the global DOC flux. The results not only indicated that DOC was an important environmental intermediate for BC transfer and storage, but also provided an estimate of a major missing link in the global BC budget. The ever increasing DBC export caused by global warming will change the marine DOM quality and may have important consequences for carbon cycling in marine ecosystem.

Orientador: Luís Augusto Barbosa Cortez / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-28T23:42:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 BaldassinJunior_Ricardo_D.pdf: 7640744 bytes, checksum: d5dd82917b9ece7e8fac5e0eaf729326 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: A transformação eficiente e sustentável de materiais lignocelulósicos em bioenergéticos e bioquímicos modernos é um dos grandes anseios da sociedade moderna, haja vista as vantagens competitivas, os potenciais de redução da expansão da fronteira agrícola e a redução da dependência do petróleo que somente as culturas bioenergéticas podem proporcionar. Neste contexto, o Brasil apresenta um cenário propício para o desenvolvimento de uma indústria inovadora e moderna de produção de biocombustíveis e bioquímicos verdes, por ser um dos maiores produtores mundiais de alimentos, florestas plantadas e biocombustíveis. Visando promover a conversão eficiente de materiais lignocelulósicos, resíduos estes abundantes no Brazil, este trabalho apresenta os primeiros resultados da experimentação de pirólise rápida de cana-de-açúcar (cana integral, palha e bagaço) em uma unidade experimental da Feagri/Unicamp. Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar as características químicas das biomassas empregadas e quantificar e qualificar os produtos da pirólise obtidos (bio-óleo e carvão). As análises químicas das biomassas (imediata, elementar e fibras/lignina) apontaram que não há diferenças significativas entre as diferentes biomassas analisadas. Os processos de pré-tratamento (picagem e trituração) foram conduzidos de forma satisfatória usando tecnologias comerciais e processo de secagem ao sol mostrou ser eficiente na redução da umidade das biomassas. Após a realização de ajustes e adequações em alguns componentes da planta, os experimentos de pirólise foram conduzidos satisfatoriamente e os rendimentos mássicos de produção de bio-óleo e carvão observados estiveram entre 12% e 17% e entre 25% e 27%, respectivamente, que em termos energéticos, representaram conversões variando entre 42% e 67%. As análises químicas dos bio-óleos e dos carvões mostraram não haver diferenças significativas entre os produtos obtidos. Entretanto, as análises cromatográficas dos bio-óleo sinalizaram haver diferenças nas composições orgânicas do bio-óleo, mas com as predominâncias de ácidos carboxílicos e fenóis. Em vista da baixa recuperação de bio-óleo, elevada produção de carvão e a elevada presença de voláteis no carvão (entre 20% e 25%) verificaram-se necessidades de melhorias e as realizações de novos estudos na unidade experimental desenvolvida / Abstract: The efficient and sustainable conversion of lignocellulosic feedstocks in modern biofuels and biochemicals is one of the great desires of the whole world, in view of the competitive advantages, potential of reduction of frontier agriculture expansion and reduction of oil dependence that only the bioenergy cultures may provide. In this context, Brazil shows an attractive scenery to develop an innovative and modern industry for biofuels and biochemical production, since it is one of the most important food, planted forest and biofuels world producer. Aiming to provide a better use and conversion of lignocellulosic feedstocks (largely available in Brazil), this work shows the first experimental results of the fast pyrolysis of sugarcane (whole sugarcane, trash and bagasse) conducted in a small scale fast pyrolysis plant from Feagri/Unicamp. The main objectives of this work were to evaluate the chemicals compositions of the biomasses and to quantify and to qualify the main fast pyrolysis products (charcoals and bio-oils). The biomasses analysis (proximate, ultimate and fiber/lignin analysis) showed there were no significant differences between the biomasses. The pretreatment process (chopping and grinding process) were conducted well using conventional technologies, and the sun drying process was able reducing the biomasses water contents to the level needed. After some adjustments and improvements, the fast pyrolysis were conducted well, with bio-oil yield productions between 12% and 17%, charcoal yield productions between 25% and 27%, and energy conversions between 42% and 67%. The bio-oils and charcoals proximate and ultimate analysis showed that there were no relevant differences among the products. However, the chromatography analysis demonstrated there were differences in the bio-oils organic compositions (distribution percentages of chemical groups), but with prevalence of carboxilic acids and phenols. In view of low bio-oils production, high charcoals productions and the high volatiles presences in the charcoals (between 20% e 25% in %wt), it was demonstrated that improvements and new studies are needed / Doutorado / Construções Rurais e Ambiencia / Doutor em Engenharia Agrícola

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:20:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 valmir_rocha_cavalcante.pdf: 556560 bytes, checksum: 7b21935e12943475da1325d0153dd7b8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-05-12 / The increasing use of alternative waste activated carbon production ramped up this research project with the aim to develop new activated coals from coconut residue utilization, the banana and orange as precursor material, favoring the sustainability of the environment. Specific analyses were carried out and officers, noting the textural and chemical characteristics of these materials, since the literature does not describe the characteristics of activated carbon derived from the precursor material that will be used. First collected the fiber-to-dried coconut and banana and orange bagasse/cark for subsequent preparation of this material by impregnation with ZnCl2, chemical activation and performing a test for evaluating the efficiency of the coal. The results were an activated carbon with carbon mass fixed in all samples (coconut/banana = 25/75), (coconut/banana = 75/25), (coconut/orange = 75/25), showing efficiency in the reduction of pH, electric conductivity values and turbidity of the water. Therefore, the production of activated carbon from waste coconut, banana and orange presented, comparatively, the characteristics of activated coals ever produced for other waste and proved to be a viable alternative for the industry that has a vested interest in large-scale production, benefiting the industry and the environment. The activated carbon of banana and orange decreased the pH and electric conductivity; and the Orange was more effective in reducing turbidity in 98.4%. / A crescente utilização de resíduos alternativos para a produção de carvão ativado potencializou este projeto de pesquisa com o intuito de desenvolver novos carvões ativados a partir da utilização do resíduo do coco, da banana e da laranja como material precursor, favorecendo a sustentabilidade do ambiente. Foram realizadas análises específicas e oficiais, verificando as características texturais e químicas desses materiais, uma vez que a literatura não descreve as características do carvão ativado proveniente do material precursor que será utilizado. Primeiramente coletou-se a fibra-de-coco seco e bagaços/cascas de banana e de laranja para posterior preparação desse material através da impregnação com ZnCl2, da ativação química e da realização de um teste de avaliação da eficiência do carvão. Os resultados obtidos foram um carvão ativado com massa de carbono fixo em todas as amostras (coco/banana = 25/75), (coco/banana = 75/25), (coco/laranja = 75/25), apresentando eficiência na diminuição dos valores de pH, CE e turbidez da água. Portanto, a produção de carvão ativado a partir de resíduos de coco, banana e laranja apresentaram, comparativamente, as características dos carvões ativados já produzidos por outros resíduos e mostrou ser uma alternativa viável para a indústria que tem interesse em produção de larga escala, beneficiando a indústria e o ambiente. O carvão ativado de banana e laranja diminuiu os valores de pH e CE; e o de laranja foi mais efetivo na redução da turbidez em 98,4 %.

This research aims to provide a full view of knowledge in charcoal production for fossil coal replacement. Charcoal from biomass is a promising material to replace fossil coal, which is using as heating source or reactant in the industrial sector. Nowadays, charcoal with quality comparable to fossil coal is produced by high-temperature pyrolysis, but efficiency of the production is relatively low due to the trade-off between charcoal property and yield by pyrolysis temperature. Increasing charcoal yield by means of secondary char formation in pyrolysis of large wood particles is the primary method considering in this work. This research has explored increasing efficiency of charcoal production by bio-oil recycling and CO2 purging. These proposed techniques significantly increase concentration and extend residence time of volatiles inside particle of woodchip resulting extra charcoal. Characterization of charcoals implies negligible effect of these methods on charcoal properties such as elemental composition, heating value, morphological structure, and chemical structure. Besides, reactivity of charcoal slightly increased when these methods were applied. A numerical model of pyrolysis in a rotary kiln reactor has been developed to study the effect of design parameters and conditions in reactor scale. The simulation results showed fair prediction of temperature profiles and products distribution along the reactor length. Nonetheless, to deliver full knowledge in charcoal production, further works are planned to be done at the end of this doctoral research.

The traditional herbal medicinal product Myrrhinil-Intest® is a fixed herbal combination, which is marketed in Germany since 1959 and applied in medical practice for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders such as functional diarrhea, irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease. It contains myrrh, which is described as the oleo-gum resin from mainly Commiphora molmol Engler (Burseraceae), coffee charcoal, which are the milled roasted to blackening outer seed parts of green dried Coffea Arabica Linné (Rubiaceae) fruits and chamomile flowers - the flower heads of Matricaria recutita Linné (Asteraceae). The clinical effectiveness of Myrrhinil-Intest® for the treatment of various gastrointestinal disorders was demonstrated in several clinical studies and is described in various experience reports, however its pharmacological profile is not fully elucidated. Within the present study the spasmolytic and anti-inflammatory potential of the components myrrh, chamomile and coffee charcoal was investigated. Therefore pharmacological, histological and molecular biological methods were utilised. Spasmolytic activity was characterised using isometric tension measurement with rat isolated small intestinal preparations. Anti-inflammatory potential was assessed with different methods using isolated rat small intestinal preparations and immune cell lines. Inflammation was induced with TNBS and LPS respectively. Additionally, the influence of the herbal components on the gene expression profile of native human macrophages after LPS/IFNγ stimulation was determined by microarray gene expression analysis. Chamomile flower and myrrh exerted spasmolytic effects, whereby the more pronounced spasmolytic effects of myrrh were mediated via calcium channel blockade. Myrrh and chamomile flower exerted anti-inflammatory effects.

The self portrait is a consistent aspect of art history, with many artists returning to it again and again across their lives. This project intends to explore the function of the self portrait. Through research and execution of artwork, the artist has found that the self portrait has multiple functions, including: a practice of anatomy; a display of status, skill, and likeness; an outlet for emotion; and a place for psychological confrontation. Across the life of this project, the artist completed twenty-two self portraits in a variety of styles and materials.

[pt] A dissertação teve o intuito de examinar e divulgar criticamente as condições socioambientais da produção de carvão vegetal ocorrida no Maciço da Pedra Branca do século XVIII até meados do século XX. A dependência da biomassa florestal, representada pela lenha e carvão, modificou de forma intensa as relações existentes entre sociedade e natureza. Além de alterar a estrutura e composição da Mata Atlântica, a produção carvoeira foi influenciada e influenciou o quadro segregador da sociedade. Assim, o objetivo da pesquisa foi tornar visível um trabalho invisibilizado por vieses históricos que interferiram em aspectos relacionados à sua sustentabilidade. Para isso, foram realizados levantamento de material bibliográfico, atividades de campo à procura de carvoarias localizadas na floresta e reuniões com representantes do Sertão Carioca – projeto financiador dos três produtos de divulgação científica desta dissertação. As referências bibliográficas revelaram que os carvoeiros passaram por um processo de marginalização e apagamento, mesmo tendo um impacto significativo na regeneração florestal. A pesquisa serviu de base para o desenvolvimento de um capítulo de livro, de um folder e de duas placas interpretativas – uma delas encontra-se exposta na entrada principal do Parque Estadual da Pedra Branca. Espera-se que os produtos contribuam para a difusão da importância desse grupo social e colaborem para dar maior visibilidade às comunidades quilombolas de seus descendentes. Resgatar e valorizar essa parte da história sociocultural do Maciço da Pedra Branca pode contribuir na luta por garantia à terra e à reprodução do modo de vida dessas populações, direitos historicamente conquistados, mas frequentemente ameaçados. / [en] The dissertation aimed to critically examine and disseminate the socio-environmental conditions of charcoal production that occurred in the Pedra Branca Massif from the 18th to the mid-20th century. The dependence on forest biomass, represented by wood and charcoal, profoundly altered the relationships between society and nature. In addition to changing the structure and composition of the Atlantic Forest, charcoal production was both influenced by and influenced the segregating framework of society. Thus, the research aimed to make visible a labor that had been rendered invisible due to historical biases that affected aspects related to its sustainability. The study involved compiling bibliographic materials, fieldwork to locate charcoal kilns in the forest, and meetings with representatives of the Sertão Carioca project, which funded three scientific dissemination products. Bibliographic references revealed that charcoal producers underwent a process of marginalization and erasure, despite their substantial contribution to forest regeneration. The research formed the basis for a book chapter, a brochure, and two interpretative signs – one of which is displayed at the main entrance of the Pedra Branca State Park. It is expected that these products will contribute to raising awareness of the importance of this social group and collaborate in providing greater visibility to the Quilombola communities of their descendants. Reviving and valuing this aspect of the socio-cultural history of the Pedra Branca Massif can contribute to the struggle to secure land rights and the preservation of the way of life of these populations, rights that have been historically achieved but are often threatened.

The herbal preparation coffee charcoal is produced by over-roasting and milling green dried Coffea arabica L. seeds, and has a long-standing tradition in the treatment of inflammatory and gastrointestinal disorders. Its therapeutic properties are commonly attributed to adsorptive and astringent effects. This insufficiently explains its mode of action, especially when used in the treatment of inflammatory diseases in lower dosages. Our investigations aimed to identify bioactive secondary plant metabolites affecting cytokine-signaling. Thus, a phytochemical analysis of coffee charcoal extract was conducted using HPLC and LC/MS. Trigonelline, neochlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeine, cryptochlorogenic acid, feruloylquinic acid isomers, and a caffeoylquinolacton were identified in the extract. Subsequently, the effects of coffee charcoal extract, chlorogenic acid isomers, their metabolite caffeic acid, caffeine, and trigonelline on cytokine (TNF, IL-6, MCP-1) release from LPS-challenged human THP-1 macrophages were examined to evaluate anti-inflammatory activity. Coffee charcoal showed concentration-dependent mild-to-medium inhibitory effects. The chlorogenic acid isomers and caffeic acid inhibited the TNF release, with cryptochlorogenic acid exerting the most distinct effects, as well as decreasing the release of IL-6 and MCP-1. In addition, scanning electron microscopic images provided an impression of the particle constitution, indicating a larger particle size and less structured surface of coffee charcoal in comparison to activated charcoal. In conclusion, our findings underline that beyond adsorptive effects, coffee charcoal exhibits pharmacological properties, which derive from a spectrum of secondary plant metabolites and support the therapeutic use in inflammatory diseases. Chlorogenic acids, particularly cryptochlorogenic acid, appear as pivotal bioactive compounds.

No description available.

O Brasil é, ao mesmo tempo, o maior produtor e o maior consumidor de carvão vegetal do mundo, com aproximadamente 85% da produção destinada à siderurgia, 12% à cocção de alimentos e os outros 3% às indústrias farmacêuticas, químicas e cimenteiras. O processo de transformação de madeira em carvão vegetal é caracterizado por apresentar baixo rendimento gravimétrico e por gerar outros produtos, como atiço, finos, gases condensáveis e gases não condensáveis. Diante disso, o estudo do fluxo de energia da carbonização é de fundamental importância para relacionar a entrada de madeira (matéria-prima) e a saída de carvão vegetal (principal produto) do processo e, contabilizar a energia disponível e consumida no produto final, representado por uma unidade energética os fatores de produção. O desempenho energético é apresentado na forma de indicadores como balanço, lucratividade e intensidade energética. Dessa forma, este estudo tem como objetivo geral estimar o desempenho energético da produção de carvão vegetal em diferentes processos (fornos retangulares, fornos circulares com fornalha e fornos de encostas) diante da proposição de um modelo téorico utilizando variáveis do processo de carbonização, como o rendimento gravimétrico, o poder calorífico, a umidade (madeira e carvão vegetal), a mão de obra e as operações mecanizadas. Para isso, o trabalho foi conduzido em etapas. A primeira ocorreu com base em um levantamento dos dados da produção realizado por meio de questionários, entrevista e visitas. A segunda, em função da particularidade de cada processo, algumas variáveis foram correlacionados com pesquisas bibliográficas. A terceira sucedeu por meio das estimativas dos materiais utilizados na produção do carvão, assim como a energia envolvida. Ao final, identificou-se que o processo que utiliza o forno de encosta apresenta o melhor desempenho energético e que as variáveis mão de obra e operações mecanizadas pouco influenciam na determinação do desempenho energético. / At the same time, Brazil is the largest producer and largest consumer of charcoal in the world, with approximately 85% of production for the steel industry, 12% for food cooking and the other 3% for the pharmaceutical, chemical and cement industries. The process of transformation of wood into charcoal is characterized by low gravimetric yield and to generate other products, such as ash, fines, condensable gases and non-condensable gases. Therefore, the study of carbonization energy flow is of fundamental importance to relate the input of wood (raw material) and the output of charcoal (main product) of the process and to account for the energy available and consumed in the final product, represented by an energy unit the factors of production. Energy performance is presented in the form of indicators such as balance sheet, profitability and energy intensity. Thus, this study has as a general objective to estimate the energy performance of charcoal production in different processes (rectangular furnaces, furnace circular furnaces and slope furnaces) before proposing a theoretical model using variables of the carbonization process, such as gravimetric efficiency, calorific value, moisture (wood and charcoal), manpower and mechanized operations. For this, the work was conducted in stages. The first one was based on a survey of production data by means of questionnaires, interviews and visits. The second, due to the particularity of each process, some variables were correlated with bibliographical research. The third was achieved by estimating the materials used in the production of coal, as well as the energy involved. At the end, it was identified that the process that uses the hillside furnace presents the best energy performance and that the variables labor and mechanized operations have little influence in the determination of the energy performance.